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7 Best Sailboat Autopilot Systems

7 Best Sailboat Autopilots | Life of Sailing

Last Updated by

Daniel Wade

June 15, 2022

Essential in increasing efficiency, safety, and convenience, marine autopilots are a sailor's best friend when out there on the water. A properly operating sailboat autopilot will keep your sailboat on a selected course even in strong currents and winds and that why you need to go for the best sailboat autopilot.

Steering a sailboat is always fun. And even though many sailors are so good at it, some circumstances can make steering a boat on a straight line or the right course almost impossible. The tides, winds, and the complex hull-bottom designs can throw your sailboat off route and the adjustments that you have to make to return to course can be your voyage killers. Even if you have a crew that regularly sails with you, having an autopilot can help you stay on course and that's exactly why you need the best sailboat autopilot.

In the simplest term possible, an autopilot is an extra pair of hands that can help you in steering your sailboat on the right course. It is a self-steering device for powerboats or sailboats and even the most basic autopilot can help in holding your vessel on a pre-set compass course. Some advanced autopilots can even gather data from your boat and determine whether or not the boat is capable of handling the task in hand.

So whether you have a mechanically-steered boat or a tiller-steered sailboat, an autopilot is of great importance for both you and your boat. And it doesn't matter whether you want to explore your nearest lake for a day or want to sail to the Caribbean on your sailboat, it will make your job a lot easier, efficient, and safer. This is why we've put together this article to help you find the best sailboat autopilot. Read on and find which is best for you and your sailboat.

Table of contents

How to Choose the Best Sailboat Autopilot for Your Vessel

When it comes to choosing the best sailboat autopilot for your vessel, the easiest thing to do would be to go for an autopilot that can steer your sailboat in calm seas. However, this is not advisable since you want an autopilot that works perfectly under very demanding sea conditions. With that in mind, here are the most important things to consider when looking at the best sailboat autopilot for you.

Speed of Helm Adjustment

The best way to measure the speed on an autopilot that's appropriate for your boat is by looking at the number of degrees per second of helm correction. As such a 40-feet boat requires 10 degrees per second, a 25-feet boat requires 15 degrees per second, and a 70-feet boat requires 5 degrees per second.

An above-deck or below-deck Autopilot

Do you want an autopilot that's designed to be used above the deck or below the deck? Well, the most important thing is to choose an autopilot that matches the displacement of your boat. More importantly, above-deck autopilots are ideal if you have a smaller boat while below-deck autopilot is ideal if you have a larger boat.

The Steering System

What type of steering system does your boat have? It's important to understand whether your boat has rotary drives, linear drive, or hydraulic drives.

Control Interfaces

You should choose what's perfect for you as far as the control interface is concerned because this is one of the most crucial parts of an autopilot. The best features to consider include ease of use, waterproof, intuitive display, backlit options, and compatibility with SimNet, SeaTalk, and NMEA 2000.

7 Best Sailboat Autopilots

Here are the 7 best sailboat autopilots.

Raymarine ST1000 Plus Tiller Pilot

(Best for Tiller-steered Sailboats)

The Raymarine ST100 Plus Tiller Pilot is a classic tiller pilot that's one of the best accessories for your sailboat and your everyday sailing escapades. It's designed in such a way that it can accept NMEA data while still offering accurate navigation thanks to its incredibly intelligent software.

This autopilot is designed with a backlit LCD to help you see your navigational data, locked course, and other important information that can make your sailing safer and much better. The fact that the backlit LCD works perfectly in low-light conditions is an added plus.

That's not all; the ST1000 comes with an AutoTack feature that works like an extra hand when you're engaged in other responsibilities. For example, it can tack the sailboat for you when you adjust the sails. Better still, this autopilot is fully-fitted with everything that you need to install it on your sailboat and use it.

‍ It's easy to use thanks to the simple six-button keypad
It's perfect when sailing in the calm sea as well as in stormy conditions
It is waterproof so you don't have to worry about it getting damaged
Its intelligent software minimizes battery usage thereby prolonging its battery life
Perfect for tiller-steered sailboats
‍ The 2-year warranty could be improved
It's a bit heavier

Garmin Ghc 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control

(Best for Night Sailing)

If you're planning to go on a voyage, chances are you'll find yourself sailing overnight. With that in mind, you should go for an autopilot that works perfectly both during the day and at night. The Garmin Ghc 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control is your best sailboat autopilot for these types of adventure.

This amazing autopilot is designed with a 4-inch display that can improve your nighttime readability. This display is glass-bonded and comes with an anti-glare lens that is essential in preventing fog and glare in sunny conditions. This is crucial in helping you maintain control in all conditions, both during the day and at night.

This autopilot also provides a 170-degree viewing angle. This is essential in viewing the display at almost any angle. So whether you're adjusting the sails up on the deck or grabbing an extra sheet below the deck, you can be able to look at the display and see what's going on. So whether a sailing vessel or a powerboat, this autopilot is easy to use thanks to its five-button control.

‍ The five-button control makes it easy to use
Comes with a bright 4-inch display
The display works in all conditions thanks to its glass-bonded, anti-glare lens
The display offers optimal view both during the day and at night
It's compatible with other Garmin products
‍ Only good for sailboat under 40 feet in length
The battery life should be improved

Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

(Best for 32-feet or less Sailboat)

For many lone sailors, going with a sailboat that measures 32-feet or less in length is always ideal. Under such scenarios, it's always best to go with a sailboat autopilot that's perfect for such types of boats, and the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot can be a superb option for you. This autopilot is so perfect as it brings to the table a combination of advanced technological software and simplicity.

Its five-button display makes it user-friendly, easy to use, and perfect in controlling your sailboat accordingly. This autopilot has a low-power draw, which means that your battery will last longer even when used for prolonged periods. This is an excellent autopilot that's designed with the sailor in mind as it goes about its business quietly so that you can enjoy your sailing adventures without noise and interruption from a humming autopilot.

‍ One of the quietest sailboat autopilots
The battery life is excellent
It's designed with one of the most advanced software
It's waterproof to protect it from spray and elements
It offers precision steering and reading in all types of weather conditions
It's easy to use and control
‍ Not ideal for big boats

Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive

(Best for Seasonal Cruising)

For those of us who love cruising during winter when other sailors are drinking hot coffee from the comfort of their abodes, the Raymarine M81131 is the right sailboat autopilot for you. Well, this autopilot can be an ideal option if your sailboat is large enough to have a full motor system.

This autopilot is one of the most powerful in the marine industry and has an incredible electromagnetic fail-safe clutch. This autopilot is also compatible with other devices such as NMEA 2000 ABD SeaTalk navigation data. In terms of precision navigation, this autopilot will never disappoint you in any weather condition.

So whether you're looking to go ice-fishing or sailing the oceans during winter, this is your go-to autopilot.

‍ Offers optimal sailing experience and navigation precision
It's very quiet
It offers high performance with minimal battery usage
It's great for adverse winter conditions
‍ It's expensive

Furuno Navpilot 711C Autopilot System

(Best for Accuracy)

If you're looking for the best sailboat autopilot that will take your navigation to the next level in terms of accuracy, look no further than the Furuno Navpilot 711C. This is an autopilot that enhances your boat's precision as far as staying on course is concerned. This is because the autopilot is designed with a self-learning software program that offers step by step calculations of your navigation and course.

This autopilot also offers real-time dynamic adjustments so that you can steer your sailboat more accurately. Thanks to this self-learning algorithm also offers great power application that significantly reduces the manual helm effort when maneuvering various situations. Its colored graphic display is of great benefit as you can easily read the information even in low-light conditions. So it doesn't matter whether you're sailing at night or during the day, this autopilot will serve you right in any condition.

‍ It's great for power and fuel efficiency
The display is intuitive
It's easy to set up and use
Its power assist is essential in reducing steering system complexity
Great for both outboard and inboard motors
‍ Quite expensive

Si-Tex SP120 Autopilot with Virtual Feedback

(The Most Affordable Autopilot)

If you're on a budget and looking for one of the most affordable yet reliable sailboat autopilots, look no further than the Si-Tex SP120 Autopilot. This is a perfect high-performance sailboat autopilot that can be great for small to medium-sized powerboats and sailboats.

One of the most important features that this autopilot brings to the table is the ability to offer virtual feedback. This is great in eliminating the manual rudder feedback and thereby enhances your sailboat's performance. Its splash-proof 4.3-inch LCD offers one of the best transflective displays in the marine industry. The 4-button operation makes it a lot easier to use and provides the information you need to steer your sailboat safely and perfectly.

This autopilot can be great for you if you have a small or medium-sized sailboat thanks to its ease of use. The fact that it's one of the most affordable sailboat autopilots makes it highly popular with sailors who are on a budget.

‍ It's simple to install and use
The virtual feedback is great
The display is one of the best in the game
It's quite affordable
‍ It's not ideal for big boats

Garmin Reactor 40 Kicker Autopilot

(Best for Outboard Motor Boats)

If you have a motorboat that has a single-engine outboard, The Garmin Reactor 40 Kicker Autopilot can be an ideal option. This is a great autopilot that mitigates heading error and unnecessary rudder movement while offering more flexible mounting, which is essential in offering a more comfortable sailing even in the roughest of weather conditions.

This autopilot can be easily fine-tuned thanks to its throttle settings with a touch of a button. Of course, this can be useful especially when the seas are rough and you're trying to remain on course. This autopilot is also waterproof to ensure that it doesn't get damaged with spray or other elements.

With this autopilot, you're guaranteed to enjoy an awesome sailing trip even when going against the wind or when sailing in rough conditions.

‍ Easy to install and use
It's waterproof
It's beautifully designed
It comes with a floating handheld remote control
It's great for maintaining heading hold and route.
‍ It's only ideal for motorboats with up to 20 horsepower
It's relatively expensive

As you can see, there are plenty of options when it comes to choosing an ideal sailboat autopilot for you. The best thing about the above-described sailboat autopilots is that they're among the best and you can find one that perfectly suits your unique needs and boats. Of course, most of them are quite expensive but they will advance the way you sail and make your sailing adventures even more enjoyable. We hope that you'll find the perfect sailboat autopilot for you.

Until next time, happy sailing!

I've personally had thousands of questions about sailing and sailboats over the years. As I learn and experience sailing, and the community, I share the answers that work and make sense to me, here on Life of Sailing.

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Best Autopilot For Sailboats of 2024

Unless you plan on growing multiple limbs or you have a large, regular sailing crew, then it’s inevitable that at some point you’ll need an autopilot to help you stay on course while you adjust the sails or grab something from below deck. Autopilots are useful for both the day sailors that enjoy exploring their home harbors and waters and for cruisers who plan on sailing at night and for weeks on end. Whether you have a tiller-steered sailboat or a mechanically-steered boat, there’s an autopilot that will work for you and your vessel. We’ve put together a guide to help you find the best autopilot for sailboats and for the type of excursions that you enjoy. Take a look, and see you out there, sailor!

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Quick Answer - The Best Autopilot For Sailboats

Raymarine ST1000 Plus Tiller Pilot View at Amazon
Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot View at Amazon
Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive View at Amazon
Garmin GHC 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control View at Amazon
Raymarine Evolution Ev-200 Sail Autopilot View at Amazon

Comparison Table - Best Autopilot For Sailboats

Reviews - best sailboat autopilot, raymarine st1000 plus tiller pilot.

Best Use : Tiller-steered Sailboats
Warranty : 2 years
Display Type : Backlit LCD
Voltage : 10-16V DC
Thrust : 125 lbs.
Data Interface : SeaTalk, NMEA 0183
Max. Recommended Displacement : 6,000 lbs.
Improved Waterproofing Ensures That You’ll Be Able To Use This Autopilot In Calm Seas And Stormy Weather
Intelligent Software Minimizes Draw On The Battery For Longer Battery Life
Simple Six-Button Keypad Makes It Easy To Use This Autopilot

BEST FOR: AFFORDABLE PERFORMANCE

This classic tiller autopilot is the perfect accessory for your day sailing vessel. The ST1000 can accept NMEA data with its intelligent software for accurate navigation to a waypoint. The backlit LCD display shows you your locked course and navigational data and information, even in the evening or low-light conditions. This autopilot also has an AutoTack feature, which will tack the boat for you while you adjust and handle the sheets and sails. Finally, the autopilot comes with everything you’ll need to install and use your device, including mounting socket, tiller pilot socket, gasket, cable clip, and clamp, among other items.

Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

Warranty : N/A
Display Type : N/A
Voltage : 12V DC
Thrust : 143 lbs.
Data Interface : N/A
Max. Recommended Displacement : 10,000 lbs.
Precision Steering In A Variety Of Weather And Water Conditions
Runs Very Quietly So That You Can Enjoy The Natural Sounds Of The Water
Waterproof Sealing Protects Against Spray And The Elements

BEST FOR: SAILBOATS UP TO 32’ IN LENGTH

If your sailboat is tiller-steered and 32 feet or less in length, than this Simrad TP10 TillerPilot is a great autopilot option for you. The combination of the advanced software in this autopilot with its simple, five-key display and controls make this device really user-friendly and effective in all types of weather conditions. This autopilot also includes battery use optimization with a low-power draw so that your battery lasts longer, even with prolonged use. Finally, this autopilot is designed with the sailor in mind. It runs extremely quietly so that you can truly get away from it all and enjoy your time on the water without whirring and interruption from the autopilot.

Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive

Type : Linear Drive unit
Best Use : Mechanically-steered Sailboats
Voltage : N/A
Data Interface : SeaTalk, NMEA 2000
Max. Recommended Displacement : 33,000 lbs.
High Performance With Minimal Electric Current Consumption
Quiet Operation For Optimal Sailing Experience Without Extra Machine Noises Interrupting Your Peace And Quiet
Two Year Warranty For Added Security

BEST FOR: SEASONAL CRUISERS

Do you spend your winters cruising south towards Florida or the Carribean? If so, the Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive might be right for you and your vessel. This autopilot is designed for sailboats with existing mechanical steering systems; if your vessel is large enough to have a full motor system, then you’ll want this type of autopilot with a powerful thrust and an electromagnetic fail-safe clutch. Finally, this system works in coordination with SeaTalk and NMEA 2000 navigation data so that you can count on precision navigation from your home port to a waypoint.

Garmin GHC 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control

Best Use : Power & Sailboats under 40 feet in length
Warranty : 2-year limited (Owner Installed); 2-year parts and onboard (Certified Installer)
Display Type : Glass-Bonded, Anti-Glare Color TFT Lens
Voltage : 9-32V DC
Thrust : N/A
Data Interface : NMEA 2K
Max. Recommended Displacement : Best for Power & Sailboats under 40 feet in length
Bright Four Inch Display With Glass-Bonded, Anti-Glare Lens For Optimal Viewing
Daylight Readability Is Enhanced By High-Contrast Color Scheme
Compatible With Quatix Marine Watch And Other Garmin Products

BEST FOR: OVERNIGHT EXCURSIONS

If you’re headed out on a multi-day excursion which might require some overnight cruising, you’re going to need an autopilot with a display that you can read well in low light conditions and at nighttime. This Garmin GHC 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control is the perfect product for that type of an adventure.

Its four inch display with enhanced nighttime readability and glass-bonded, anti-glare lens to prevent fogging and glare in sunny conditions will help you maintain control in all types of conditions, at all times of day. It also has a 170 degree viewing angle, so whether you’re up on deck adjusting the sails or below deck grabbing an extra sheet, you’ll be able to glance over at the display and see what’s going on. This autopilot also works for both power and sailing vessels. Finally, its five-button control is easy to use, so you’ll be off on your sailing adventure before you know it.

Raymarine Evolution Ev-200 Sail Autopilot

Best Use : Mid-Size Mechanically-Steered Sailboats
Warranty : 2 years; 3 years with product registration
Thrust : 650 lbs.
Max. Recommended Displacement : 24,000 lbs.
Contains A High Tech Sensor And Full-Function Course Computer
Uses Artificial Intelligence Algorithms To Maximize Performance, Instead Of Manual Calibration
EV Sensor Core (GPS Unit) Can Be Mounted Above Or Below Deck

BEST FOR: SAILBOATS WITH MECHANICAL STEERING

If you’re looking for a powerful, tech-forward autopilot with cutting edge navigation technology, then the Raymarine Evolution EV-200 Sail Autopilot might be the right one for you. Designed with sophisticated AI algorithms that perceive the environment and instantly calculate and evolve steering commands, this autopilot optimizes your cruising experience without the need for manual calibration or adjustment. The result is precise steering and course keeping, regardless of the vessel speed or sea conditions. Finally, the package includes the EV sensor core, which is similar to a marine GPS unit. It can be bracket-mounted either above or below deck, depending on space and convenience.

THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING AUTOPILOTS FOR SAILBOATS

It’s important to consider the size of your sailboat before you purchase an autopilot. Autopilots are designed with specific thrust and power draws depending on the boat that it’s optimized for. Be sure to know the length of your boat as well as the water displacement (in pounds) so that you can choose the optimal autopilot device for you.

STEERING TYPE

Autopilots are a complicated piece of technology designed to keep you on course when you can’t be at the helm. If your sailboat is steered with a tiller, then you’ll be looking at the tiller-steered category of autopilots. If it’s mechanically steered, then you’ll be shopping for autopilots that are compatible with that type of a system. West Marine has a great resource archive for everything you need to know about sailing. Check out this informational article on selecting an autopilot for more information.

HOW YOU USE YOUR SAILBOAT

Do you like to go out for the day to explore the area around your home port or do you cruise down to the Caribbean seasonally in winter? Are you able to handle your sailboat by yourself or do you typically need a crew? These are all types of questions to ask yourself before investing in an autopilot. Consider the type of boat that you have and how you enjoy using it to choose the best sailing autopilot unit for you.

FEATURES EXPLAINED

A horizontal bar fitted to the rudder of the boat and used as a lever for steering.

This term refers to the main body of the boat, including the sides, bottom, and deck, but excluding the mast, sails, rigging, and other features.

This term refers to the way a sailboat is maneuvered. If your desired course is into the wind, the boat is turned toward the wind so that the direction from which the wind blows changes from one side to the other, thereby allowing forward progress.

The helm of the boat is the place from which the boat is steered.

The sheets refer to the ropes or lines that adjust the movable portions of the sails.

This term refers to the front end of the sailboat.

The stern is the back end of the sailboat.

The port side of the sailboat is the left side of the boat when facing forwards towards the bow (or front) of the vessel.

The starboard side of the sailboat is the right side of the boat when facing forwards towards the bow or front of the vessel.

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6 Best Sailboat Autopilot Systems

Hand steering a sailboat is so much fun – until it isn’t. In actuality, it’s tiring work that requires more concentration than we can give it for very long. Racing sailboats switch helmspersons regularly, and offshore passagemakers never rely solely on hand steering. In fact, a breakdown of automatic steering is a big problem for a short-handed vessel offshore.

Sailboat autopilot come to our rescue again and again. These crewmembers don’t need sleep, food, or water, and they never complain much. So let’s take a moment to appreciate these wonders of modern technology, and credit them with what they make possible. Here’s a look at the inner workings of Otto the Pilot, including his care and feeding.

What is a sailboat auto pilot how does it work, what can an autopilot do, what can’t an autopilot do, mechanical windvane, electrical sailboat autopilots, control head, computer, “black box,” or “core pack”, rudder angle sensor, other input sensors, size and displacement of your vessel, types of drive unit, functionality and integration with mfd, small boat tiller pilots, below deck autopilots, sailboat autopilot faqs, navco/b&g, simrad, lowrance.

At the most basic level, the purpose of an autopilot is to steer the boat so you don’t have to. Steering a boat is like steering a car–every bend and curve in even a straight road will set the vehicle on a new course. So while sailing, every wave will wiggle the boat around. What’s more, the boat’s designed-in weather helm tendencies will cause it to want to head up into the wind. So steering a sailboat requires constant attention and work.

After about 30 minutes, even the best helmsmen will start to waiver. An autopilot relieves you of some of this workload. It allows you to safely stand watch at the helm for hours at a time because you don’t have to worry about every bump, wave, and wind gust blowing you off course.

Do Boats Have Autopilot?

Of course, not every boat has an autopilot. It likely doesn’t need one if the boat is designed for day sailing. Half the fun of day sailing lies in the handling of the boat–the actual sailing part! Having an autopilot might be handy, but it’s hardly a necessity.

But boats that are built to travel for hours, days, or weeks at a time need an autopilot of some sort. There are many types of autopilots out there, even some mechanical ones that require no electricity . They vary in functionality, but their basic purpose is to relieve the helmsperson of some of the work.

With that in mind, all autopilots can perform some basic functions. No matter how basic they are, they can all hold the boat’s course and points of sale in a relatively straight line. How they accomplish this depends on their complexity and what sort of sensors or inputs the autopilot has to understand the world around it.

Advanced modern autopilots usually have three modes you can select from. They can hold a compass heading, a bearing off of the wind, or hold a GPS course to the next waypoint.

As amazing as autopilot is and as much work as they can do for us, they have some very big limits. What can’t an autopilot do? It can never replace an able helmsperson exercising good seamanship.

What does that mean? First and foremost, it is the legal responsibility of every vessel operator to maintain a continuous lookout. This is one of the most fundamental regulations in the COLREGS – the international laws set to prevent collisions at sea.

In other words, only a human standing watch and looking out for hazards can see and avoid those hazards. An autopilot has no sensors to understand the world around it in that way–it can’t see other ships, boats, landmasses, rocks, or markers. So if it’s holding its course and something is ahead of it, it will run right into whatever lies in its way.

Many new sailors want to know if they can sleep while the autopilot drives the boat. The autopilot will certainly keep driving the boat–but it will keep driving it forever–onto the beach, into the side of a container ship, or straight into a metal day beacon.

Another thing that autopilots don’t know is when to stop. They keep going until the helmsman switches them into “standby” mode. Here’s a horror story that I’ve heard a few times–it’s the middle of the night, and the boat is on autopilot. The skipper needs to pee, so he walks to the stern rail and falls off. His wife awakes two hours later for her watch, only to find an empty boat that’s still steering a perfect course away from her dear darling husband.

Now, ladies, before you get any ideas, this is supposed to be an illustrative and cautionary tale about autopilots, not marriages.

Types of Autopilot

It’s impossible to understand the role and purpose of modern autopilots without first discussing the tried and true mechanical windvane.

The windvane is a simple item mounted to the back of the boat. Above the water is a windvane that swings to point into the wind. Through a series of linkages, it is attached to a rudder below the water–either its own rudder or attached to the boat’s rudder.

The skipper uses a line to select the direction off of the wind – using the windvane – that they wish to steer. The windvane then corrects for any changes by moving its rudder left or right.

The windvane is pretty simple in theory and ultra-reliable. Before the days of solar and wind generators , the fact that they used no electrical power was their biggest selling point. They’re still popular with offshore sailors today, mostly because of their reliability and simplicity. While a lightning strike could take out every electrical component on your boat, it wouldn’t hurt a windvane.

For all its plusses, the windvane has some limitations. It only works when sailing in steady winds–if you’re trying to hold your course while motoring on a windless day, it won’t do much. They are also large and bulky, mounted on the stern of the boat in a place where most coastal sailors want to have their dinghy or a nice swim step.

Electric autopilots are a technology borrowed from the powerboat world. There’s fundamentally no difference between a sailboat autopilot and one built for a powerboat.

Above-Deck or Cockpit Autopilots

An above-deck autopilot has all of its components mounted at the helm. It’s a simple and less expensive solution popular with smaller coastal cruising boats.

For a basic autopilot like this, an electric mechanism will turn your steering wheel or tiller. It works fine on smaller boats and in calm conditions. However, the drive units are not powerful enough to move a big boat or a boat in very rough conditions . These units are commonly called wheel pilot and tiller pilot systems.

Below-Deck or Inboard Autopilot System

The best solution, albeit the more expensive and complicated one, is the below-deck autopilot. The rudder is turned by a series of servo motors or hydraulics below decks.

The biggest advantage of most of these systems is that the autopilot usually has its own attachment to the rudder post. In the event of a steering failure, the autopilot will often still control the boat just fine.

Another advantage is that the autopilot drive motor can be sized correctly for the vessel. Hydraulic rams that produce incredible force can be mounted. These can control any vessel in any sea condition if sized correctly.

Sail Boat Auto Pilot Components

Today’s autopilots are complex electronic systems built of several components that work together to get the job done. Most advanced autopilots consist of the following parts.

Control head
Electronic flux-gate compass
Black box computer or core pack
Rudder position and other sensors

Raymarine Pilot Ev-400 A/P with P70R No Drive

There must be some controls for the helmsperson to manipulate the helm of the boat . This is usually in the form of an instrument-sized control head that monitors and controls the autopilot system.

The autopilot computer cannot know the compass course of the boat without having an electronic flux-gate compass. It is usually mounted somewhere in the boat far from other electromechanical systems, like a locker in the stateroom.

The autopilot’s processor will have a central black box that receives input from its various sensors. It also directly controls the drive motor, telling it when to come on and which direction to steer with how much force.

The drive unit mounts to the rudder post of the boat. It is generally preferred that the drive attach directly to the post so that if anything on the regular steering system breaks, the autopilot will still function. In the case of an above-deck autopilot, the drive unit is usually a simple electric motor or a magnetic servo mounted to the wheel.

There are a few methods of below-deck drive that can be matched to the vessel’s existing steering system. For example, powerboats with outboards often have hydraulic steering installed. In addition, there are autopilot drive systems that you can install in line with this existing system.

The most common type of drive on sailboats is the linear ram drive. This is a rod that pushes straight in or out. When mounted to an arm on the rudder shaft, it can turn the rudder through its full range of motion.

The ram can be powered by either an electric motor of the sailboat and gears or hydraulics.

A position sensor is mounted on the rudder shaft to ensure that the autopilot knows the rudder’s angle. It operates an indicator on the control head. But more importantly, it helps calibrate the system to know where the center is and how much deflection is given to each side.

The complexity of your autopilot is also dependent on how many other electronics are networked into the autopilot computer. Most marine networks now work on the NMEA2000 standard. If that’s the case, and your autopilot talks to your other instruments, you’ll likely get a few extra benefits.

If you have an electronic wind instrument onboard, your autopilot will be able to hold a true wind angle. This is a great way to run a cruising boat and like using an old-school windvane.

For example, you might be running a course to your destination and find it sailing downwind . Instead of risking an accidental jibe with your boat , you set up a course with the wind 160 degrees to starboard. The autopilot will hold that wind angle for you, even if the wind shifts slightly. Then, you can determine when, where, and if you need to jibe.

If your autopilot “talks” to your MFD (multi-function display), you can get even more options. If you plot a course directly to a waypoint, your autopilot can track the sailboat on that line using the “Navigation” function. Remember that it won’t know what to do when you get there, so it will likely deactivate itself. It’s just holding that pre set compass course.

Alternatively, you could program an entire route into your GPS. This series of waypoints, all located in safe water, guides you from departure to destination. Most GPS systems will communicate the turns in the route to the autopilot, allowing it to follow that pre-programmed route without you touching it.

Picking the Best Sailboat Autopilot

Picking an autopilot for your boat is one of those big undertakings that can quickly balloon out of your control.

Here’s my own experience installing an autopilot from scratch. I share it here not as a how-to guide but as a cautionary tale into exactly how involved a project that this can become.

Our sailboat came with a home-built above-deck autopilot. It functioned acceptably in calm waters, but its belt drive was easily overpowered in following seas. It was also something of a hassle to activate and deactivate. So in replacing our GPS and other electronics, we knew we wanted to upgrade to something more able to handle offshore weather.

We settled on B&G electronics for our boat. The existing autopilot had a newer Raymarine control head, compass, and computer, which I hoped to reuse. I wanted to get a linear drive unit to mount below decks.

While I could get a Raymarine linear drive that would communicate with the Raymarine computer I owned, I could not get one big enough for my boat. So a new black box was required.

I could not find a hydraulic drive unit that would fit the dimensions of our boat. There wasn’t much space near the rudder, and most hydraulic units were big. So I settled for an electric linear drive from Raymarine, but the most powerful one.

I then discovered there was no easy way to mount the drive unit. My rudder post did not have an arm for it, so I would have to have that built custom. Plus, there were no flat spaces in the compartment nearby where the drive could be bolted on.

Thankfully I could mount the Raymarine linear drive at any angle. I had to build angled blocks out of solid wood, allowing the drive motor to be mounted on its side and at a 30-degree angle to the rudder post. I then had a custom-made arm built by Edson Marine with a 30-degree offset, a $600 unexpected expense. This strange and complicated arrangement was the only way I could get the drive to give full deflection of the rudder within its designed mounting limits.

So, what began as a $1,200 project for a new drive unit ballooned into a complete replacement project with all electronics costing over $4,000, plus another $1,000 in miscellaneous parts and modifications. This is for a 38-foot sailboat and doing all the work myself. The project would have easily cost $10,000 or more had I had a boatyard do the labor.

How did I choose which autopilot would be best? Well, there aren’t actually that many choices. While many companies make hydraulic rams, only Raymarine had electric linear drives. I already had B&G electronics, so it only made sense to buy the same for maximum compatibility.

In the end, the system works flawlessly, and I am very happy. But it goes in the folder of boat projects I hope never to do again. So, from one sailor to another, my advice is to buy a boat that is already set up the way you like it! Most newer boats come from the factory set-up for a below-deck autopilot, so all you should ever have to do is replace the components.

The most important factor in choosing your autopilot is to size it correctly according to the boat’s displacement. This will ensure that the unit has enough power to move the rudder when it’s underway. The force needed to move the rudder is proportional to the size of the rudder and the speed at which the vessel is moving.

For whatever type of drive unit you choose, you will be given some operating limits of what it can and cannot do. For example, Raymarine makes three versions of their mechanical linear drive. Type 1 is for boats up to 24,000 lbs, Type 2S for up to 33,000 lbs, and Type 2L for vessels up to 44,000 lbs. The arms have a stroke of 12 (S model) or 16 (L model) inches, which must accommodate the movement of your rudder from stop to stop. Finally, the physical dimensions of the drive need to fit in the space provided.

Raymarine makes about the most complete line of autopilot drives on the market today. Currently, Raymarine has five types.

Hydraulic pumps for hydraulic steering
Hydraulic linear arms
Mechanical linear arms
Mechanical rotary motors for chain and sprocket drives
Sterndrive actuators for boats with power-assisted steering

The drive unit you choose will be part of your overall system design. It depends on how your steering system works and how and where you’re going to plug in the autopilot drive.

If you’re installing new electronics with your autopilot, getting a unit that matches the rest of your navigation technology makes sense. If you have Garmin, stick with Garmin; likewise, Raymarine or B&G. All make good products. The benefits of having them work together flawlessly are greater than any benefit you’ll get from mixing and matching different brands.

For example, my B&G autopilot allows me to control the autopilot directly from my MFD instead of having a separate control head. This saved me some money and space at the helm since a control head would be another $500 and another instrument face to mount. It also means that I can use the big touch screen and menu system to set up the autopilot and calibrate it.

Sailboat Autopilot Reviews

When shopping for an autopilot, you may find it difficult to shop online. More often than not, suppliers will have one component you need but not another. No one keeps all of these parts in stock and available for immediate shipment. You’ll wind up piecing together your autopilot system with parts from several sources.

More often than not, what owners need is to replace one component. For example, maybe the drive unit went bad, or their control head display died. In these cases, simply replace the same part number from whoever has the part.

If you’re replacing the entire system or all of your electronics, it may be easiest to work directly through the manufacturer or their local distributor. However, if you’re willing to shop around, you might be able to find kits and individual components through Amazon, West Marine, Defender, or other marine stores.

Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

The TP10 is an entry-level, easy-to-use autopilot built for boats with tillers up to 32 feet long. It mounts simply in the cockpit and has easy controls. Best of all, it’s waterproof.

Simrad TP10 Tiller Pilot

Prices pulled from the Amazon Product Advertising API on:

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.

Raymarine ST2000 Plus Tiller Pilot

Raymarine makes a similar line of tiller pilots. This model, A12005, is for vessels weighing up to 10,000 pounds.

Add custom text here

Raymarine Pilot EV-400 Autopilot (No Drive Included)

For below-deck mounted systems, Raymarine makes two levels of the computer system–the EV-200 or EV-400. This is the 400, which is big boat approved and will drive their largest Type 3 mechanical or hydraulic drives. Match the correct drive unit to the size and configuration of your vessel.

This kit also comes with the P70R, a rotary dialed controller for the helmsperson. The knob is a great feature that makes turning the boat in small increments a lot easier.

Precision monitoring of heading, pitch, roll, and yaw allowing the Autopilot to Evolve Instantly as Sea conditions and vessel dynamics change

Garmin Reactor 40 Corepack for Mechanical or Retrofit Autopilots

Garmin autopilot systems are based around the Reactor 40 “core pack.” Unfortunately, most of Garmin’s autopilot kits available online are designed for modern boats or those with hydraulic steerings systems. To piece together a kit for a classic sailboat with cable or Edson steering, start with this retrofit core pack directly from Garmin.

This kit includes:

Course computer unit
GHC20 control head
Electronic control unit (ECU)
Cables and NMEA2000 connectors

B&G (Simrad) NAC-3 Core Pack and Compass

This kit includes the main computer for the Simrad family of autopilots. You can couple this with any type of drive unit. All controls for the autopilot are accomplished through the B&G Zeus or Vulcan multi-function display. If you want a dedicated control panel, they sell that as well. You may also need a rudder position sensor to make the system work.

Furuno NAVPILOT300

This is an all-in-one solution that requires fewer parts. You’ll still need a drive unit and a heading sensor to make a complete system.

Top Brands of Sailboat Auto Pilot

As mentioned above, the big names in sailboat instruments all offer autopilot packages. If you’re only replacing the autopilot electronics, keeping everything the same brand makes sense. However, if you’re replacing everything, you have bigger choices to make.

Garmin applies the lessons they learned by making several generations of aircraft autopilots. Their systems integrate much more than a simple flux-gate compass–their autopilots are built with a full-fledged AHRS (Attitude Heading Reference System).

Using this Autopilot Compatibility Guide , you can figure out which Garmin autopilot is right for you.

Navco is the parent company of three different electronics brands–B&G, Simrad, and Lowrance. That’s a perk because you can mix and match components between the three names at will. B&G is the favored brand for sailboats. The B&G NAC-2 and NAC-3 autopilot computers are the basic start for the typical cruising yacht. High-end racers and luxury boats will want to look into the fancier H5000 autopilot system.

Simrad sells a line of basic tiller pilots for above-deck autopilot installs on small boats.

Raymarine is one of the older and most trusted brands in marine electronics. Their autopilots are robust and come in any arrangement you like. In addition, they have one of the only above-deck wheel-drive autopilot systems on the market, the EV-100 SAIL. They also have tiller pilots and a complete lineup of below-deck options.

Furuno is an underdog in the recreational marine industry – favored by professionals but often overlooked by the private boat owner. Their autopilot NAVPILOT offerings are adaptive controllers designed to make boat handling easier. Most are designed for outboard hydraulic-steer fishing boats, but their control heads and computers will work with almost any type of setup.

How much does a sailboat autopilot cost?

The cost and complexity of an autopilot system depend on the size of the boat. Small tiller-steered daysailors can usually at a tiller pilot for less than $1000.

A below-deck autopilot, with all of the components to make it work with your multi-function display, will set most owners back $4,000 or $6,000. In addition, if the boat does not already have a below-deck autopilot, there may be quite a bit of labor necessary to build platforms or brackets to adapt the drive unit to the rudder post.

Do sailing yachts have autopilot?

Yes, most sailboats larger than daysailers have autopilots. These vary in complexity from mechanical windvanes to extensive electronic systems that tie into the boat’s GPS and multi-function displays.

Can you sleep while your boat is on autopilot?

A good autopilot will steer a boat for you, on a constant heading or wind angle, through nearly any conditions. However, it cannot ensure that you don’t hit anything–like another vessel. It is illegal to operate a vessel without a “proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate…to make a full appraisal of the situation and or the risk of collision” (COLREGS Rule 5).

Matt has been boating around Florida for over 25 years in everything from small powerboats to large cruising catamarans. He currently lives aboard a 38-foot Cabo Rico sailboat with his wife Lucy and adventure dog Chelsea. Together, they cruise between winters in The Bahamas and summers in the Chesapeake Bay.

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Yachting Monthly

Digital edition

Autopilot Buyers Guide for sailing yachts

Rupert Holmes
September 6, 2021

Rupert Holmes looks at how to choose a suitable autopilot system for cruising yachts

autopilot raymarine_ev_100_tiller_with_p70

There’s a bewildering array of options available for autopilot systems, which can make selecting the best for your yacht a daunting task.

Some manufacturers offer such a plethora of products covering everything from outboard-powered fishing boats to large motor yachts it can be difficult to pick out those that are ideal for sailing yachts of moderate size.

Equally, you may be able to retain some elements of your existing system, such as the drive unit and control pads, which will reduce the cost of upgrading your autopilot.

Many systems are sold as packages, which can add to the confusion.

However, these make more sense once you figure out the key items – especially the compass, 9-axis sensor or course computer – most boats will benefit from updating.

Integration with other on board electronics is an important factor if you want the autopilot to steer to a constant wind angle, or to display compass course on the instruments.

B&G’s Triton controller

Mixing autopilot brands?

While many items from different brands will talk to each other, it makes sense to limit the variety as far as possible to avoid any problems.

However, there’s usually no need for drive units to be the same brand as the remainder of the system.

These are generally fairly simple 12/24V motors that respond in the same way to the output from the course computer, without other complex electronics that need a data feed with specific protocols.

It’s always worth checking with suppliers, or directly with a manufacturer’s technical helplines, to be sure that the products you plan to buy will work together as expected.

Before going shopping, make an audit of the elements of your existing autopilot system – and what will benefit from replacement.

In many cases an autopilot system can be updated significantly without replacing the drive unit, control keypads or display units, which can make upgrading more affordable.

In most cases drive units are specified for a maximum laden displacement .

For many yachts this can easily be in excess of 20% above the boat builder’s quoted figure for light displacement.

Garmin CHC10 Remote

Many companies bundle the parts that are most likely to be needed to upgrade an existing system into packages, often at reduced prices compared to the individual components.

Garmin, for instance, calls these ‘Corepacks’ and, unlike other manufacturers, this is the prime way in which key components other than control units and drives are sold.

The GHP Reactor Mechanical Retrofit Corepack (£1,460) includes a 9-axis sensor, course computer, and the higher-spec GHC20 control display.

It’s therefore a cost-effective option offering for anyone looking to update an existing system.

Raymarine’s EV-200 Sail Pack (£2,115) consists of an EV-1 Sensor Core, ACU-200 pilot computer, p70/70s control head, plus a cabling kit.

Note: We may earn a commission when you buy through links on our site, at no extra cost to you. This doesn’t affect our editorial independence.

B&G’s DD15 Drive Unit is a compact and energy efficient design for yachts from 30-40ft

1. Below deck drive units

These are a key in getting good pilot performance and in maximising reliability.

Yet in many ways the physical means of moving the rudder has changed little in the past decade or two.

Whether driven directly by an electric motor, or via hydraulics, these are non-intelligent items that simply respond to the changing 12V (or 24V) outputs from the course computer.

The two key choices are between hydraulic and electric-mechanical units and between a linear or rotary drive.

Linear drives are used to connect directly to the quadrant and are the most common type, especially on relatively recent boats.

Rotary drives can drive a gear wheel where the steering system incorporates a chain drive.

Electric units are more efficient on power consumption, easier to install and cheaper than hydraulic options.

However, the latter can be more powerful, so are typically found on larger yachts.

Garmin offers a number of Linear Drives, including the Class A Mechanical Linear Drive (£1,600) for yachts up to 12,900kg loaded displacement.

The company’s Class B units include a compact model rated for 22 tons, while the standard size model will cope with 35.8 tons loaded displacement.

Similarly Raymarine’s mechanical linear drives (£1,800-2,065) are offered in three sizes for boats with displacement of up to 11,000kg, 15,000kg and 20,000kg laden displacement.

Above this a hydraulic drive will be needed.

Raymarine’s ST2000 is a basic all-in-one model for boats up to 4,500kg

2. Tiller pilots

These naturally fall into two different categories – all-in-one units that include a basic course computer, fluxgate compass, control pad and, in some cases, a one-line display.

Some can also interface with other on-board electronics.

Raymarine’s ST1000 (£525) and ST2000 (£630) are basic all-in-one models for boats up to 3,000kg and 4,500kg respectively.

They are now dated units that include only a basic fluxgate compass and limited connectivity via Raymarine’s original SeaTalk, or NMEA0183 for GPS and apparent wind data.

If you’re able to spend more there are much better options available.

Raymarine’s EV-100 Tiller Pilot is a motor-only unit for boats up to 6,000kg that can be paired to an ACU-100 course computer and EV-1 9-axis sensor.

It’s therefore capable of steering a much better course than the ST1000/2000 models, though won’t match the performance of a belowdeck system as it’s impossible to fit a rudder angle sensor.

In addition, unlike B&G’s SD10 drive there’s no automatic clutch, so switching between automatic steering and standby modes may not be a smooth operation in challenging conditions.

The EV-100 tiller pilot is priced at £1,365, packaged with an ACU-100 course computer, EV-1 sensor and cabling kit, though a control unit is still required.

While the Navico group’s products for sailing have been sold under the B&G brand for almost a decade, this isn’t true of its all-in-one tiller pilots, which are legacy products that still carry Simrad branding.

The TP10 (£470) is a basic standalone model for smaller boats, while the TP22 (£610) and TP32 (£760) models can operate in either standalone mode, or networked with wind instruments and/or separate compasses via NMEA0183 or 2000.

They are suitable for boats up to 34ft and 37ft respectively.

A neat alternative to a conventional tiller pilot

The B&G SD10 drive (£1,059) is a neat alternative to a conventional tiller pilot that uses a Bowden cable (as used for steering most RIBs) to connect a below-decks motor to the tiller.

It has two further big advantages over conventional tiller pilots.

Firstly there’s a clutch, so the pilot is always connected to the tiller and doesn’t need to be removed when returning to manual steering mode.

Secondly, it incorporates a rudder angle sensor, so offers tiller steered yachts that don’t have a quadrant all the advantages of a below decks system.

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Raymarine is the only company that now offers a wheel pilot, the EV-100 Wheel Pilot

3. Wheel autopilots

These have an on-deck motor much as for tiller pilots, making them a cost effective option with relatively easy installation.

However, unlike a below deck system, the motor unit is exposed to the elements and there’s a limit to the size and weight of a yacht that can realistically use a wheel pilot.

In addition, they generally can’t use a rudder angle sensor, so course keeping is compromised.

Raymarine is the only company that now offers a wheel pilot, the EV-100 Wheel Pilot (£665).

It produces 30Nm of thrust and is suitable for boats with a laden displacement of up to 7,500kg.

Both SeaTalkNG and NMEA2000 data protocols are supported.

It’s designed to be used with an ACU-100 course computer and EV-1 Sensor.

Outside its high-end H5000 series B&G offers two options, the NAC-2 and NAC-3

4. Course computers

This area has seen huge development and significant improvements to course keeping .

All current systems will interface with the 9-axis sensors that measure rate of yaw, pitch and heel, as well as having a built in gyro compass.

They can therefore respond to gusts and waves even before the boat has changed course.

Raymarine produces several different course computers (Autopilot Control Units, or ACU) to suit different types of boat and drive unit.

Although not all are suited to sailing yachts.

Designed to simplify use where possible, much of the set up process is automated, and there are no user-adjustable settings beyond three easy to select modes.

The latest Lighthouse II software update includes stabilisation of wind speed and angle using data from the 9-axis sensor; which means even better course keeping.

The ACU-100 (£420) is for smaller sailing yachts using the EV-100 tiller or wheel pilot.

The ACU-200 (£845) is for any vessel with one of the company’s Type 1 drive units.

It can supply up to 7A of power to the drive unit and suits most boats up to 11,000kg laden displacement.

The more powerful ACU-400 (£1,905) can supply 30A to 12V or 24V systems; capable of steering very large yachts, including those with hydraulic drive units.

In both cases the units are capable of using both Raymarine’s SeaTalkNG data protocol and NMEA2000.

Outside its high-end H5000 series B&G offers the NAC-2 (£950) and NAC-3 (£1,700).

The former provides output current of up to 8A for yachts of up to 35ft, whereas the latter is rated at 30A continuous, for larger yachts.

Garmin’s course computers are offered as part of its Core Packs.

B&G’s Rudder angle sensor

5. Essential accessories for autopilots

The choice of system elements, including rudder angle sensors, compasses – or 9-axis sensors – and control keypads or displays is determined by the brand of your pilot computer.

Note that some drive units include a rudder angle sensor.

Rudder angle sensor

Sometimes supplied with the motor; check specs when comparing prices.

Garmin GRF10 Rudder Feedback Sensor (£199)
Raymarine M81105 Rudder angle transducer (£265)
B&G has four options to suit different systems (priced from £290-320)

Course sensor

All the main manufacturers now use 9-axis sensors that measure heading, rate of turn, pitch, roll and yaw, giving far greater data inputs to the course computer than gyro compasses that were the best option less than 10 years ago.

Garmin only lists this sensor in its pilot packages, but Raymarine’s EV-1 Sensor is available separately for £740, while B&G’s Precision compass is £680.

Raymarine’s EV-1 Sensor

6. Control pads and remotes

These can add significantly to the cost of an autopilot system.

But if you ever sail short handed , then a controller at the helm and one at the companionway, allowing the boat to be conned from the shelter of the spray hood, are a minimum for any offshore yacht.

This also offers a layer of redundancy should a unit fail.

In many cases a multifunction display (MFD ) can be used to control a pilot of the same brand, though can be a lot more convoluted than using a keypad.

Remote controls are great for anyone on watch alone, but can be an expensive upgrade, especially if you need to also buy a base station to communicate with the remote.

Raymarine Smart Controller

Raymarine Smart Controller (remote) with base station (£630)
Raymarine S100 wireless remote with base station (£440)
Garmin GHC10 Marine Autopilot Control Unit (£500)
Garmin GHC20 Marine Autopilot Control Unit (£580)
Garmin CHC10 Remote (£270)
B&G’s Triton2 keypads (£350 each)

A Triton2 display (£530) is needed as well, but can also be used to display other data.

TECHNICAL HELP FOR AUTOPILOTS

Once you’ve outlined what you think is the best upgrade route don’t be shy about asking for help to confirm you’ve identified the best options.

Many manufacturers have both online and telephone helplines:

raymarine.custhelp.com/app/home
bandg.com/en-gb/contact-us-gb/

About the author

Rupert Holmes is a freelance yachting journalist with more than 85,000 miles’ experience in a wide variety of craft, including cruising and racing yachts, and significant shorthanded sailing.

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Best Marine Electronics & Technology

Modern Sailboat Autopilots

By Dave Schmidt
Updated: May 8, 2019

Hand steering is one of sailing’s greatest joys, but the truth is that most sailors struggle to hold an accurate course for more than 30 minutes. This is why racing crews regularly rotate drivers, and why most cruising sailors carry an autopilot that can handle helm duties when the weather turns bleak, attention deficits lurk or other onboard responsibilities take priority over chasing the compass card.

While autopilots have been steering recreational sailboats since Derek Fawcett introduced his original Autohelm in 1974, contemporary systems use solid-state components, cutting-edge processors and powerful algorithms to deliver significantly better performance and advanced features to aid in getting from Point A to B. Here’s a look at what’s on the market and the important things to consider when shopping for a new electronic hand on the helm.

At their core, autopilots consist of four basic components: a black-box central processing unit (CPU), which is the system’s brains and power supply; a hydraulic or electric drive unit that delivers the brawn that physically turns the boat’s rudder; a control head, which the helmsman uses to set a course with the touch of a button; and a heading sensor, commonly a fluxgate compass. Additional bells and whistles, such as a rudder-indicator sensor, a wind-and-speed sensor, and GPS and chart plotter can also be tied into the pilot system via an NMEA 0183 or NMEA 2000 network, allowing the autopilot to access the boat’s navigation system for increased functionality (more on that later).

In its simplest application, once the autopilot’s installed, a skipper manually steers the boat onto a desired course and engages the autopilot using the control head, which is typically mounted near the helm station. Course adjustments are typically made in increments of 1 and 10 degrees, either via hard-key buttons on the control head, a handheld remote control or an app.

When engaged, the autopilot relies on external sensors and internal algorithms to apply the least amount of rudder movement to maintain course. No matter who’s driving, excessive rudder movement directly equates to drag. While autopilots don’t fatigue in big waves the way a sailor might, they do consume more juice when they’re working hard, so autopilot manufacturers develop software controls to properly hold course without sapping boat speed or draining the batteries.

One of the most critical decisions when choosing an autopilot is ensuring that the drive unit is properly sized for the boat. “It’s all based on the boat’s displacement,” says Jim McGowan, Raymarine’s Americas’ marketing manager. When selecting a drive, he advises, “You want to use the boat’s dry weight and then add 20 percent to account for fuel, people and their gear.”

Autopilot drives are typically designed to work up to a certain weight, and it’s important to both performance and safety that this is properly matched as this in turn will dictate the system’s power requirements. Most sailboat-friendly autopilots draw between 2 and 7.5 amps, depending on the size of the CPU required by the system. While the CPUs in a given model range will typically employ identical algorithms, the bigger CPUs deliver more power to their drives.

When buying an autopilot system, be sure your vessel falls well within the designed working range. “When you fall on the line, you always want to go up,” advises McGowan. “It requires a lot of torque to drive the rudder arm in big seas, and if the pilot is up against its limit, there’s a lot more stress on the equipment and more heat buildup in the control unit.”

Matt Fries, B&G’s business acquisition manager, advises that customers should also take into account the design and sailing characteristics of their boat when selecting a drive. “A 40-footer with a full keel and an aft-hung barn-door rudder might require a more powerful drive than a 50-footer of the same displacement that has a more balanced rig/keel configuration and a more modern rudder design,” he says. “It’s more important that the drive suits the boat than who makes it. If [a boat’s] existing drive works and is proven, we’re fine using it.” This same drive-system agnosticism exists amongst most manufacturers and potentially opens the door to cost-effective modular autopilot upgrades, as most modern autopilots can be matched up to power and control different drive types.

As with all electromechanical systems, the course that the autopilot steers is only as accurate as the input of its sensors — in this case, the most critical data is the vessel’s compass course. While fluxgate compasses provide accurate azimuth information, their reporting rates of 1-10 hertz are sluggish to report course changes compared to today’s nine-axis compasses, which feature updated rates in the ballpark of 10-30 hertz, or that number of times per second. Moreover, the new breed of compasses are accurate to roughly plus or minus 2 degrees magnetic, and also deliver pitch, roll and yaw information, and in some systems, even heel angle. All this data means the autopilot’s CPU and algorithms can more efficiently stay on course. When networked with other onboard devices, the data can also account for vessel motion and the affect it has on wind angle and speed data. As a result, nine-axis compasses have largely usurped fluxgate compasses.

“The EV1 is the system’s decision maker,” says McGowan, describing the role of the solid-state attitude heading reference system (AHRS) that’s central to Raymarine’s Evolution autopilot system. “All smarts are in there, and it sends its command signals to the control head and the drive.” The system is upgradeable, allowing Raymarine to push new features out to existing Evolution autopilots.

While nine-axis compasses have become the industry standard for autopilot heading sensors, even more precise options exist. “Furuno pilots interface really nicely with our SC33 satellite compass,” says Eric Kunz, Furuno’s senior product manager. And, he notes, the cost for these sophisticated compasses has been dropping. “It delivers roll, pitch and heave information, and it’s accurate to .5 degrees, which allows the system to steer a straighter course.”

As previously mentioned, modern autopilots are typically NMEA 0183 or NMEA 2000 compatible, allowing their information to be displayed and sometimes controlled via the vessel’s chart plotter. “One thing that’s changed dramatically is that you used to need a dedicated control head, but now plotters can control this,” says McGowan. In other words, Raymarine chart plotters can control the company’s Evolution autopilots. While this capability exists across all brands, not everyone is sold on chart-plotter control alone.

“I wouldn’t go to sea with just a chart plotter controlling the autopilot,” says Kunz, citing safety risks. “With our NAVpilot-711C, you need a connection between the processor and the control head and the heading sensor.” Up to six control heads can be added to the system.

Irrespective of what interface a boat owner employs, today’s autopilot systems offer new capabilities and sailing-specific features. Perhaps most publicized is their ability to auto-calibrate and adapt to a vessels particular motion underway.

“Before our Evolution autopilots, it took a lot of work to get a [Raymarine] autopilot set up and calibrated,” says McGowan. “You had to spin circles so that the autopilot could figure out the boat’s magnetic deviation.” By contrast, Evolution pilots automatically “learn” the boat’s turning characteristics over time. They work right out of the box, and their AHRS sensors are so sensitive that they can calculate what’s happening on the boat in real time.

While this is great for anyone who hates owner’s manuals, not all experts are ready to trust in technology alone.

“All autopilots should be properly commissioned and sea-trialed to ensure proper steering performance before being put into service,” says Fries. While B&G’s pilots support auto-calibrating and self-learning capabilities, there’s useful information that’s best gleaned the old-fashioned way. “After swinging the compass, the system gives you a field percent score, which shows the ratio of the boat’s local magnetic field to the earth’s magnetic field. I like to see less than 15 percent.” (See “Smartphone Detection,” below)

Once set up and calibration is complete, users can dial in the amount of acceptable cross-track error when underway. Furuno, for example, offers two different driving modes: economy and precision. “With precision mode, we’re trying to keep the boat right on the cross-track line,” says Kunz. The system essentially sets a waypoint 100 miles out and maintains a course that’s within a 6- to 10-foot accuracy zone. In economy mode, the system lets the vessel’s course drift more, so there’s less rudder movement and drag. Kunz says this is especially beneficial to bluewater sailors.

Another interesting feature involves using the vessel’s cartography and chart plotter capabilities to automatically generate a route, which is sent to the autopilot as a series of waypoints. “If you’re using a Garmin chart plotter, running Garmin’s g3 cartography and using a Garmin autopilot, the system will follow a route that was generated by auto-routing,” says Dave Dunn, Garmin’s director of sales and marketing for marine. Furuno also offers similar capabilities thanks to its ownership stake in TimeZero (née Nobeltec and MaxSea). “TimeZero can take in the boat’s polars and take into account wind [forecasts] and the best time to go,” says Kunz. Skippers using computers that run the necessary Windows-compatible software can access this same functionality using a USB gateway that connects to the autopilot’s processor.

While NMEA 0183 and NMEA 2000 compatibility between the autopilot CPU and a chart plotter or computer has in some cases eliminated the need for a dedicated control head, it has also opened the door for app-based remote control. Contemporary chart plotters are all Wi-Fi enabled and most manufacturers, including Garmin and Furuno, build smart-device apps that deliver wireless plotter control, and therefore autopilot control. For the record, B&G and Raymarine do not allow this functionality for safety reasons.

In addition, Garmin allows users to control their autopilots via a quatix 5 watch and the company’s new Reactor Autopilot Remote controller, which features gesture control (see “Mind Control,” left). “You just point it to a heading, and the boat will sail the course,” says Dunn. As of now, Garmin is the only manufacturer to offer a gesture-sensitive control for a sailboat-compatible system, however Furuno makes a similar remote control for its powerboat-specific NAVpilot 300.

Recent years have also seen the advent of newer sailing-specific software features such as B&G’s ability to steer to specific wind angles. “If you engage the pilot’s wind mode, it will steer apparent wind angles, and downwind it will steer true wind angles,” says Fries. “The idea is that it’s easy to sail to the telltales upwind, but when you’re sailing downwind in seas, true wind angle is more stable and can avoid a crash gybe.”

McGowan says Raymarine has updated the Evolution’s ability to steer a course using a windvane as well, and it has also improved the system’s ability to perform automatic tacks when sailing to weather without overstanding its new course.

Finally, modern autopilots usually offer some sort of man-overboard mode, be it prescripted driving patterns or the ability to hold the bow in irons.

NKE takes this a step further with its system-agnostic Crew Transmitter, which establishes an electronic link with your nav system that’s broken if a user-worn pendant travels more than a certain distance away. Should this happen, the nav system drops a pin and triggers onboard MOB alarms. Using NKE’s Gyropilot remote control system, if an NKE autopilot is engaged at the time of the crew-overboard incident, it will either turn the boat into the wind or, if there’s no networked wind sensor, put the helm hard over.

Given the increased functionality, features and performance of modern autopilots, there’s little reason to suffer long stints at the wheel unless, of course, you feel like steering just for the fun of it.

David Schmidt is CW_’s electronics editor_.

Autopilot Manufacturers

B&G : 603-324-2042; from $2,300.
Furuno : 360-834-9300, from $3,400.
Garmin : 800-800-1020, from $2,000.
NKE Marine Electronics : from $5,400.
Raymarine : 603-324-7900, from $2,000.

Smartphone Detection

Magnetic interference is a time-honored autopilot headache and can be triggered when equipment is loaded aboard or new systems are added. While properly installed, self-learning autopilots will eventually detect — and correct for — this interference, a smarter and more immediate tip, says B&G’s Matt Fries, involves using an app. “Everyone has a smartphone, and there are [deviation-sensing] apps that measure the boat’s magnetic field,” says Fries. “An owner might not realize that there’s an [outboard] motor behind a bulkhead.”

If there’s a magnetic-interference issue at play, this trick, coupled with the field-angle percentage that’s generated when swinging the boat and autopilot compass, should reveal the culprit.

Mind Control

An 8- to 10-knot southerly blew across Seattle’s Portage Bay as John Tenneson, owner of the nicely appointed J/145 Jedi , handed me Garmin’s new gesture-enabled Reactor Autopilot Remote controller, which was wirelessly tethered to Jedi’s Garmin autopilot. I aimed the controller 10 or 15 degrees off the port bow, pressed a button and Jedi immediately responded. Next, I made a slower turn to starboard, followed by a few dozen more maneuvers, executed simply by gesturing and pressing.

The remote also handles industry standard 1- and 10-degree course correcting commands and features three user-programmable hot keys, a dedicated MOB button and the ability to initiate auto tacks, based on apparent wind angles. The auto tack feature is especially helpful for shorthanded upwind work.

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Pelagic Autopilot Systems built by offshore sailors, for offshore sailors

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The 4 Best Autopilots For Small Boats

Top boat autopilot systems will assist skippers and captains in operating a vessel on the water.

There are a number of top small boat autopilot systems to choose from with each designed with its own unique strengths.

The best autopilots for small boats are:

Best For Small Motorboats : Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot
Best For Small Sailboats : Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack
Best For Both Inboard & Outboard Boats : Furuno Navpilot 711C
Best For Tiller Steered Boats : Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

Great marine autopilot systems are capable of adapting to changing marine conditions and responding appropriately to maintain a steady course.

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission.

1. Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot

Best Small Motorboat Autopilot Garmin Compact Reactor40

The first best marine autopilot is the Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot. The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot is manufactured by the brand Garmin in Taiwan and sold worldwide. We rate this autopilot system 9.9/10. This is the best autopilot for small motorboats.

The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot is designed for motorboats less than 30ft. with a single-engine outboard motor of 20 horsepower or less.

Most retailers price the Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot between $2,000 to $2,400. The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot comes with a limited 1-year warranty which ensures the autopilot will be free from defects in materials or workmanship.

To use the Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot, a minimum 10v power supply is required.

The installation time of the Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System is between 15 and 25 minutes from start to finish.

The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System can be used in winds up to 20 knots.

With winds over 10 knots, using the remote control to adjust the autopilot throttle settings helps maintain the heading, minimize heading error and keep the boat on course.

The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System can operate in temperatures from 5°F to 158°F.

The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System package includes a 9-axis attitude and heading reference system, 1 GHC 20 helm control with 4.3" display, 1 NMEA 2000 2 meter drop cable, 1 NMEA 2000 power cable, NMEA 2000 T-connectors, male and female terminators, buzzer, interconnect cable, electronic control unit, ECU power cable, 1.0 L pump, reactor 40 CCU, wall mounts, installation and owner operations manuals and 1 warranty registration booklet.

The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System weighs 14.4 pounds. It has a waterproof rating of IPX6. It is black in color.

The benefits of the Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System are:

Easily operated remotely : The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System can easily be operated by using a remote control to adjust heading and throttle settings without the need to be at the helm
ISO 9001 certified : The Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot System is ISO 9001 certified which means it meets North American manufacturing and design quality standards
Fast Installation : This autopilot system can be installed quickly in under 25 minutes

Two disadvantages of the Garmin Compact Reactor40 Autopilot are it is not compatible with motorboats over 30 feet and it will only function on outboard engine motorboats only.

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2. Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack

Best Small Sailboat Autopilot Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack

The second best marine autopilot is the Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack. The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack is manufactured by the brand Raymarine and sold worldwide. We rate this autopilot system 9.8/10. This is the best autopilot for small sailboats.

This Raymarine autopilot system is designed for small sailboats where the sailboat has a maximum displacement of 16,500 pounds and is under 40ft.

Most retailers price the Raymarine Wheel Pilot Pack between $1,750 to $2,000. The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack autopilot system comes with a limited 2-year warranty with the option of upgrading the warranty period to 3 years free of charge.

To upgrade the warranty to 3 years free of charge, Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System buyers will need to register their product on the Raymarine website.

To use the Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System, a minimum 12v power supply is required.

The installation time of the Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System is between 23 and 33 minutes from start to finish.

The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System is extremely adaptable. It can be used in winds up to 16 knots with no calibration needed due to the autopilot automatically adapting to the vessel's steering characteristics.

In winds up to 16 knots, the Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System is accurate and able to maintain a precise and accurate course even in harsh marine environments.

The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System can operate in temperatures from -5°F to 130°F.

The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System comes in a package that includes 1 EV-100 wheel drive pilot with a clutch engagement mechanism, 1 NMEA2000 marine networks compliant p70s control head device with a 3.5" LED screen, 1 EV1 sensor, 1 ACU-100 drive control unit with 2 screws and a mount, 1 SeaTalk cable kit that includes a 0.4m power cable, 1x 5m SeaTalk backbone cable, 1x 0.4m SeaTalk spur cable, 1x SeaTalk 5-way connector block, 2x SeaTalk t-piece connector and a 2x SeaTalk Terminator. The package also includes installation instruction documentation, warranty registration information, part information and installation tools.

The Raymarine Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System weighs 14.5 pounds.

The benefits of the Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack are:

IPX6 Waterproof : The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack Autopilot System is rated IPX6 waterproof which means it is waterproof against high-pressure water. This means it can be used both above and below deck
Fits multiple spoked steering wheels : The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel comes with multiple predrilled holes which allows it to easily be attached to different spoke wheels from 2-spoke to 12-spoke steering wheels
Easy to use : The Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack autopilot system can be easily installed and the clear instructional booklet makes it simple to use with clear set-up instructions
Mechanical and hydraulic steering compatible : This autopilot system is compatible with both mechanical and hydraulic steering systems and is not limited to one

One disadvantage of the Raymarine EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack is it is not compatible with sailboats with a displacement higher than 16,500 pounds.

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3. Furuno Navpilot 711C

Best Inboard Outboard Autopilot Furuno Navpilot 711C

The third best marine autopilot is the Furuno Navpilot 711C. The Furuno Navpilot 711C is manufactured by the brand Furuno and sold worldwide. We rate this autopilot system 9.7/10.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C is designed for small boats under 35ft.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C works with Yanmar, Yamaha, Seastar and Volvo Penta marine engines.

Most retailers price the Furuno Navpilot 711C between $2,900 to $3,250. The Furuno Navpilot 711C comes with a limited 2-year warranty.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C requires a minimum 12v power supply to operate.

The installation time of the Furuno Navpilot 711C System is between 20 and 30 minutes from start to finish.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C can be used in winds up to 15 knots. The Furuno Navpilot 711C can be adjusted to any sea conditions with 3 sea condition settings available on this autopilot including a calm setting, a moderate setting and a rough setting.

The 3 sea condition settings on the Furuno Navpilot 711C will help the autopilot to operate effectively in various marine weather conditions from calm weather to rougher seas.

These settings help ensure the autopilot can adapt to all marine environments and ensure an accurate course.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C comes with 4 different mode settings which are auto mode, advanced mode, NAV mode and wind mode.

For outboard motors only, there is a Sabiki mode on the Furuno Navpilot 711C that can be toggled on or off which allows the direction to be kept by adjusting the throttle.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C can operate in temperatures from 0°F to 140°F.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C comes in a package that includes a 4.1" LCD display unit, 1 rudder reference unit with 20 meter cable, terminator, 1 processor unit, 15-meter cable between processor unit and controller unit, standard spare parts, installation instructions, 176-page operator's manual and 1 warranty registration booklet.

The Furuno Navpilot 711C is rated IPX5 waterproof which means it is protected from moderate levels of water.

The benefits of the Furuno Navpilot 711C are:

NMEA2000 certified : The Furuno Navpilot 711C is NMEA2000 certified which means it has been tested to meet specific safety criteria
Great alarm to keep the captain alerted : The Furuno Navpilot 711C comes with a great alarm that has 8 alerts which are heading deviation alert, cross-track error alert, boat speed alert, depth alert, water temperature alert, wind speed alert, log trip alert and a watch alert
Works on both inboard and outboard engines : This autopilot system works on both inboard and outboard motors and is not limited to one type of boat motor
Works both night and day : The colorful and bright 4.1" LED display unit of the Furuno Navpilot 711C allows the autopilot to be operated in both the daytime and nighttime and it is not limited to just daytime boating
Self-learning algorithm : The Furuno Navpilot 711C comes with a self-learning algorithm that will track & make adjustments to the boat steering characteristics and power application plus it greatly reduces manual helm effort in maneuvering situations

One disadvantage of the Furuno Navpilot 711C is it is expensive with a price tag of between $2,900 to $3,250.

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4. Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

Best For Tiller-Steered Boats Autopilot Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

The fourth-best boat autopilot is the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot. The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot is manufactured by the brand Simrad and sold worldwide. We rate this autopilot system 9.5/10. This is the best autopilot for small tiller-steered boats.

The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot is designed for small boats of 32ft or less with a maximum displacement of 8,160 pounds.

Most retailers price the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot between $600 to $900. The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot comes with a limited 2-year warranty.

The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot requires a minimum 12v power supply to operate.

The installation time of the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot is approximately 15 minutes to complete.

The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot comes with 5 buttons which are a "left" button, a "right" button, a "tack" button, a "stby auto" button and a "cal" button. It comes with 2 modes which are standard mode and autopilot mode. These modes help the autopilot to adapt to various marine conditions and accurately operate with only minor levels of calibration needed in harsh weather conditions.

The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot can be used in winds up to 12 knots. It can operate in temperatures from 14°F to 131°F. It operates with a peak thrust of 143 pounds.

The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot comes in a package that includes the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot, a 32-page user's manual, a warranty registration booklet and screws.

The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot is rated IPX5 waterproof which means it is can resist low-pressure seawater spray.

The benefits of the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot are:

Fast 15-minute installation time : The installation of this autopilot system takes just 15 minutes to complete
Built-in auto tack and auto gybe facility : The built-in auto tack and auto gybe facility on the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot allows for easy tacking and gybing of the vessel when single-handed
Lightweight : The Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot is a lightweight autopilot weighing just 4.41 pounds

Two disadvantages of the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot is it will not work on boats over 32ft and the owner's manual is confusing as it includes 3 different Simrad autopilot models in the same manual.

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Top Autopilots For Small Boats Comparison Table

What to consider when buying a boat autopilot.

The 5 most important factors to consider when buying a boat autopilot are:

Ease of use : Ensure the marine autopilot system is easy to use with simple instructions and a clear and simple installation guide to make it as easy as possible
Price : The price is important when buying a boat autopilot system. A buyer's budget will influence the marine autopilot that will be purchased
Compatibility : Ensuring the autopilot system can function and operate on your specific boat size and weight is important to ensure the autopilot works correctly
Reliability : An autopilot system should be reliable and able to operate consistently in a variety of conditions
Accuracy : The autopilot should be able to maintain a precise and accurate course, even in challenging conditions

Frequently Asked Questions About Top Marine Autopilot Systems

Below are the most commonly asked questions about the top small boat autopilots.

What Are The Best Boat Autopilot Brands?

The best boat autopilot brands are:

How Much Does The Best Boat Autopilot Cost?

The best boat autopilots costs between $600 and $3,250.

What Is The Cheapest Top Boat Autopilot?

The cheapest top boat autopilot is the Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot which costs between $600 and $900.

What Is The Most Expensive Top Boat Autopilot?

The most expensive top boat autopilot is the Furuno Navpilot 711C which costs between $2,900 and $3,250.

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Installing an Autopilot

By Jim Hendricks
Updated: October 18, 2017

Installing an autopilot is relatively easy. We installed the new, compact SP-110 from Si-Tex Marine Electronics ( si-tex.com ), which can be configured for mechanical or hydraulic steering systems, aboard a 22-foot outboard-powered cuddy-cabin boat with Teleflex SeaStar hydraulic steering ( teleflexmarine.com ) and a GPS/chart plotter. Unlike many autopilots, a physical rudder feedback unit is not required, simplifying the project.

Getting Started Finish Time: 6 hours Skill Level: 4/5

Tools and Supplies: * Box wrench set *Phillips screwdriver * Electric drill and bits * Wire stripper and crimper *Assorted heat-shrink marine wire connectors *Clean-up towels for hydraulic fluid spills *Hydraulic fluid ( SeaStar HA5430 ) *Funnel *Petroleum-resistant pipe sealant

1. Electronic Compass Mount the electronic compass horizontally in a dry location, low in the boat, close to the centerline and free of magnetic interference, such as from stereo speakers. The heading arrow must parallel the centerline and point toward the bow. We mounted ours in a dry compartment below the cabin V-berth.

2. Autopilot Pump Mount the hydraulic reversing pump in a dry location as close as possible to the hydraulic steering helm in order to facilitate running and connecting hoses between the two. Also, due to magnets in the pump motor, keep it at least 40 inches from the electronic compass and its cable, and your boat’s compass.

3. Hydraulic Plumbing Adapter kits (Teleflex HF5501, $115, westmarine.com ) allow connecting the helm and pump. Use a petroleum-resistant pipe sealant on the male threads when installing fittings. In connecting hoses to the pump, it doesn’t matter which side is port or starboard , because the SP-110 configures itself.

4. Autopilot Control The faceplate of the SP-110 control head measures 4¼ inches square, yet its canister back makes it a glove fit in a 2½-inch-diameter gauge hole. It’s secured with the four supplied screws. The electronic compass plugs into the “compass” port on the back, as does an NMEA 0183 cable for GPS input. The SP-110 must be wired to a separate on/off power switch with a 20-amp fuse. Two additional wires on the back of the control must be connected to the autopilot pump.

5. GPS Connection Though not required, GPS input allows the SP-110 to adjust for speed and to allow for automatic steering to waypoints. The Si-Tex comes with an NMEA 0183 cable that plugs into the “rudder” port on the back of the control. Refer to the GPS manual for the proper connections needed on the GPS end. Adapters are available from Si-Tex.

6. Bleeding the System Refill and bleed the steering system. Add fluid while turning the motor or drive back and forth using the “jog” arrows on the control. For detailed top-off and bleed instructions, visit boatingmag.com/hydraulic or seatechmarineproducts.com . The autopilot’s ready for sea trial and calibration. For a video of the SP-110 sea trial, visit boatingmag.com/autopilot .

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Steering the dream

Hydrovane is your best crew member: an independent self-steering windvane and emergency rudder/steering system... ready to go!

Hydrovane will fit any cruising boat!

Off-center installations are the norm!

Doubles as Emergency Rudder/Steering!

True Stories

Golden Globe Update Day 113:

[GGR Leader Jean-Luc Van Den Heede sailing the Rustler 36 Matmut] was full of praise for his Hydrovane self-steering. “In a gale it has a big advantage because it is not steering the boat’s rudder, but has its own. This little rudder is far more efficient than the big rudder.”

– Jean Luc Van Den Heede on satellite phone call

“I am happy I did install the Hydrovane, especially that I saw on YouTube that at the same time 2 sailboats almost the same size as mine with the same problem. The crew had to abandon the the ships and left both boats in the middle of the Atlantic and lost everything … again thanks to the Hydrovane. It saved my boat.”

– Jacques Glaser, Amel Mango 52

“My wife and I have just completed a two month cruise with our new Hydrovane and it has performed beyond all expectations… If cruising I wouldn’t go to sea without one: strong, simple, reliable, an emergency helm and an extra crew member who never complains and doesn’t need a watch system.”

– Pete Goss, MBE, Frances 34

“So, I must tell you, and I mean this sincerely, the Hydrovane is simply a game changer for Quetzal. It’s just great and performs better than I expected… One other feature of the vane that I really appreciate is that it eases the load on the rudder and rudder bearings.”

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“With just two of us on board, I wanted a system that was simple and effective to operate, and it has exceeded my most optimistic expectations by a considerable margin. It truly is our third crew member.”

– John Mennem, Jeanneau 45.2

“…it is still the most technically elegant solution i have ever seen for a wind vane… I was clawing off a lee shore on one side, and islands on another – winds were reported at 55 knots, and waves in the region were at least ‘boat length’ high and quite steep with the currents. This was an awful night and I was very afraid for myself, the boat and my equipment – I had new found respect, trust and comfort in the Hydrovane after that.”

– Steve De Maio, Contessa 26

In this recent Pacific crossing, the Hydrovane kept us on course (relative to the wind, of course) for several days at a time, requiring no tweaking or attention at all. If you can balance your boat and twist a dial, you can successfully operate a Hydrovane. Don’t leave home without one!

– Bill Ennis, Passport 40

“For the first time, we had to run downwind, under bare poles in gale force 8 conditions, with gusts to 50 knots – and don’t get me started on the sea conditions! Have you ever swallowed your tongue? Oh, and iVane, our wind-steering partner. What a gem! It steered 230 hard miles without even nut rations.”

– Brian Anderson, Hallberg Rassy 40

“The additional cash to purchase a windvane was almost too much… Just how good is this ‘Hydrovane’ anyway?”

After 29,000+ miles: “We’ve said to each many times that without doubt the most valuable piece of equipment on board was Casper – best purchase EVER. I will never own an offshore boat again that does not have this device.”

– Ryan Robertson, T 40

Swim Step / Sugar Scoop

External rudder, watt&sea bracket, other products.

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Echo Tec Watermaker

Happy Halloween! This costume may have been for a different occasion but relevant nonetheless! 👻 “After seeing what Taurus [the Hydrovane] does for us [my friend] fell in love with him too. So much so that when the crew dressed up for the equator crossing, she dressed up as a Hydrovane!” - Norlin 37 owner 🙌🙌 ... See More See Less

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1 Comment Comment on Facebook

How times change just thought I’d send you this video that somebody sent me that bought a Hydrovane ❤️x

Well that was a fun night. 🎉 Thanks @cruisersawards Young Cruisers' Association for bringing together so many inspirational sailors and story tellers! Get out there and chase the wind ⛵️ #cruiserawards #youngcruisers #internationalcruiserawards #seapeople #annapolis #usboatshow #hydrovane ... See More See Less

Comments: 0

0 Comments Comment on Facebook

#repost from @kirstenggr ⛵️ “Thinking back on the sailing, and missing it! Thanks to @ hydrovane for having serviced Minnehaha's hydrovane , which did about 45 000 nm before having any major overhaul - possibly more than any hydrovane has ever done before without a significant service. It saw Kirsten and Minnehaha all the way through the GGR and over the finish line! The unit is as good as new again, and it was smooth sailing all the way down to Madeira! Also, a big thanks to Eddie Arsenault, for having built such a solid mounting bracket for the hydrovane ! Without Eddie, Minnehaha would just not be the strong boat that she is today!” ... See More See Less

Comments: 2

2 Comments Comment on Facebook

Wow, absolutely so proud my fathers invention and so glad everybody is so still going strong with this after so many years!! It is so lovely to see !❤️

Any photos of the mount Eddie made?

Thank you Kirsten Neuschäfer ! You are an inspiration. The Hydrovane loves sailing as much as you do 😀 Kudos to Eddie for the rock solid install! Thinking back on the sailing, and missing it! Thanks to Hydrovane International Marine for having serviced Minnehaha's hydrovane, which did about 45 000 nm before having any major overhaul - possibly more than any hydrovane has ever done before without a significant service. It saw Kirsten and Minnehaha all the way through the GGR and over the finish line! The unit is as good as new again, and it was smooth sailing all the way down to Madeira! Also, a big thanks to Eddie Arsenault, for having built such a solid mounting bracket for the hydrovane! Without Eddie, Minnehaha would just not be the strong boat that she is today! ... See More See Less

Hydrovane is my most trusted crewman.

Lee Colledge Shaun Colledge see what you have built 💪 👌

Once upon a time under spinnaker between Niue and Tonga 😍 ... See More See Less

This week we sailed from Lemvig Denmark to Vlieland Netherlands. 270nm and a tough journey for us and without the Hydrovane it really wouldn't have been possible for us. It gives us peace of mind while sailing and can no longer do without it. Boat is a Barbican 33.

United States

Netherlands

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VESSEL REVIEW | Sinichka – Electric commuter boats designed for Russia’s Moskva River

A series of three new electric monohull commuter ferries have already begun operational sailings on the Moskva River in the Russian capital Moscow.

Built by Russian shipyard Emperium, sister vessels Sinichka , Filka , and Presnya – all named after rivers in Moscow – are being operated by the Moscow Department of Transport and Road Infrastructure Development (Moscow Deptrans). They are the first units of a planned fleet of 20 vessels that will serve the capital city and other nearby communities. The new ferry system will be the water transport system to be operated on the Moskva River in 16 years.

Each vessel has a welded aluminium hull, an LOA of 21 metres, a beam of 6.2 metres, a draught of only 1.4 metres, a displacement of 40 tonnes, and capacity for 80 passengers plus two crewmembers. Seating is available for 42 passengers on each ferry, and the main cabins are also fitted with USB charging ports, wifi connectivity, tables, toilets, and space for bicycles and scooters. The cabin layout can be rearranged to allow the operator to adjust the distances between the seats and to install armrests of varying widths.

An open upper deck is also accessible to passengers and is the only area on each ferry where smoking is allowed.

The ferries are all of modular construction with each ferry’s wheelhouse, main cabin, and other structural elements being built as complete, separate components. This enables the ferries to be easily dismantled for transport to anywhere in Russia by rail and then quickly re-assembled within seven days.

The ferries are also ice-capable. Recently completed operational trials on the Moskva showed that the vessels can also easily navigate under mild winter conditions with broken surface ice, though year-round operations are planned for the entire fleet.

The ferries are each fitted with 500kWh lithium iron phosphate battery packs that supply power to two 134kW motors. This configuration can deliver a maximum speed of 11.8 knots, a cruising speed of just under 10 knots, and a range of 150 kilometres.

Emperium said the transfer of rotation of electric motors to the propeller is carried out by direct drive. As a propulsion installation, a pulling rotary propeller-steering column with double screws is used. The installation of double pulling screws, with similar power, allows an operator to increase the efficiency of the propulsion system to deliver a slightly higher speed or to reduce energy consumption. This arrangement also provides the ferries with enhanced manoeuvrability necessary for navigating in close quarters.

The batteries themselves have projected service lives of 10 to 12 years and are fitted with safety features such as built-in fire extinguishers and gas vents. Quick-disconnect features allow the batteries to be easily removed for replacement or maintenance.

Some of our readers have expressed disquiet at our publication of reviews and articles describing new vessels from Russia. We at Baird Maritime can understand and sympathise with those views. However, despite the behaviour of the country’s leaders, we believe that the maritime world needs to learn of the latest developments in vessel design and construction there.

Click here to read other news stories, features, opinion articles, and vessel reviews as part of this month’s Passenger Vessel Week.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons/Béria L. Rodríguez

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Tags: Emperium Filka Moscow Moscow Department of Transport and Road Infrastructure Development Moskva River Presnya Russia Sinichka WBW newbuild

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Baltimore bridge collapse wasn't first major accident for giant container ship Dali

Propulsion failed on the cargo ship that struck the Francis Key Bridge in Baltimore early Tuesday as it was leaving port, causing it to collapse into the frigid Patapsco River. Its crew warned Maryland officials of a possible collision because they had lost control.

“The vessel notified MD Department of Transportation (MDOT) that they had lost control of the vessel” and a collision with the bridge “was possible,” according to an unclassified Department of Homeland Security report. “The vessel struck the bridge causing a complete collapse.”

An official speaking on condition of anonymity confirmed to USA TODAY that the DHS’ Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency is working with federal, state, and local officials “to understand the potential impacts of this morning’s collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge.”

Clay Diamond, executive director, American Pilots’ Association, told USA TODAY power issues are not unusual on cargo ships, which are so large they cannot easily course correct.

“It’s likely that virtually every pilot in the country has experienced a power loss of some kind (but) it generally is momentary,” Diamond said. “This was a complete blackout of all the power on the ship, so that’s unusual. Of course this happened at the worst possible location.”

The ship in Tuesday's crash, Dali, was involved in at least one prior accident when it collided with a shipping pier in Belgium.

That 2016 incident occurred as the Dali was leaving port in Antwerp and struck a loading pier made of stone, causing damage to the ship’s stern, according to VesselFinder.com, a site that tracks ships across the world. An investigation determined a mistake made by the ship’s master and pilot was to blame.

No one was injured in that crash, although the ship required repair and a full inspection before being returned to service. The pier – or berth – was also seriously damaged and had to be closed.

VesselFinder reports that the Dali was chartered by Maersk, the same company chartering it during the Baltimore harbor incident.

The 9-year-old container ship had passed previous inspections during its time at sea, but during one such inspection in June at the Port of San Antonio in Chile, officials discovered a deficiency with its "propulsion and auxiliary machinery (gauges, thermometers, etc)," according to the Tokyo MOU, an intergovernmental maritime authority in the Asia-Pacific region.

The report provided no other information about the deficiency except to note that it was not serious enough to remove the ship from service.

Follow here for live updates: Baltimore's Key Bridge collapses after ship strike; construction crew missing: Live Updates

Why did Dali crash into the Baltimore bridge?

Officials said Tuesday they’re investigating the collision, including whether systems on board lost electricity early Tuesday morning, which could be related to mechanical failure, according to a U.S. official who was not authorized to speak publicly.

Accidents at sea, known as marine casualties, are not uncommon, the source told USA TODAY. However, “allisions,” in which a moving object strikes a stationary one with catastrophic results, are far less common. The investigation of the power loss aboard the Dali, a Singapore-flagged vessel, will be a high priority.

In a video posted to social media, lights on the Dali shut off, then turned back on, then shut off again before the ship struck a support pier on the bridge.

Numerous cargo and cruise ships have lost power over the years.

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea requires all international vessels to have two independent sources of electricity, both of which should be able to maintain the ship's seaworthiness on their own, according to a safety study about power failures on ships , citing the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.

The Dali's emergency generator was likely responsible for the lights coming back on after the initial blackout, Diamond said.

“There was still some steerage left when they initially lost power,” he said. “We’ve been told the ship never recovered propulsion. The emergency generator is a diesel itself – so if you light off the generator, that’s also going to put off a puff of exhaust.”

Under maritime law, all foreign flagged vessels must be piloted into state ports by a state licensed pilot so the Dali's pilot is licensed by Association of Maryland Pilots .

Diamond described the incident based on information from the Maryland agency that licensed the pilot aboard the ship. His organization represents that group and all other state piloting agencies in the US.

“The pilot was directing navigation of the ship as it happened,” he said. “He asked the captain to get the engines back online. They weren’t able to do that, so the pilot took all the action he could. He tried to steer, to keep the ship in the channel. He also dropped the ship’s anchor to slow the ship and guide the direction.

“Neither one was enough. The ship never did regain its engine power.”

How big is the Dali ship?

The Dali is a 984-foot container vessel built in 2015 by Hyundai Heavy Industries in South Korea. With a cruising speed of about 22 knots – roughly 25 mph. It has traveled the world carrying goods from port to port.

The ship, constructed of high-strength steel, has one engine and one propeller, according to MarineTraffic.com.

The Dali arrived in Baltimore on Sunday from the Port of Norfolk in Virginia. Before that, it had been in New York and came through the Panama Canal.

It remains at the scene of the collapse as authorities investigate.

Who owns and operates the Dali?

It is owned by the Singapore-based Grace Ocean Pte Ltd but managed by Synergy Marine Group, also based in Singapore. It was carrying Maersk customers’ cargo, according to a statement from the shipping company.

“We are deeply concerned by this incident and are closely monitoring the situation,” Maersk said in the statement.

Synergy, which describes itself as a leading ship manager with more than 600 vessels under its guidance, issued a statement on its website acknowledging the incident and reporting no injuries among its crew and no pollution in the water. There were two pilots on board and 22 crew members in all, according to Synergy, all of them from India.

USA TODAY reached out to Synergy on Tuesday, but the company did not immediately return a call seeking comment.

Contributing: Josh Susong

Supported by

The Five Minutes That Brought Down the Francis Scott Key Bridge

When a massive cargo ship lost power in Baltimore, crews scrambled to control the ship and to evacuate the bridge lying ahead. But it was too late.

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By Annie Correal , Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs , Campbell Robertson , Michael Forsythe and Mike Baker

Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs and Campbell Robertson reported from Baltimore, Annie Correal and Michael Forsythe from New York, and Mike Baker from Seattle.

Follow our live coverage of the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse in Baltimore .

“Hold all traffic on the Key Bridge.”

The terse command from an officer in Baltimore’s busy commercial shipping port was one of the first warnings of a disaster that experts now predict will transform shipping on the Eastern Seaboard and change how ships and bridges function around the world. But after the cargo ship Dali lost power early Tuesday, there were precious few minutes to act.

In those minutes, many people — from the ship’s crew, who sent out a mayday signal, to the transportation authority police officers, who stopped traffic heading onto the Francis Scott Key Bridge — did what they could to avert catastrophe, most likely saving many lives.

And yet — no matter what anyone did — several factors made catastrophe all but inevitable. When a ship of this size loses engine power, there is little to be done to correct its course, even dropping an anchor down. And the Key Bridge was particularly vulnerable. As long ago as 1980, engineers had warned that the bridge, because of its design, would never be able to survive a direct hit from a container ship.

The collision and subsequent collapse of the bridge swallowed up seven road workers and an inspector who could not be alerted and pulled off the bridge in time; two were pulled alive out of the water, but four others are still missing and presumed dead. Two bodies were retrieved on Wednesday, authorities said.

Also caught up in the disaster were the ship’s 21 crew members, all from India, who had prepared for a long journey to Sri Lanka on the Dali. While none of them were hurt, they would be held on board for more than a day as the ship sat in the harbor, the ruins of the bridge tangled around it, as authorities began their investigation.

The accident, the deadliest bridge collapse in the United States in more than a decade, will have a lasting impact on the Port of Baltimore, with its 8,000 workers, and industries that rely on the port, which is the leading American hub for auto and other wheeled equipment, said Pete Buttigieg, the U.S. transportation secretary, on Wednesday.

“It’s difficult to overstate the impact of this collision,” Mr. Buttigieg said.

He compared the Dali, roughly as long a city block, to the size of an American aircraft carrier.

“A hundred thousand tons, all going into this pier all at once,” he said of the impact on the bridge support structure.

Officials from the National Transportation Safety Board, which is leading the investigation into the accident, boarded the Dali on Tuesday night to gather documentation. They obtained data from the voyage data recorder, the equivalent of an aircraft’s black box, hoping that it could help investigators determine what led to the accident.

Mr. Buttigieg said that any private party found liable in the accident “will be held responsible.”

The ship left the Port

of Baltimore around

1 a.m. on Tuesday.

Ship called for

tugboats to return

Francis Scott

Alarms sounded on ship

Traffic onto bridge was halted

The ship hit

at 1:28 a.m.

Alarms sounded

Traffic onto bridge

Sources: MarineTraffic, Google Earth

By Agnes Chang, Weiyi Cai, and Leanne Abraham

It was about half an hour past midnight on Tuesday when the Dali, loaded with cargo containers, departed its dock, guided by two tugboats, as is customary. On board was a local harbor pilot with more than 10 years of experience and deep familiarity with Baltimore’s port, as well as an apprentice pilot in training.

The sky above the Patapsco River was clear and still, lit by a full moon.

At 1:25 a.m., after the two tugboats detached and turned back, the Dali had accelerated to about 10 miles per hour as it approached the Key Bridge. But just then, according to a timeline released by the National Transportation Safety Board on Wednesday, “numerous audible alarms” started sounding on the ship.

For reasons still being investigated, the ship’s powerful propulsion system stopped. The lights flickered out.

The ship had a “complete blackout,” according to Clay Diamond, head of the American Pilots’ Association, who was briefed on the account of the pilot of the Dali. (The chair of the N.T.S.B., Jennifer Homendy, said officials were still trying to determine whether the power failure was complete.)

The harbor pilot noticed the ship starting to swing right, in the direction of one of the piers holding up the Key Bridge. At 1:26, he called for the tugs to return; he urged the captain to try to get the engine back up and directed the crew to steer hard left. As a last ditch measure, at 1:27, he ordered the crew to throw down the port anchor.

One of the tugboats, the Eric McAllister, turned around and raced back toward the ship.

But the failures onboard were cascading. The emergency generator had kicked on, sending a puff of thick smoke belching from the ship’s exhaust stack and briefly restoring the lights, radar and steering. It did not help. With no effective propulsion, the 95,000-ton ship had become an unstoppable object, drifting toward one of the most heavily traveled bridges in Baltimore.

On land, officers with the Maryland Transportation Authority moved swiftly into action. “I need one of you guys on the South side, one of you guys on the North side, hold all traffic on the Key Bridge,” someone is heard saying on the audio recording of emergency radio traffic that night. “There’s a ship approaching that just lost their steering. So until they get that under control, we’ve got to stop all traffic.”

Vehicles were held on either side of the bridge as the ship continued its inexorable drift toward the 1.6-mile-long span.

A minute later, the officers turned their attention to several workers, some of them immigrants from Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico, who were still laboring on the bridge in the chilly darkness, taking advantage of the light traffic at night to fix potholes.

“There’s a crew up there,” one officer is heard saying on the audio recording of the radio exchange between officers. “You might want to notify whoever the foreman is, see if we could get them off the bridge temporarily.”

But even then, the ship was striking the bridge. Almost at once, the pier buckled and collapsed, twisting over the ship, with its cargo containers stacked high on the deck. Then the rest of the bridge went, breaking into sections as it plummeted and splashed into the dark river waters below.

“The size and weight of these ships make them really difficult, even with propulsion, to stop them,” said Stash Pelkowski, a professor at State University of New York Maritime College and a retired Coast Guard rear admiral. With no power, he said, “There was very little the pilot or the crew on the Dali could do.”

The collapse had happened in seconds. Except for the stumps of the piers, the central span of the bridge had plunged into the frigid river — where divers would spend the whole day searching amid twisted metal for survivors — by 1:29 a.m.

“Dispatch, the whole bridge just fell down!” an officer called out. “Whoever, everybody, the whole bridge just collapsed.”

Stray ships had long been seen as a risk to the Key Bridge. Just a few years after the Baltimore structure was constructed in 1977, a vessel crash knocked down the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Tampa Bay, Fla., killing 35 people.

Officials acknowledged that the Key Bridge would not be able to withstand that kind of direct hit from a heavy cargo vessel. “I would have to say if that ship hit the Bay Bridge or the Key Bridge — I’m talking about the main supports, a direct hit — it would knock it down,” John Snyder, the director of engineering for the state Toll Facilities Administration told the Baltimore Sun at the time.

But building a bridge that could withstand such an impact was simply not economically feasible, he said. When the bridge was built, cargo ships were not the size they are today. A much smaller freighter did hit the bridge in 1980 , but the bridge stood strong.

Minutes after the bridge collapsed on Tuesday, both tugboats that had accompanied the Dali arrived on scene, followed soon by the Coast Guard and the Baltimore City Fire Department.

Two of the workers who had been on the bridge were rescued from the water. The others could not be found.

Jack Murphy, who owns Brawner Builders, the company whose workers had been on the bridge, got a phone call about the collapse and raced to the area, about a 30-minute drive away. He stayed by the bridge all night, and eventually began making calls to the men’s families.

Two workers’ bodies were discovered in a red pickup truck found near the bridge debris, police said Wednesday. They were identified as Alejandro Hernandez Fuentes, 35, an immigrant from Mexico, and Dorlian Ronial Castillo Cabrera, 26, a native of Guatemala.

About two miles from the bridge, Andrew Middleton had been lying awake when he heard the crash. He first thought it was thunder, maybe a low-flying jet.

It was only when he awoke a few hours later that he saw the news of the collapsed bridge. “I thought to myself, I was just with those guys yesterday,” he said.

Mr. Middleton, who runs Apostleship of the Sea, a program that ministers to sailors coming through the port, had driven the ship’s captain and a few crew members to Walmart on Monday to stock up on goods for the 28-day voyage ahead — toothpaste, snacks, clothes, Bluetooth speakers.

He recalled the captain telling him their next port was Sri Lanka, but that they were taking a longer route, down around South Africa, in order to avoid recent Houthi attacks on cargo ships in the Red Sea.

Mr. Middleton immediately messaged the crew on WhatsApp after hearing the news on Tuesday, he said, and “they responded within a few minutes saying that everyone was OK,” he said.

Around the site of the bridge collapse, firefighters and rescuers in diving gear were swarming around the shore, followed by news crews. John McAvoy, who owns a nearby restaurant, had driven over with hot meals — chicken, crab balls and pretzel bites — to hand out to the crews.

But by nightfall on Tuesday, officials had called off the rescue efforts and said they would switch to searching for bodies. “The water’s deep, visibility’s low, it’s cold as I-don’t-know-what,” said Kevin Cartwright, a spokesman for the Fire Department.

The signs of all that had changed were only starting to become clear on Wednesday. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers said it was mobilizing more than 1,100 specialists to clear the wreckage of the bridge and unblock the Port of Baltimore’s shipping lane. In the meantime, Mr. Buttigieg, the secretary of transportation, said the East Coast would have to rely more heavily on ports outside Baltimore.

Mr. McAvoy said the tragedy would ripple over the port for years.

Fishing crews always have found their way home following the Key Bridge, he said. “It’s going to change a lot of things for a lot of people.”

Reporting was contributed by Daniel Victor , Jacey Fortin , Zach Montague , Eduardo Medina , Miriam Jordan and Judson Jones . Susan C. Beachy contributed research.

Annie Correal reports from the U.S. and Latin America for The Times. More about Annie Correal

Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs reports on national stories across the United States with a focus on criminal justice. He is from upstate New York. More about Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs

Campbell Robertson reports on Delaware, the District Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia, for The Times. More about Campbell Robertson

Michael Forsythe a reporter on the investigations team at The Times, based in New York. He has written extensively about, and from, China. More about Michael Forsythe

Mike Baker is a national reporter for The Times, based in Seattle. More about Mike Baker

What we know about the container ship that crashed into the Baltimore bridge

The ship that crashed into the Francis Scott Key Bridge on Tuesday was the Singapore-flagged Dali.
The container ship had been chartered by Maersk, the Danish shipping company.
Two people were recovered from the water but six remain missing, authorities said.

A container ship crashed into a major bridge in Baltimore early Tuesday, causing its collapse into the Patapsco River.

A livestream showed vehicles traveling on the Francis Scott Key Bridge just moments before the impact at 1:28 a.m. ET.

Baltimore first responders called the situation a "developing mass casualty event" and a "dire emergency," per The Associated Press.

James Wallace, chief of the Baltimore Fire Department, said in a press conference that two people had been recovered from the water.

One was uninjured, but the other was transported to a local trauma center in a "very serious condition."

Wallace said up to 20 people were thought to have fallen into the river and some six people were still missing.

Richard Worley, Baltimore's police chief, said there was "no indication" the collision was purposeful or an act of terrorism.

Wes Moore, the governor of Maryland, declared a state of emergency around 6 a.m. ET. He said his office was in close communication with Pete Buttigieg, the transportation secretary.

"We are working with an interagency team to quickly deploy federal resources from the Biden Administration," Moore added.

Understanding why the bridge collapsed could have implications for safety, in both the shipping and civil engineering sectors.

The container ship is the Singapore-flagged Dali, which is about 984 feet long, and 157 feet wide, per a listing on VesselFinder.

An unclassified Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency report said that the ship "lost propulsion" as it was leaving port, ABC News reported.

The crew notified officials that they had lost control and warned of a possible collision, the report said, per the outlet.

The Dali's owner is listed as Grace Ocean, a Singapore-based firm, and its manager is listed as Synergy Marine, which is also headquartered in Singapore.

Shipping news outlet TradeWinds reported that Grace Ocean confirmed the Dali was involved in the collapse, but is still determining what caused the crash.

'Horrified'

Maersk chartered the Dali, with a schedule for the ship on its website.

"We are horrified by what has happened in Baltimore, and our thoughts are with all of those affected," the Danish shipping company said in a statement.

Maersk added: "We are closely following the investigations conducted by authorities and Synergy, and we will do our utmost to keep our customers informed."

Per ship tracking data, the Dali left Baltimore on its way to Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, at around 1 a.m., about half an hour before the crash.

The Port of Baltimore is thought to be the largest in the US for roll-on/roll-off ships carrying trucks and trailers.

Barbara Rossi, associate professor of engineering science at the University of Oxford, told BI the force of the impact on one of the bridge's supporting structures "must have been immense" to lead to the collapse.

Dr Salvatore Mercogliano, a shipping analyst and maritime historian at Campbell University, told BI: "It appears Dali left the channel while outbound. She would have been under the control of the ship's master with a Chesapeake Bay pilot onboard to advise the master.

"The deviation out of the channel is probably due to a mechanical issue as the ship had just departed the port, but you cannot rule out human error as that was the cause of the Ever Forward in 2022 just outside of Baltimore."

He was referring to the incident two years ago when the container ship became grounded for a month in Chesapeake Bay after loading up cargo at the Port of Baltimore.

The US Coast Guard found the incident was caused by pilot error, cellphone use, and "inadequate bridge resource management."

Claudia Norrgren, from the maritime research firm Veson Nautical, told BI: "The industry bodies who are here to protect against incidents like this, such as the vessel's flag state, classification society, and regulatory bodies, will step in and conduct a formal investigation into the incident. Until then, it'll be very hard for anyone to truly know what happened on board."

This may not have been the first time the Dali hit a structure.

In 2016, maritime blogs such as Shipwreck Log and ship-tracking site VesselFinder posted videos of what appears to be the stern of the same, blue-hulled container vessel scraping against a quay in Antwerp.

A representative for the Port of Antwerp told BI the Dali did collide with a quay there eight years ago but couldn't "give any information about the cause of the accident."

The Dali is listed as being built in 2015 by Hyundai Heavy Industries in South Korea.

Watch: The shipwreck at the center of a battle between China and the Philippines

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Equipped with ice-breaking technology, these huge fancy yachts are the only river cruisers running all year around. The round trip journey takes two and a half hours and floats past all the big sights like the White House, Novodevichy monastery and the Kremlin. There’s a large open air observation deck up top, while the main body of the ship houses a restaurant with a dance floor for a romantic post dinner dance. For a particularly romantic experience take one of the evening boats and admire the bright lights of the city skyline at night.

The most relaxing and picturesque tour that Moscow can offer: a great way to see the city center and its main attractions. This is a perfect alternative to exploring the city by car, if you only have time to do sightseeing during weekday rush hours.

Your English-speaking guide is eager to share every bit of their knowledge about the surrounding landscape, the architecture and historical details.

We conduct Moscow river tour on Radisson Flotilla boats all year around! It’s warm inside during winter months, while there’s air conditioning during hot summer days. You may also treat yourself to drinks, lunch or dinner on board (drinks and food are not included in tour price).

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Quay at Radisson Collection Hotel

Government Headquarters ("the White House")

Kievsky Railway Central

Novodevichy Convent

Luzhniki Stadium

Academy of Sciences

Monument to Peter I

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

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St.Basil's Cathedral

Novospassky Monastery

U-turn and back to Quay at Radisson Royal Hotel

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2024 Lincoln Nautilus First Drive: This Luxury SUV Will Change How You See the Road, and Your Time On It

So many ways to breathe deep, relax and enjoy the ride.

The first time you get into the Lincoln Nautilus , give yourself a moment. There’s a lot to take in.

You’ll no doubt be wowed by the “coast to coast” screen that spans from one side of the dash to the other. And you’ll want to immediately tap the center touchscreen to see what delights it holds.

You might focus on the leather seats, which in many of the trim packages have a massage option (tap the center of the dial on the side of the seat to turn them on quickly). And the textured metal and crystal controls on the center console will catch your eye; it’s sort of like peering into a jewelry box.

And there’s a fragrance diffuser in the center arm rest that allows you to choose one of three fragrances and swap them out when you like. I can’t say enough how much I love this feature.

Yes, it’s a lot, but it’s not overwhelming or distracting, which is sort of surprising, since the entire design is new and in many ways, groundbreaking.

That’s because in the 2024 Lincoln Nautilus , a 5-passenger luxury SUV, which has a starting price of about $50K and and top price of about $75K, combines luxurious surroundings with cutting-edge technology in a way that is less intrusive and more intuitive. Which is, in itself, a luxury.

Related: Meet Lincoln President Dianne Craig As She Leads Lincoln Into Its Next Era

A new vision from the driver’s seat.

Like everyone else, you might first focus on the multimedia screen. Yes, it’s large, sweeping across the entire dashboard and displaying everything you need and want to see. But it’s really just part of the puzzle that creates a new way of viewing the road, and this is something you’re going to see in other new cars soon. The Lucid Gravity takes a similar approach and we’re seeing versions of these ideas in the Volvo EX90 and newer Lexus models: An enhanced view of the road ahead and technology that supports, rather than distracts, the driver.

There are three components to this new way of viewing the road: The wide screen, a steering wheel that is flat on top and bottom, and a center screen that serves up most of the function in the car.

Until you sit behind a wheel like this you don’t realize just how much of it you look at — instead of the road.

The wide main screen is positioned low on the dashboard so it doesn’t extend above the windshield. Even shorter drivers won’t see it impeding their view. Then, the steering wheel’s flat top and bottom serve to mostly keep it out of view.

The 11” center touchscreen is positioned to be at your fingertips. It’s low and while it does demand that you shift your view from the road to the screen, you should not need to do that very often.

Related: How does the 2023 Lincoln Nautilus Compare?

More function at your fingertips — or, at your command.

While the center screen is where you’ll find all the car’s functions, including climate, drive modes and more, two functions will give you quicker, less distracting access to things: Hey Google voice activated assistance and touch-sensitive steering wheel controls.

First, Lincoln has updated the multimedia system with Google’s operating system which has voice activated assistance. Once you’ve turned on voice assistance in the vehicle settings, you can say “hey Google” and the assistant asks how she can help. Personally, I really love this feature. Once you learn to use it you’ll only tap the touch screen when you need more than quick access.

Then, Lincoln has added touch-sensitive controls to the steering wheel. Just swipe your finger across the pad on the left side of the wheel for driver assist features such as adaptive cruise control. The pad on the right side controls media — volume, station and more.

You can also connect your phone to the system with a cord or wirelessly to use Apple CarPlay or Android Auto . The great news is that if you use Apple Maps, you’ll be able to see your Apple Maps navigation on the main screen.

If you use Google Maps, you’ll already have that function on the main screen — just ask Hey Google for directions. One caveat, which is a bit of a speed bump for me, is that I use mostly Google Maps and tend to look up my destination on my phone before I get into the car; once I connect CarPlay, my destination is already pre-set in my maps. To do this in the Nautilus, you’ll need to log into your Google account on the system; your map searches won’t automatically port to the system from your phone.

Related: See How the 2023 Lexus RX 350h Compares

A few caveats about the multimedia screen.

Glare on the 11” center screen, which sits at an angle, can be significant. At first, trying to change the drive mode from normal to sport (Lincoln calls this “Excite” mode) I found it impossible to see anything on the screen. Later, though, I turned up the brightness on the screen and it was much easier to see.

Setting up your preferences before heading out on the road is always a good idea; in the Nautilus, even more so. This includes setting the air vent direction, which can only be done through the touch screen. It’s pretty cool — drag your finger across the vent image to shift up, down or side to side, or tap the preset mode for on body, off body or even just close the vents altogether.

Related: 7 Wonderful 7 Passenger Luxury SUVS

Let’s talk about these seats.

Lincoln has really innovated its seats in the last decade. They are more like a modern lounge chair than than a car seat, and look more like a designer handbag with layers of color and texture designed to cradle your tush and relax your back. Our Black Label test model, the fully-optioned top-of-the-line edition, had the ultimate seats, including a very nice, very relaxing massage function.

Rear seat passengers won’t be spoiled with massage, but they’ll enjoy the layers of leather and design just as much as front seat passengers. In some trims, rear seats are heated, too. Rear seat passengers will be delighted by their own climate controls, a fold-down armrest with cupholders and a storage cubby, and 4 USB-C ports tucked into the seat backs.

Will Kids Car Seats Fit?

Well, of course, but it’s better than that: You can fit two rear facing car seats. Lincoln says the rear seats have up to 41” of legroom, though with my seat positioned for my driving comfort (I’m 5’8″), I measured about 33” of legroom. That’s more than ample for a rear facing car seat and that means that you can position one behind the driver’s seat even if the driver is tall.

Another nice feature is that the rear seats are on rail and can be positioned forward or back. It’s rare that 5-passenger SUVs have movable rear seats, which we love because it gives us more flexibility in how we position kids car seats.

Last, the center seat is about 17” wide, meaning that three kids car seats can be installed. There are two full sets of LATCHes and an upper tether for the center seat, typical of a 5 passenger SUV.

Every Sports Mom Needs This: Rejuvenate Mode, Digital Scent and Cabin Refresh!

Bringing many of the Nautilus’s features together — massage, music, the digital screens, fragrance, air and seat temperature — in a single function is the idea behind Rejuvenate Mode (this will be available via over the air update later in 2024). Tap ‘Rejuvenate’ on the app screen, tap start and you’re on your journey. The mode reclines your seat, lifts the steering wheel, activates the fragrance diffuser, music and massaging seats and adjusts the cabin and seat temperatures. Expansive screen images and ambient lighting complete the experience.

You can customize the settings, set your own music or use the default soundtrack and decide if you want a 5 or 10 minute experience.

I can see this feature as a daily meditation in the after-school pickup lane where of course, you arrive early so your kiddos will make it to dance class on time. This is a wonderful way to spend that 10 minutes waiting for them.

And when they get into the car and bring with them the *fragrance* of the school playground, tap the cabin refresh option on the climate control screen. The system will expel all the air in the cabin and replace it with fresh filtered air from outside. Then, fill the cabin with your favorite digital scent. There are 7 choices, they cost just $30 each and are designed to last for 30 days of use — just tap the app on the screen. Refills will be available at dealerships or on line through Lincoln.

Power Options, Trim Levels, Packages and Pricing

This may be the best news of all: Lincoln Nautilus offers two engine options, three levels of pricing and packages so you can get the features you want.

The standard gas-powered engine is a 4-cylinder turbo that generates 250 HP and gets about 24 MPG. The hybrid option, a $1,500 addition, generates 310 HP and gets about 30 MPG. From there, buyers can pick a model and extra features:

The Premiere edition starts at $50,415 and includes leatherette seating, CoPilot 360 driver assist and safety systems, digital phone as key, the 48” Coast to Coast display and 11” center screen, wireless phone charging, heated and vented seats, multiple modes, digital phone as key, all wheel drive, surround view camera, Blue Cruise hands free driving trial period, 1,750 lbs. tow capacity and “Nautilus” style wheels;
The Reserve Edition, which starts at $54,750, adds leather seating and the option of the Reserve II package
Premiere or Reserve editions can add the Reserve I package with a sunroof, hands free lift gate, 4 years of Blue Cruise (which is available by subscription afterward) and a Revel sound system for $5,775
Reserve models can select the Reserve II package, which adds heated second row seats and digital scent $5,775
Reserve III adds 24 way massaging seats and a 28 speaker Revel 3D sound system for $10,005
Black Label, at $74,250, has every feature and adds leather Chalet or Redwood interior
All models can add the Jet Appearance package, with dark exterior accents, for $3,000

Driving the Lincoln Nautilus

On the road the Nautilus was simply lovely. I drove all day with the seat massagers on — they didn’t shut off after a while, like most do, which I appreciated— and enjoyed the wide open view of the road. The steering wheel was easy to adapt to, the screens were easy to see with information clearly and simply displayed.

And the hybrid version we drove — which I highly recommend simply for the added power — was great. Not overly powered but ample, enough for confident merging onto the highway, powering up a hill and around a curve on our test drive.

We took it out on the highway to test out Blue Cruise, also a great system. The system has been advanced so it also has lane change assist; just tap the turn signal and when it’s safe, the car will change lanes for you. The entire effect is to make tense driving less tense and to let you relax a bit behind the wheel, It works only on certain mapped highways such as interstates. If it’s not available adaptive cruise with lane keep assist will be available. You can tell which system is active via the driver display which lights up in blue.

Blue Cruise, like everything else that is novel and new in the 2024 Lincoln Nautilus, may seem like a lot to learn. But, it’s worth it. Once you take it in and figure it out, you’ll find it all to be more intuitive than intrusive. And completely luxurious.

Disclosure: I was a guest of Lincoln for this test drive. Travel and accommodations were provided but all opinions are my own.

An expansive screen, a flat top steering wheel and digital fragrance may seem like a lot to take in. But in the 2024 Lincoln Nautilus it's more intuitive than intrusive.

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7 Best Sailboat Autopilot Systems
The Garmin Ghc 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control is your best sailboat autopilot for these types of adventure. This amazing autopilot is designed with a 4-inch display that can improve your nighttime readability. This display is glass-bonded and comes with an anti-glare lens that is essential in preventing fog and glare in sunny conditions.
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Quick Answer - The Best Autopilot For Sailboats. Raymarine ST1000 Plus Tiller Pilot. View at Amazon. Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot. View at Amazon. Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive. View at Amazon. Garmin GHC 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control. View at Amazon.
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Sailboats with tillers:The Raymarine EV-100 Tiller system fits boats up to 13,200lb. displacement. Sailboats to 40' with mechanical wheel steering: Use cockpit wheel pilots like the EV-100 Wheel Pilot Pack. They are easy to install and have adequate performance for most conditions.
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Steering a boat is like steering a car-every bend and curve in even a straight road will set the vehicle on a new course. So while sailing, every wave will wiggle the boat around. What's more, the boat's designed-in weather helm tendencies will cause it to want to head up into the wind. So steering a sailboat requires constant attention ...
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Autopilots for sailboats. For cruising/club racing installations where you want excellent performance, choose a Triton² Autopilot. Triton² pilots feature in telligent Sail Steering functionality with compass and wind steering, Smart Manoeuvre controls to tack at the touch of a button, and chartplotter integration to enable waypoint and route navigation.
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The CPT Autopilot is a reliable, heavy duty, wheel pilot suitable for a wide range of sail and power boats. We learned how to use the pilot easily and are very impressed. We did our trial run across the dreaded Tuhuantepec. I used the remote control to navigate up a canal following a bar pilot. We had about every condition variation on the trip ...
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Golden Globe Update Day 113: [GGR Leader Jean-Luc Van Den Heede sailing the Rustler 36 Matmut] was full of praise for his Hydrovane self-steering. "In a gale it has a big advantage because it is not steering the boat's rudder, but has its own. This little rudder is far more efficient than the big rudder.". - Jean Luc Van Den Heede on ...
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ST1000 and ST2000 Tiler Pilots
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How to Choose the Best Sailboat Autopilot for Your Vessel

Speed of Helm Adjustment

An above-deck or below-deck Autopilot

The Steering System

Control Interfaces

7 Best Sailboat Autopilots

Raymarine ST1000 Plus Tiller Pilot

Garmin Ghc 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control

Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive

Furuno Navpilot 711C Autopilot System

Si-Tex SP120 Autopilot with Virtual Feedback

Garmin Reactor 40 Kicker Autopilot

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Best Autopilot For Sailboats of 2024

Quick Answer - The Best Autopilot For Sailboats

Comparison Table - Best Autopilot For Sailboats

BEST FOR: AFFORDABLE PERFORMANCE

Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

BEST FOR: SAILBOATS UP TO 32’ IN LENGTH

Raymarine M81131 12 Volt Type 2 Autopilot Linear Drive

BEST FOR: SEASONAL CRUISERS

Garmin GHC 20 Marine Autopilot Helm Control

BEST FOR: OVERNIGHT EXCURSIONS

Raymarine Evolution Ev-200 Sail Autopilot

BEST FOR: SAILBOATS WITH MECHANICAL STEERING

THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING AUTOPILOTS FOR SAILBOATS

STEERING TYPE

HOW YOU USE YOUR SAILBOAT

FEATURES EXPLAINED

6 Best Sailboat Autopilot Systems

Table of Contents

Do Boats Have Autopilot?

Types of Autopilot

Above-Deck or Cockpit Autopilots

Below-Deck or Inboard Autopilot System

Sail Boat Auto Pilot Components

Picking the Best Sailboat Autopilot

Sailboat Autopilot Reviews

Simrad TP10 Tillerpilot

Raymarine ST2000 Plus Tiller Pilot

Raymarine Pilot EV-400 Autopilot (No Drive Included)

Garmin Reactor 40 Corepack for Mechanical or Retrofit Autopilots

B&G (Simrad) NAC-3 Core Pack and Compass

Furuno NAVPILOT300

Top Brands of Sailboat Auto Pilot

How much does a sailboat autopilot cost?

Do sailing yachts have autopilot?

Can you sleep while your boat is on autopilot?

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Yachting Monthly

Autopilot Buyers Guide for sailing yachts

Mixing autopilot brands?

Note: We may earn a commission when you buy through links on our site, at no extra cost to you. This doesn’t affect our editorial independence.

1. Below deck drive units

2. Tiller pilots

A neat alternative to a conventional tiller pilot

Singlehanded sailing for the first time

Windvane steering: why it makes sense for coastal cruising

Atlantic Rally for Cruisers: Ocean crossing lessons

3. Wheel autopilots

4. Course computers

5. Essential accessories for autopilots

Rudder angle sensor

Course sensor

6. Control pads and remotes

TECHNICAL HELP FOR AUTOPILOTS