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Model of a River Boat

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• Arts of Africa

Middle Kingdom, mid-Dynasty 12, about 1875 BCE

Egyptian; Meir, Egypt

About this artwork

For millennia the Nile River has connected people living in the towns and cities along its banks. Ancient Egyptians used boats, barges, and other watercraft as their main forms of transportation to conduct commerce, state business, and religious pilgrimages. Skilled sailors, like the 15 men represented here, rowed north with the river’s current or sailed south with the prevailing winds. This model boat was placed in a tomb chamber to ensure that the deceased would be able to travel for eternity.

Date   Dates are not always precisely known, but the Art Institute strives to present this information as consistently and legibly as possible. Dates may be represented as a range that spans decades, centuries, dynasties, or periods and may include qualifiers such as c. (circa) or BCE.

Credit line, reference number, iiif manifest   the international image interoperability framework (iiif) represents a set of open standards that enables rich access to digital media from libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural institutions around the world. learn more ., extended information about this artwork, publication history.

• Thomas George Allen, A Handbook of the Egyptian Collection (Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1923), 49 (ill.), 50.
• Art Institute of Chicago, “CLEOPATRA; THE ANCIENT WORLD,” Computer Program (Art Institute of Chicago, 1997).
• Ann Marie Merriman, Egyptian Watercraft Models from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011), 363, no. 494.
• Art Institute of Chicago, “A Committee of Two,” in “The Prime Mover”: Charles L. Hutchinson and the Making of the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Studies 36, 1 (2010), 64, fig. 21.
• Karen B. Alexander, “From Plaster to Stone: Ancient Art at the Art Institute of Chicago,” in Karen Manchester, Recasting the Past: Collecting and Presenting Antiquities at the Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 24, fig. 8.
• Jeffrey Spier, Timothy Potts, and Sara E. Cole, eds., Beyond the Nile: Egypt and the Classical World, exh. cat. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2018), 60.

Exhibition History

• Art Institute of Chicago, Ancient Art Galleries, Gallery 154A, April 20, 1994-February 6, 2012.
• Art Institute of Chicago, When the Greeks Ruled: Egypt After Alexander the Great, October 31, 2013 - July 27, 2014.
• J. Paul Getty Museum, Beyond the Nile: Egypt and the Classical World, March 27, 2018-September 9, 2018.
• Art Institute of Chicago, Life and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt, Feb. 11, 2022 - present.

The Art Institute of Chicago, acquired in 1894; price reimbursed by Henry H. Getty, Charles L. Hutchinson, Robert H. Fleming, and Norman W. Harris.

• Cleopatra: A Multimedia Guide to the Ancient World
• Audio stop 558.mp3 Your browser does not support the audio tag.

Object information is a work in progress and may be updated as new research findings emerge. To help improve this record, please email . Information about image downloads and licensing is available here .

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216 Ancient Egyptian Sailboat Stock Photos & High-Res Pictures

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Ancient Sailing Techniques

Text copyright Canbooks.

Picture copyright is held by their perspective owners

Introduction

In this short paper I would like to outline the basic skills that were necessary for sailing in ancient days. First I will compare the use of the square sail and the lateen sail, and end with a look at the various techniques that were used by the ancient Arabs for navigation, both in the desert and on the sea.

Square Rigged Ships

In the ancient world the square sail was employed universally in the Mediterranean on the seagoing ships of the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans. In Hellenistic and Roman times a spritsail was sometimes set on a small raking foremast, known as an artemoon, in order to sail with a beam wind. This was a valuable device, but it was still a square sail. Northern Europe only knew of the square rig until late in the Middle Ages. They were the farthest from Arab influence, and the Vikings of Scandinavia continued using the square sail, long after those on the Mediterranean had started incorporating the advantages of using triangular sails on their ships.

A square rigged Roman trade ship

In India square sails are depicted on coins of the Pallava dynasty (coeval with the Sassanids) and in the Ajanta ship of the seventh century AD.) (Elliot, W., Coins of Southern India, London 1885) An indication that lateens are not native to India is found in their absence today in inland water regions remote from foreign influences.

Ajanta ship

Square rigged sails had the advantage of providing stability on large ships and in heavy seas, and they remained the main type of sail on European vessels until the last days of sail. However, the lateen sail provided greater maneuverability and ability to tack on rivers and in narrow waters. The fore-and-aft sail had an advantage in that it can keep much closer to the wind.

Triangular Rigged Ships

The triangular sail was known as the lateen sail, and has been used in Arab ships from Morocco to Indian, the Persian Gulf to Mozambique. This sail is triangular in shape attached fore and aft, and is very tall and high peaked. In the Indian Ocean the fore angle of the sail was cut off to form a luff. This shape may have been the third of four stages of the evolution of lateen sail.

Apparently most very ancient ships simply used square sails. In time however, the square sail was attached fore and aft, and was tilted down at the fore end. This made a balance-lug. There are drawings of ships of this type from ancient Egypt, showing ships sailing downstream on the Nile against the prevailing north wind. A modern version of this is found in the Sudanese naggar-lug, and in the balanced lugs of Indonesia. These first appeared on bas-reliefs of Boro-Budur in Java, which date from the tenth century. The Javanese proa which survived until recently has a similar style; the sail is much broader than high.

From the balanced-lug it was a natural development to shorten the fore-portion of the sail and raise the back in order to catch more wind. This would have produced the type of lateen sail that is found in the western half on the Indian Ocean.

Maritime historians have often argued over where this sail was developed and how its use may have spread.

There are three possible scenarios. First it may have developed in the Mediterranean, and spread toward the Indian Ocean, or it may have developed in the Indian Ocean and spread towards the Mediterranean. Each of these scenarios has its supporters and it’s problems. A third scenario, which seems more likely, is that the lateen sail was developed on the Red Sea.

There are several things that seem to point in this direction. First, the square sail was obviously the sail of choice in the Mediterranean and in the Far East. These areas of the world contained vast seas that were easily crossed using square sails. The Red Sea, and particularly the Gulf of Aqaba on the other hand were constantly exposed to contrary winds. In order to sail on these seas, sailors had to constantly battle winds that blew against them. In this sort of setting the lateen sail was at its best.

Secondly, the earliest evidence of the existence of lateens on the Mediterranean is in Greek Byzantine manuscripts of the late ninth century which show drawings of lateens. Before this, in antiquity, only the square sail was found in this sea. This would lead us to suspect that the lateen came to the Mediterranean in the wake of the Arab expansion. (Bibliotheque Nationale, MS, grec., no. 510, fols. 3 and 367v,; H.H. Brindley, Early Pictures of Lateen Sails” in Mariner’s Mirror col. xxi, 1926) (Sottas, J., An Early Lateen Sail in the Mediterranean, in Mariner’s Mirror, 1939)

Third, the Italian name mezzana, with it’s French offspring misaine, and English mizzen are derivatives of the Arab word miizaan, meaning balance. These mizzen masts that were found on Italian ships of the later Middle Ages, could have had it’s name borrowed from the Arabic miizaan because it was a supplementary mast balancing the main mast. On the other hand, other scholars have pointed out that the name mezzana mast could have come from the Latin mediana, which means ‘middle.’

It is interesting to notice that in the north of Europe, during the 1400’s, ships were only square rigged and were entirely dependent on a fair wind. They were quite unstable, and were never used to attempt to make headway against an adverse wind and thus were unable to make long journeys to cross oceans.

Then suddenly in the 1500s, lateen sails burst on the scene, and ships developed into three masters with square sails complimented by lateen mizzens. These ships were capable of making long ocean voyages and were used by Columbus, Diaz and Vasco da Gama.

Lastly, it seems that during the Byzantine era, the forepart of the lateen sail was changed to a point, making it a complete triangle. This occurred first in the Mediterranean, but the Arabs of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean kept their old form. The lateen eventually reached North European waters at the end of the Middle Ages, and there developed into every sort of fore-and aft rig.

Likewise, the lateen sail seems to have made its way from the Indian Ocean towards the seas of far south Asia. Since there are drawings from India, which demonstrate the use of the square sail there, and since the Chinese rigged their junks with square sails, it is safe to assume that the lateen sail was an Arab invention that most likely developed on the Red Sea.

The Development of the Lateen Sail

The square sail was employed almost universally in the ancient world. It was only during the early Byzantine period in the eastern Mediterranean that any evidence emerges that triangular sails began to appear on the Mediterranean Sea.

The square sail, though stable on heavy seas, is not very versatile to make much use of any headwinds. Square sails were still used until very recently on the sewn sambugs of Aden as well as lateen sails.

The Lug Sail

Many efforts must have been made to make the square sail better for sailing close to the wind, so it could utilize a head-wind. The simplest way was to set a square sail fore and aft, tilting it downwards at the fore end to make a balance lug illustrated here.

The Arab Lateen or Settee Sai l

From the lugsail it was an east step to shorten the luff (fore part) and heighten the sail aft to lengthen the leech, in order to catch more wind. The Arab lateen or more correctly, the settee sail is a very effective fore-and-aft rig. It was developed in Arab waters well before the coming of Islam, and may have been the type of sailing ship that the Nabataeans would have used to sail on the difficult waters of the Red Sea.

A full description of the dhow with its settee sail is included in the paper The Dhow.

The Fully Developed Lateen

The final step was taken on the Mediterranean before 900 AD, turning the Arab sail into a triangular sail. This type of sail was used on the Mediterranean for small boats for many years.

Sailing Techniques

Sailing Close to the Wind

• The square sail on a keeled ship, (for example a Greco Roman merchantman) can give an angle of 671 ⁄ 2 (6 points) to the line of the wind when fully trimmed and tacking into the wind. The keel provides resistance to the sideward force of the wind.
• A square rig with the help of some fore-and-aft lateen (mizzen) sails as used on European sailing ships from the 15th century to the 19th century allows a 56 1 ⁄ 4 (5 points) to be obtained. An Arab lateen rig gives the same angle when close-hauled but since a greater area of sail catches the wind, it sails more swiftly and efficiently.
• A well-designed Arab lateen could come within 4 points of the wind. One can see why Nabataean and other Arab sailors would desire such a boat for pirate activity against the Greeks and Romans.
• The most efficient design of sail for utilizing a head wind is the complete fore-and-aft rig of a modern yacht. It can usually come within 4 points of the wind, and sometimes even achieves 3.

Tacking and Wearing Around

The methods of sailing an ancient dhow must have been much like those today, since the rig was much the same. In sailing with the wind the Arab lateen functions exactly as a square sail. When steering a course into the wind, the dhow would prefer to ear around, that is, to change tacks by going round stern to wind. Tacking involves bringing the bow around into the wind, and since Arab vessels were built with small rudders it was difficult or impossible to bring the bow across the wind, if the wind was strong. Wearing around means losing way, but it is easier, to wear is to take the line of less resistance. When wearing, as when tacking, the yard must be transferred to the other side of the mast; but when wearing the wind aids this maneuver, whereas when tacking the wind tends to hinder it.

There was no reefing of sails in a strong wind, but the yard could be lowered, as today, and it is probably that a spare yard and sail of smaller size were carried, as in the vessels seen by Colomb in the nineteenth Century. (Colomb, Slave-catching, pp 36-38; Mas’uud Muruj, volume I, page 234, “The great sail”; Muzurg, pp 44-47, 87-88, 16568, ibn-Battutah, vol ic, pp. 185-186)

In my paper, Were the Nabataeans Really Sea Going? I demonstrate how the Nabataean people took to sailing ships. The speed at which they did this might be considered remarkable, if it were not for the fact that navigating in a featureless desert is very similar to navigating on a featureless ocean. Therefore, before the Arabs became seamen they were knowledgeable in navigation skills. In the section below, I will demonstrate the basics of this navigation, whether it be used on the high seas, or in the depth of the Arabian desert.

However, not all Arab tribes knew how to navigate by the stars. Indeed, only a very few had this skill, as even today only the Slayb tribe are known as the trackers and guides in the desert. (See: Where are the Nabataeans Today?) Many early sailors sailed along the coast, always keeping land in site. In this way, they simply harbor-hoped along the coast. One wonders what sea captain would have committed himself to the emptiness of the open sea without a knowledge of navigation by the stars. It would seem a small step however, for desert traveling Nabataean merchants to move on to being ocean traveling merchants, if they had the occasion to own ships and the need to transport goods by them.

Modern navigation includes three aspects. Finding latitude, longitude and accurate time-keeping. By knowing one’s location and the speed of their travel a person can accurately navigate across featureless landscapes.

Before the invention of the compass, watch, and the sextant, the mariner’s main guide was latitude. To obtain their latitude, Arabs measured the altitude above the horizon to a known star, and then deduced from this the altitude of the Pole Star, (since the Pole Star was the one star that did not move in the sky). In some cases ancient navigators measured directly the altitude of the Pole Star. This was the simplest method, and was known as the science of qiyas. The easiest method was to use the width of a finger. When held at arm’s length, the width of four fingers was considered to measure 4 isba’. In a 360 degree circle there were 224 isba’. It was considered that a day’s sailing due north would raise the Pole Star 1 isba’ from the horizon. For those traveling on land, the isba’ was further divided into 8 zam. Thus land distances were often measured in zams.

A more accurate, but still simple instrument was known as a kamal. This was a small parallelogram of horn or wood measuring about one by two inches with a string inserted in the center. On the string were nine knots at measured intervals.

The end of the string was held in the teeth. The lower edge of the horn was placed on the horizon while the horn was moved along the string until the upper edge touched the required star. The knot at which the horn covered the exact distance signified a certain number of isba’ of altitude of the star. The altitude of the Pole Star could then be deduced from the rahmani.

An alternative way of using a kamal was to move the knots through the teeth until the piece of horn or wood covered the required star altitude.

Vasco da Gama’s pilot from Malindi used a kamal, and the Portuguese adopted it and eventually modified the spacing of the knots to measure degrees.

Sometimes Arab and Indian seamen added extra knots marking the latitudes of particular ports of call, or they simply used a kamal on which all the knots indicated particular ports of call.

The astrolabe was developed at a slightly later period. It was a chart was based on the rising and setting of fifteen fixed stars. Later astrolabes also included the addition of North and South. This method probably pre-dated the introduction of the magnetic compass. However, when used on the compass, each star name division came to signify one rhumb or 1 ⁄ 32 division of the compass.

The astrolabe was also known as a windrose, and traditionally it had many Persian names for stars. (eg. qutb al-gaah, mutla’ al-silbaar, khaan (rhumb) etc., which the Arabs must have taken from a Persian windrose. However, many other names are Arabic and in some cases an older Arabic name was displaced by a Persian one. Eg. The Ursa Minor constellation (Ursa Minor and Major) was banaat na’sh before it became qutb al-gaah.

On the astrolabe, latitude was determined by the height of the sun or the pole star, which was measured by the qiyas figure system. Astrolabes were quite difficult to use at sea because of the rolling of the ships, which made it hard to determine the vertical line accurately. However, they could be used on shore, and the latitude of every port and headland must have been recorded in the books of nautical instruction or rahmaanis.

Sun locations

Another very simple navigation method that was used by many early dhow captains was simply the position of the sun or North Star above the boat. By standing on various locations on the boat, they could place the sun or North Star above, right, left or behind the dhow. As long as they kept the stars at a correct position above the rigging they were assured that they would arrive at their destination.

Nautical Manuals

Beside astronomical tables, charts, and latitudes, the rahmaani or nautical manuals contained information about winds, coasts, reefs, and everything that a captain would need to know. Some of these manual became very popular, such as Kitab Ma’din al-asrar fi ‘ilm al-bihar (The Mine of Secrets in the Science of the Seas) by Shaikh Nasr bin ‘Ali al’Haduri. This book contains latitude and longitude tables as well as drawings of the position of the sun above the dhow. (above)

The magnetic needle was known in China from ancient times, but there is little mention of it being used as a nautical instrument before the tenth century. It is likely that the compass was not considered very important in the east, as the skies over the Indian Ocean were usually very clear, especially during the times that the Arab sailors traveled with the monsoons. It was only under the clouds of the North that it was eagerly made use of.

A Chinese spoon compass. A spoon shaped piece of magnetic stone, called a loadstone was placed on a polished bronze board. The spoon turned until it pointed to the North Pole. On the right is an ancient Arabic compass chart

During the 17th century, with the invention of timekeeping instruments, the sextant became much more common as the main instrument for calculating position and speed.

Shore sighting pigeons were also employed in some parts of the Indian Ocean. Pliney mentions them as used by the Singhalese in the first century AD because they had no nautical astronomy. A Chinese source of the ninth century refers to them on Persian ships.

The Trip To India and China

From ancient times ships crossed the Indian Ocean from Arabia to return laden with exotic goods that would bring exorbitant prices in the bazaars and markets of the Middle East. On land the Silk Road was fraught with hazards. Hostile governments, highwaymen and natural disasters awaited those who attempted the long and difficult road between China, India and Europe. That road crossed some of the highest mountains in the world, not to mention some of the most hostile deserts. It required the merchant to pass through many fiefdoms and kingdoms where local lords demanded at least some token tax on the goods that passed through their lands. On top of this, pack animals required fodder and regular rest.

The maritime route to India and China also had its difficulties, but once the ancient Arabs understood them, they could be quite easily passed. The knowledgeable sea captain sailed straight down the middle of the Red Sea, avoiding the pirates that lurked along the shore. He then took on water and supplies in South Arabia and then made straight across the Indian Ocean for India. Using various navigational aids, and a knowledge of the monsoon winds, the industrious Arabs could make a return trip in 18 months to two years.

The advantage that the sea captain had, was that a small crew of ten men and a boat could return laden with twenty to fifty tons of cargo, and they could transport it right up the Red Sea within a few hours caravan journey from Alexandria. Then from Alexandria the merchants on the Mediterranean could carry the cargo of exotic goods to the ports of Greece and Italy where it would be snapped up by the wealthy families of the Roman Empire.

The Monsoons

From an Arab perspective there are three basic monsoon winds. First of all, from April to June, the Kaws wind blows southwest. Later the Dammani SW monsoon blows from August to the middle of October. At this time, the monsoon changes direction, and the Azyab monsoon blows in a NE direction.

Most ships crossing the Indian Ocean planned to leave the east coast of Arabia during the second half of November and the first half of December. Ships leaving the Red Sea would start out the middle of October, so that they could catch the Ayab monsoon across the Indian Ocean, directly to the Malabar cost, reaching Kulam Mali during December. If they were moving on to China they would have to wait for the cyclones of the Azyab to die down in the Bay of Bengal before journeying on in January, crossing from Mulam Mali round the south of India to Kalah Bar in the Malay Peninsula. Arab ships usually did not venture farther than this, as Chinese junks brought their trade goods to the Malay Peninsula, and may to the island of Ceylon. (Sri Lanka) Once the Kaws winds started to blow, the Arab sailors would start for home, laden with their goods.

The chart below illustrates some of the sailing seasons that existed between India, Arabia and Africa. As local conditions such as land breezes would vary along the Arabian coast, the seasons were more complicated for the specific ports shown in the chart. Nevertheless the chart provides a broad outline.

From the table you will notice that the south-west monsoon strikes earlier further south, and lasts longer. As it moves northwards its duration shortens. Hence the Malabar coast of India is a dangerous place to be as early as May and remains so through September. This means that the sailing season in Malabar, India was only seven to eight months long. This affected the Indian vessels more than the Arab ones, for while the Indians must be all the way home before May, Arab vessels must only be clear of the Malabari waters before then. This allowed the Arabs more time to travel since they had a much longer sailing season when traveling from Arabia to India and back. This would help explain why the Arabs, who came from a land without abundant timber, dominated Indian Ocean trade routes for long periods.

Nabataeans and Sea Navigation

Very few Arab tribes knew now to navigate by use of the stars. Ibn Wahsiyah makes it plain to us that this knowledge was known to the Nabataeans from of old. If this were true, then it would have been a small step for the Nabataeans to have adopted their land based navigational skills to the sea.

As mentioned earlier, most sea captains, who had only every traveled along the coast, would never cast off and try and sail across the empty sea. However, if the Nabataeans had visited India and or China via the land route (Petra, known to the Nabataeans as Rekem was recorded in the records of Chang Ch’ien, special envoy to the Chinese Emperor Wu-ti 138-122 BC. It is assumed that Nabataean jugglers and entertainers returned with Chang Ch’ien to China) then they could have produced rough charts of the locations of these countries. This would have given the Nabataeans the knowledge they needed to sail directly across the Indian Ocean from Arabia to India. Is this speculation? More information and proofs are presented in the paper “Who were the ancient Arabs who traded with India?”.

Now you can learn more about the ancient Nabataean trade routes. Discover the people and civilization that used the dhow to explore the world!

Bibliography

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Argyle, E. W., The Ancient Dhow , Sea Breezes, XVIII, 1954

Barlow E. W. _Currents in the Persian Gulf, Northern Portion of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Benga_l, Marine Obs. 1932

Boughet, Michael, R. and N. Lishman, Ships of Muscat , MM 44, 1958

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Arab Dhows of Eastern Arabia , Rehoboth, Massachusetts, 1949

Bowen, R. Le Baron, The Dhow Sailor , American Neptune II, 1951

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Marine Industries of Eastern Arabia , Geographical Review 41, 1951

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Primitive Watercraft in Arabia , American Neptune 12, 1952

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Maritime Superstitions of the Arabs , American Neptune 15, 1955

Bowen, R. Le Baron, The Earliest Lateen Sail, MM 42, 1956

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Fore-and-aft sails in the Ancient World , MM 43, 1957

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Early Arab Ships and Rudders , MM49, 1963

Bowen, R. Le Baron, Early Arab Rudders , MM 52, 1966

Casson, L. Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times , 1994 160 pp.

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Casson, Lionel, Fore-and-aft Sails in the Ancient World , MM42, 1956

Chatterton, E. K., Fore and Aft Craft and their Story , London 1927

Chetham, Michael, Dhows in East Africa , Country Life 108, 1950 PP 1803-7

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Articles In This Series

History and Construction of the Dhow:

Who were the Ancient Arab Sea Traders?:

Ancient Sailing Techniques:

Parallel Maritime Histories:

The Incense Routes:

Early Dhows in Pre-Islamic Petroglyphs:

• History and Construction of the Dhow
• Parallel Maritime Histories
• Nabataeans in Antarctica?
• Who were the Ancient Arab Sea Traders?
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Ancient Mesopotamia Sailboats: An Introduction

• Categories : Marine history
• Tags : Marine engineering

Five thousand years ago Mesopotamians started using sailing boats. Since Mesopotamia was situated between two famous rivers, namely the Euphrates and the Tigris, they needed water transportation for travel and trade. Some of the important items they are credited with inventing include wheels, chariots, sailboats and cuneiform (the earliest form of writing). These are just some of the contributions by the Mesopotamians to the modern world. All this and more was around four to five thousand years ago. Let’s explore more about the important role of sailboats in their culture.

Why Did the Mesopotamians Need Sailboats?

A civilization flourishes based on its trade and commerce, and Mesopotamia was no exception. They wanted to set up trade relationships with nearby cities and countries. These were in the days before road routes were built making transportation of goods by land routes hectic and difficult. Therefore, they had to figure out an alternative mode of transportation for goods and people. This came in the form of water transportation, and thus the first boats were invented.

They were simple wooden boats that would carry people and goods downstream and then back upstream. But boats need people to navigate and guide them across rough waters, so the solution of having a vessel carry their goods and people had to be refined. Thus sailboats were invented. They were primitive in design, but the sailboats helped the Mesopotamians in trade and commerce.

They also helped in irrigation and fishing. Mesopotamians had mastered the art of fishing. They would go downstream using sailboats, cast their nets, stay, wait and return with the catch. Thus the sailboats of Mesopotamia helped the Mesopotamians establish trade relationships with other cities and countries, making them one of most famous civilizations to flourish and change the course of history with their inventions.

How were the Sailboats of Mesopotamians Made?

The sailboats of Mesopotamia were simple in design; the sails were square in shape and made of cloth. The angle and direction of the sails coul not be changed. If the wind blew in the direction that the sailboats desired to go, things went well. If that wasn’t the case, they had to wait for the wind to blow in their favor!

The hull or the body of the boat was made of wood. Trees were cut and made into planks, and the planks were roughly shaped and joined together to make the body of the boat. Though they couldn’t handle lots of cargo or people at a given time, they could do better than what other sailing vessels of that time had to offer. The design work they did on their sailboats provided the basis for all future sailboats, even five thousand years later.

Until the fall of Mesopotamian civilization, not many changes were made to the basic design of the sailboat. This crucial invention largely helped in making Mesopotamian civilization a great empire and civilization along with the society’s other contributions.

Mesopotamia gave the world incredible contributions like wheels, cuneiform, sailboats, glass making, textile weaving and a lot more, truly making them one of the greatest civilizations ever to walk on this planet. Their sailboats were as simple as they needed to be, but they introduced plank construction and square sails. Even though the vessels were of limited capacity, these ships revolutionized water travel. The basic design of their sailboats is still in use even today.

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4 Easy Ways to Draw a Boat

Last Updated: April 6, 2023

• Traditional Ship
• Wooden Boat

Things You'll Need

This article was co-authored by Kelly Medford . Kelly Medford is an American painter based in Rome, Italy. She studied classical painting, drawing and printmaking both in the U.S. and in Italy. She works primarily en plein air on the streets of Rome, and also travels for private international collectors on commission. She founded Sketching Rome Tours in 2012 where she teaches sketchbook journaling to visitors of Rome. Kelly is a graduate of the Florence Academy of Art. This article has been viewed 358,979 times.

Want to go sailing but don't have a boat? Don't sweat over it. Chill out and follow this tutorial to learn how to draw a kayak, draw a yacht, draw a rowboat, and draw a sailing ship. If you want to draw a boat, draw an imaginary one or copy a picture from a book or online image.

Note: follow the red line for each step.

Things You Should Know

• Start by drawing the outline of the boat using basic shapes and guidelines.
• Add details to your drawing, like sails, masts, and siding.
• Clean up your drawing by erasing any guidelines.

Drawing a Sailboat

Drawing a Kayak

Drawing a Traditional Ship

Drawing a Realistic Style Wooden Boat

Community Q&A

• Learning to draw is really about learning to see. Study boats each day and draw them until you can get them as close as you can to the real objects you're observing. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 1
• To get better at drawing, make sure to practice blind contour drawings observing objects and people. Do not worry about the results, as the idea is to train your eye to slow down and to work in tandem with your hand. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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About This Article

One way to draw a boat is by sketching a sailboat. Start by making the outline of a trapezoid to sketch the main body of the boat. Then, draw a smaller trapezoid in the middle of the boat, with a long line running perpendicular to the body of the boat. Next, draw a right triangle off of the right side of the line, and another, slightly smaller triangle off of the right side of the line. You can make the body of the boat 3-dimensional if you’d like. Once you have the basic shapes, trace the outline and erase the extra pencil marks before filling it in with color. If you want to learn how to draw other kinds of boats, such as a canoe or kayak, keep reading the article! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Model Sailboat

Middle Kingdom

On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 105

The green color of the hull of this boat, its vertical prow, backward-curving stern and double steering oars imitate elements of vessels made from papyrus stalks. Even the lashings of the leather sheaths that covered prow and stern of such boats are rendered. Boats of this particular type appear in representations of the "pilgrimage to Abydos" that was part of the Egyptian funerary ritual from the Middle Kingdom onwards. The ritual character of this boat trip is clearly demonstrated by the fact that not the living Meketre but a statue sits under the baldaquin accompanied by a companion (possibly his son), while priests perform offering rituals in front of it. The basic idea of a trip to the major cult center of the god Osiris at Abydos, where the god's death and resurrection were celebrated, is however maintained by the presence of two boats: one that is rowed northward from Thebes to Abydos (20.3.5), and another (the present boat) that is just setting out on the back trip its (missing) sail being hoisted by the men in the center, while a single sailor pushes it off the embankment with a forked pole.

Due to rights restrictions, this image cannot be enlarged, viewed at full screen, or downloaded.

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As part of the Met's Open Access policy , you can freely copy, modify and distribute this image, even for commercial purposes.

Public domain data for this object can also be accessed using the Met's Open Access API .

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Title: Model Sailboat

Period: Middle Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 12

Reign: reign of Amenemhat I, early

Date: ca. 1981–1975 B.C.

Geography: From Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Southern Asasif, Tomb of Meketre (TT 280, MMA 1101), MMA excavations, 1920

Medium: Wood, paint, plaster, linen twine, linen fabric

Dimensions: L. 145 cm (57 1/16 in.), with rudder 158 cm (62 3/16 in.); W. 28 cm (11 in.), with mast 81 cm (31 7/8 in.); H. 53.4 cm (21 in.), with mast 112 cm (44 1/8 in.)

Credit Line: Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift, 1920

Accession Number: 20.3.4

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This weekend in met history: july 2.

One hundred and ten years ago this weekend, on July 2, 1901, American locomotive magnate and Metropolitan Museum of Art benefactor Jacob S. Rogers died. Unbeknownst to the Museum's staff and Trustees at the time, Rogers's death would result in the largest and most significant financial contribution to the institution until that time, and among the most important in its history.

Timeline of Art History

Egypt, 2000-1000 b.c., museum publications.

The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom

"Life Along the Nile: Three Egyptians of Ancient Thebes": The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 60, no. 1 (Summer, 2002)

Ancient Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom

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Learn How To Draw a Sailboat: Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners

Alex Morgan

Drawing a sailboat can be a fun and creative activity that allows you to bring a nautical scene to life on paper. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced artist, learning how to draw a sailboat is a great way to explore your artistic skills. In this article, we will provide you with a step-by-step guide to drawing a sailboat, along with the materials and tools you’ll need. We’ll also share some tips and tricks to enhance your sailboat drawing and answer some frequently asked questions. So grab your pencils, erasers, and paper, and let’s get started on this artistic adventure!

Key Takeaways:

• Pay attention to proportions: Drawing a sailboat requires careful observation of the relative sizes and shapes of its various components to ensure an accurate representation.
• Use light and shadow: Adding shading and highlights to your sailboat drawing can create depth and dimension, making it more realistic and visually appealing.
• Experiment with different pencil grades: Varying the pressure and texture of your pencil strokes can enhance the texture and details of the sailboat, so try using different pencil grades to achieve desired effects.

Materials and Tools Needed

To get started on drawing a sailboat, you’ll need the right materials and tools at hand. From pencils and erasers to drawing paper, rulers, and compasses, this section will guide you through the essential items needed to bring your sailboat creation to life. So, let’s gather everything we need and embark on an artistic journey to capture the beauty of sailboats on paper.

When drawing a sailboat, having the right tools is crucial. One of the most important tools you will need is a pencil . Here are some key points to consider:

1. Choose the right pencil grade: Pencils come in different grades that determine the hardness or softness of the lead. Harder pencils, like 2H or H, produce lighter and finer lines, while softer pencils, like 2B or 4B, create darker and bolder lines.

2. Sharpen your pencil: Keeping your pencil sharp allows for greater precision and control in your lines and shading.

3. Control pressure: Vary the pressure of your pencil on the paper to create different effects, such as light or shadow. Press harder for darker lines and use a lighter touch for lighter lines.

4. Erase and correct: Pencils can be easily erased, so don’t hesitate to make mistakes. Use a good quality eraser to remove unwanted lines or make adjustments as needed.

5. Experiment: Be bold and try different techniques and pencil strokes to add texture and depth to your drawing. Pencil techniques like cross-hatching, shading, and blending can be used to create various effects.

Pro-tip: When starting your sailboat drawing, use a lighter pencil grade for the initial sketch and outline. Gradually build up the details and shading using darker pencil grades for a more realistic effect.

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3. Drawing Paper

Choosing the right drawing paper is crucial for creating a sailboat masterpiece. The quality of the paper greatly impacts the final outcome of your artwork.

When selecting the perfect drawing paper, there are a few key factors to consider.

First and foremost , pay attention to the weight of the paper. Opting for a heavier weight, such as 90lb or 140lb , ensures durability and the ability to withstand multiple layers of pencil work without tearing or smudging.

Next, think about the texture of the paper. A rough texture adds a touch of realism to elements like the sails and water. On the other hand, if you prefer cleaner lines, go for a smooth or medium texture.

Size is another important consideration. Choose a size that allows you to capture all the intricate details of the sailboat without feeling cramped. Standard sizes like 9×12 inches or 11×14 inches are a good starting point.

Make sure to look for acid-free paper as well. This ensures the longevity of your artwork, preventing yellowing and deterioration over time. With acid-free paper, your sailboat drawing can be preserved for years to come.

Consider the compatibility of the paper with your drawing tools. Whether you’re using graphite pencils or colored pencils, it’s important to ensure that the paper is suitable for your chosen medium. This will prevent smudging or bleeding, allowing you to create a flawless sailboat drawing.

By taking all these factors into account and choosing the right drawing paper, you can enhance your sailboat drawing and create a visually pleasing artwork.

When creating a sailboat drawing, the ruler plays a crucial role in achieving accurate measurements and straight lines. This versatile tool is indispensable throughout the entire drawing process.

The Significance of Using a Ruler in Sailboat Drawing

1. Drawing the hull outline with precise straight lines.

2. Ensuring proportional size by measuring and drawing the mast and boom.

3. Achieving symmetrical and precise sails through the use of straight lines.

4. Adding intricate details such as windows, ropes, and elements with precise measurements.

Incorporating a ruler into these steps not only aids in creating a realistic representation of a sailboat but also improves proficiency with this essential drawing tool.

Fun fact: The origins of the ruler can be traced back to ancient Egypt, approximately 1500 BCE.

When it comes to drawing a sailboat, incorporating a compass is essential for achieving accurate and precise curves and circles. To use a compass effectively, keep these important considerations in mind:

• Opt for a sturdy compass with smooth movement . This will ensure precise measurements.
• Loosen the screw and adjust the compass legs to the desired radius or diameter .
• Ensure the compass is securely fastened to the drawing paper to prevent any unwanted movement while creating circles or curves.
• Mark the center point of the circle or curve using the pointed end of the compass.
• Hold the compass at a comfortable angle and apply steady pressure while rotating it to create the desired curve or circle.

Incorporating a compass effectively will help you achieve symmetrical and well-proportioned shapes in your sailboat drawing.

Before applying the compass to your final drawing, practice on scrap paper to ensure accuracy. Experiment with different compass sizes to create a variety of circle sizes and curves in your artwork. Happy drawing!

Step-by-Step Guide to Drawing a Sailboat

Get ready to set sail on a creative journey with this step-by-step guide to drawing a sailboat. We’ll break down the process into four sub-sections, starting with sketching the hull and gradually progressing to adding the mast, boom, and sails. We’ll add those finishing touches that bring the sailboat to life. By the end of this guide, you’ll have the skills to depict a stunning sailboat on paper, ready to navigate through your artwork. So grab your pencils and let’s embark on this artistic adventure!

Step 1: Sketching the Hull

When starting the process of sketching the hull of a sailboat, the first step is to draw a horizontal line at the top of your paper to represent the waterline. This serves as a guide for positioning the rest of the elements. Next, draw a large U-shaped curve beneath the waterline, which will form the main body of the hull. Inside this U-shape, add a smaller curved line to depict the keel of the sailboat. Moving on to step 4 , extend two straight lines upwards from the curved line to create the stem and stern of the sailboat. Connect the stem and stern with a curved line to complete the outline of the hull. Throughout this process, it is important to use light and smooth strokes to ensure easier adjustments and allow for later detail additions.

Step 2: Adding the Mast and Boom

To incorporate the keywords naturally in the provided text, the “ Step 2: Adding the Mast and Boom ” can be rewritten as follows:

To incorporate the mast and boom into your sailboat drawing, follow these steps:

• Draw a vertical line near the center of the sailboat’s hull to represent the mast.
• Extend a horizontal line from the top of the mast towards the back of the sailboat to represent the boom, the horizontal pole that holds the bottom of the sail.
• Add two diagonal lines from the top of the mast to the front and back of the sailboat to represent the stays, cables that support the mast.
• Draw a smaller vertical line near the front of the sailboat on the boom to represent the gooseneck, the fitting that connects the boom to the mast.
• Add small circles or ovals near the top of the mast to represent the spreaders, horizontal supports that keep the mast steady.
• Enhance the realism by drawing lines representing ropes or rigging that connect the mast to various parts of the sailboat.

By following these steps, you can successfully incorporate the mast and boom into your sailboat drawing. Adjust the proportions as needed to create an accurate representation.

Step 3: Drawing the Sails

To draw the sails of a sailboat, follow these steps:

1. Draw the outline of the sail using light and curved lines. The sail can be triangular or rectangular, depending on the type of sailboat.

2. Add details to the sail by drawing curved lines to represent the seams or edges of the sail.

3. Draw lines or small shapes to represent the grommets or rings that attach the sail to the mast and boom. The attachments will vary based on the sailboat’s design.

4. Use cross-hatching or shading techniques to add depth and dimension to the sail. This will make it look more realistic.

Some suggestions to enhance your sail drawing skills:

1. Practice drawing various types of sails, such as triangular racing sails or traditional square sails. This will help you understand their shapes and details.

2. Experiment with shading techniques to create a realistic look for your sails. Play with light and shadow to add depth and texture.

3. Study reference images of sailboats to understand how sails are positioned and shaped when the boat is in motion. This will help you capture the dynamics of the sails in your drawings.

By following these steps and practicing regularly, you’ll be able to draw realistic and detailed sails for your sailboat illustrations.

Step 4: Adding Detail to the Sailboat

To add detail to the sailboat in your drawing, follow these steps:

1. Add small lines or curves along the hull to represent planks or panels .

2. Draw windows or portholes on the cabin of the sailboat using small circles or rectangles.

3. Include a railing or handrail along the edges of the sailboat by drawing a thin line with small gaps or dots along the sides and back.

4. Add other small details like ropes , cleats , and hatches using short lines or small shapes strategically placed around the sailboat.

5. Shade certain areas of the sailboat to create depth and dimension. Use a slightly darker shade of pencil to add shadows under the railing, along the edges of the hull, and inside the cabin.

Suggestions:

– Take your time when adding details to ensure accuracy and precision in your drawing.

– Refer to reference images or real sailboats for inspiration.

– Experiment with different pencil grades for desired effects. Softer pencils create darker, smoother lines, while harder pencils produce lighter, more defined lines.

By following these steps and paying attention to detail, you can enhance the overall appearance of the sailboat in your drawing.

Tips and Tricks for Drawing a Sailboat

Discover the secrets to mastering the art of drawing a sailboat ! In this section, we’ll uncover valuable tips and tricks that will take your sailboat sketches to new heights . From paying attention to proportions to playing with light and shadow , each sub-section offers unique insights. Get ready to experiment with different pencil grades, adding depth and dimension to your nautical creations. So, grab your pencils and set sail on a creative adventure as we unveil the secrets of creating stunning sailboat drawings.

1. Pay Attention to Proportions

Pay Attention to Proportions when drawing a sailboat. Follow these steps:

1. Start by sketching the basic shape of the hull. Use light, loose lines to establish the size and position on the paper.

2. Add the mast and boom. Consider their height and alignment in relation to the hull . Use a ruler to create straight lines.

3. Draw the sails. Pay attention to their size and shape . Use reference images or observations to capture the curve and folds accurately.

4. Add detail to the sailboat. Include elements such as windows, ropes, and flags. Be mindful of their placement and scale.

The sailboat’s proportions are crucial in creating a realistic and balanced drawing. By accurately representing the size and position of each element, you can achieve a visual harmony and convey the boat’s graceful form.

Sailboats have played a significant role in human exploration and trade throughout history. From ancient civilizations to the Age of Discovery, sailboats have enabled journeys across oceans, connecting cultures and continents. Attention to proportions in sailboat design ensures functional integrity and aesthetic beauty. By understanding and applying the principles of proportion, artists can capture the allure and elegance of these iconic watercraft in their drawings. So, let your imagination set sail as you pay attention to proportions and embark on your artistic journey of drawing a sailboat.

2. Use Light and Shadow

Drawing a sailboat can be a rewarding activity. The use of light and shadow brings the sailboat to life on paper. Understanding how light interacts with objects enables you to create a realistic and engaging drawing experience. Experimenting with different shading techniques and pencil grades enhances the effect of light and shadow in your artwork. The play of light and shadow adds depth, texture, and dimension to your sailboat drawing, making it visually appealing. With practice, you can master the art of using light and shadow to create stunning sailboat drawings. Enjoy the process and let your creativity shine through!

3. Experiment with Different Pencil Grades

Experimenting with different pencil grades can greatly enhance the overall look of your sailboat artwork. Here are steps to help you effectively experiment with different pencil grades:

1. Use a harder pencil grade, like an H or 2H, to lightly sketch the sailboat’s basic shape. This allows for easy adjustments to proportions.

2. Switch to a softer pencil, like a B or 2B, to add definition and darker lines to the sailboat. Outline the hull, mast, and boom to create depth and dimension.

3. Experiment with different pencil grades from H to B to create shading and gradients. Use harder pencils for lighter areas and softer pencils for darker areas. Experiment with different pressures to achieve the desired effect.

4. For texture and details on the sail or other parts of the sailboat, use a softer pencil grade, such as a 4B or 6B. These pencils allow for darker lines and pronounced shading.

Experimenting with different pencil grades will help you create a dynamic and visually appealing sailboat drawing. By varying the hardness and softness of your pencils, you can achieve different levels of shading and detail, making your artwork more vibrant and realistic.

As a historical sidenote, sailboats have a long history and were used for transportation powered by wind. The Egyptians depicted sailboats as early as 3200 BCE. Sailboats played important roles in exploration, trade, and warfare throughout history, particularly during the Age of Discovery. They remain popular for recreation and symbolize adventure and freedom on the open water.

Q: Can I use colored pencils instead of a graphite pencil?

Yes, colored pencils can be used instead of a graphite pencil for drawing a sailboat. Follow these steps:

1. Sketch the outline of the sailboat using a light-colored pencil as the base.

2. Add details and fill in the colors of the boat using colored pencils. Choose colors for each part of the sailboat.

3. Pay attention to proportions and use darker shades of colored pencils for depth and shadows .

4. Experiment with pencil grades for desired effects. Softer pencils create smooth and vibrant colors, while harder ones are for finer details.

A friend tried drawing a sailboat with colored pencils and was amazed by the vibrant colors. The different shades and tones created a visually stunning sailboat that stood out. Colored pencils added a unique and personal touch to the artwork, making it special.

Q: What if I make a mistake?

If you make a mistake while drawing a sailboat, don’t worry! There are a few things you can do to fix it.

1. Assess the mistake: Look at the mistake and understand what went wrong to find the best solution.

2. Erase or correct: Use an eraser for small mistakes and a white gel pen for bigger mistakes.

3. Incorporate the mistake: Sometimes, mistakes can be incorporated into the artwork to create a unique feature.

4. Learn from it: Mistakes are a part of the artistic process. Use them as opportunities to improve your skills.

Remember, making mistakes is normal, especially when learning something new. Embrace them as opportunities for growth in your artwork. Q: What if I make a mistake?

Q: How long does it take to learn how to draw a sailboat?

Learning to draw a sailboat can be rewarding and allows you to express creativity and appreciation for the sea. The time to master this skill varies, but here are steps to consider:

– Start with the basics: Familiarize yourself with materials and tools like pencils, erasers, drawing paper, rulers, and compasses.

– Sketch the hull: Draw the basic shape of the sailboat’s hull, paying attention to proportions and symmetry.

– Add the mast and boom: Draw the vertical mast and horizontal boom that connect to the sail, maintaining correct proportions.

– Draw the sails: Add triangular-shaped sails aligned with the mast and boom.

– Add detail: Enhance the drawing with ropes, flagpoles, and other elements that bring the sailboat to life.

Fact: Creating realistic sailboat drawings takes time and practice, but with dedication and patience, anyone can learn to draw a sailboat beautifully.

Some Facts About How To Draw Sailboat:

• ✅ Drawing a sailboat involves sketching the hull, cabin, mast, sails, and waves. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ There are various online tutorials available on websites like Art Projects for Kids, wikiHow, Hello Artsy, and i Heart Crafty Things. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ Drawing a sailboat can be a fun activity for young students and art enthusiasts. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ Different materials are required for drawing a sailboat, including drawing paper, pencils, crayons or colored pencils, and a black marker (optional). (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ Adding color to the sailboat drawing can help bring it to life and create a more visually appealing artwork. (Source: Our Team)

Frequently Asked Questions

Faqs for how to draw a sailboat:.

Q: What materials do I need to draw a sailboat? A: To draw a sailboat, you will need basic drawing tools such as a pencil, drawing paper, and coloring tools if desired.

Q: Are there any specific drawing steps to follow? A: Yes, there are specific steps to follow when drawing a sailboat. The steps typically include drawing the hull, cabin, mast, sails, and waves. Detailed instructions can be found in the provided sources.

Q: How long does it take to draw a sailboat? A: The time needed to draw a sailboat may vary depending on individual drawing speed and complexity of the artwork. Some sources suggest it can take around 30 minutes, but it may take longer if additional details or nautical crafts are included.

Q: Can I use different colors to enhance my sailboat drawing? A: Yes, you can use different colors to enhance your sailboat drawing. Experiment with crayons, colored pencils, acrylic paints, or other coloring tools to bring your drawing to life. The choice of colors is highly customizable and can be tailored to your preferences.

Q: Can I find printable resources for drawing a sailboat? A: Yes, some of the provided sources offer printable resources such as coloring pages and PDF tutorials that can be downloaded. These resources can provide additional guidance and make the drawing process more convenient.

Q: Can I personalize my sailboat drawing with additional details? A: Absolutely! You can personalize your sailboat drawing by adding your own details such as people, patterns, background elements like islands or sea creatures, and more. Let your creativity flow and make your sailboat drawing unique.

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