what is a class b yacht

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Understanding the Classification of Yachts A, B, C and D

Understanding the Classification of Yachts A, B, C and D:

Since 1998, Europe (EEC) classifies yachts according to 4 categories A or B or C or D and this is a law. In order to sell a boat in the large territory of the EEC, it must be classified with a plate that mentions its classification and it must be clearly visible inside the boat, usually near the helm.

At first glance, it sounds very good when you hear class A, but what is it really, what are the differences, is it necessary to acquire a class A…

The brokers at ItaYachtsCanada have written an article on this subject in the past ( click here ), but here are the important characteristics to know about the subject.

The classification allows you to know in which kind of sea intensity you can safely venture, that is to say, taking into account the wind and the wave height in reference to the Beaufort index.

(At the end of this text, there is an explanation of the classes according to the Beaufort index).

Let’s say we focus on class A and B, on the major differences.

First of all, the differences are not very visible to the naked eye or it takes a trained eye to see them.

Depending on the type of water you plan to sail and if the weather guides you on each trip, a B class is also a very good choice.

Of course, you must have all the required safety equipment on board.

Ideally, a boater should always sail in rather peaceful conditions, taking into account the weather first. We always say that boating is fun, so stay away from difficult sailing situations. (Ideally, always with a Beaufort index of 6 and less, ideally a Beaufort index of 4 and less).

Many manufacturers have retained the parameters of the B class to build their boats, mainly for reasons of production costs and that boaters in general do not care much about these characteristics.

The problem is how to differentiate between the vast range of B class boats, how to distinguish those that are closer to an A class (B +) from those that are built as (B -).

How to find your way around, especially for a layman…

It is important to know that some manufacturers build their boats with an A approach, but without respecting all the mandatory specifications to be classified A.

Here are some guidelines to quickly see if the manufacturer has done things right.

– Inspect the portholes and closing mechanisms (Plastic or Metal)

– The presence of numerous drains to evacuate water (at the fly and cockpit), it is essential to be able to evacuate any water accumulation quickly.

– Height of the freeboard.

– Engine access hatch, well insulated and secured for water leaks.

– Bilge pumps (number, size and capacity)

– Mechanism to pump water from the engine room massively (e.g. possibility to use the engine water pumps with a joystick)

– The center of gravity of the boat is well balanced (rather low).

Hull joints, a very low center of gravity, excellent weight distribution, electrical system (24 V), are also part of the certification criteria especially for A boats, but difficult to assess for a yachtsman. It is possible, but in a summary way.

The CE classification allows to differentiate yachts according to certain criteria present, we are talking mainly about structural strength, integrity of essential parts of the hull, reliability of propulsion, steering systems, power generation and all other features installed on board to help ensure the essential services of the yacht.

Therefore, it is important to understand that a Class A yacht is built to a much higher standard than a Class B. This is not reflected in the luxurious appearance of the boat.

What you have to remember is that the major enemy for a boat, besides a fire, is water infiltration on board which can destabilize the behavior of the boat, cause a stop of the engines, major electrical problems, in short which can quickly put the boat out of use and/or out of control.

A classification body such as RINA (see list at the end of this text) has been checking the activities of builders and classifying yachts for over 20 years.

If the boat is sold in the European Community, the classification is mandatory and must be visible near the cockpit. This same classification is not present when the boat is intended for North America or very rarely.

Do not hesitate to contact a professional broker, he will be able to guide you according to your needs, your criteria and especially the places of navigation.

As the CE classification is not always displayed when the boat is destined for the North American market, here are some references on this subject based on the most recent data available (subject to change without notice):

P.S. Let’s mention that as a general rule yachts over 80 ft are Class A, but according to the rules in place, the classification is no longer mandatory or mentioned beyond 79 ft.

Class A (yachts over 50 ft):

BEST KNOWN MODELS :

Ferretti 500, 550, 670 and up

Pershing : 7X and up

Azimut 62, 64, 66, 68 Fly and up

Azimut S8 and up

Azimut Magellano : the whole range

Sunseeker Sport yacht 65, Yacht 88 and up

Princess yacht 80 and up (TBC)

Marquis Yachts (no longer in production)

Montecarlo MCY 66 and up

Searay L650

Class B (yachts over 50 ft):

Sunnseeker 52 fly, 55 fly , 66 fly, 68 fly, Sport Yacht 74, 76 Yacht

Azimut 50 fly, 55 fly, 60 fly, S6 and all Atlantis

Princess : all yachts under 70 ft

Princess Y72, Y78 and less

Ferretti 580 fly

All Absolute

All Fairline

All Beneteau & Jeanneau & Monte Carlo 52

All Searay except L650.

All Cruisers Yachts

For more information, here is an article published by the brokers at ItaYachtsCanada, click here .

There is also the dry weight which can help determine a quality yacht.

Don’t hesitate to compare yachts of the same size based on dry weight, you may be surprised.

For example, a 52′ yacht that weighs 30,000 lbs empty compared to another one that weighs 60,000 lbs empty, ask yourself some questions.

But be careful, it is more and more difficult to get the manufacturers’ empty weights. They have understood the importance of being rather vague on the subject or of making comparisons more difficult. Indeed, we are talking about LIGHT WEIGHT, which is difficult to measure.

The manufacturer who has confidence in thier boat will have no difficulty in giving a total warranty of at least 12 months, 24 and even 36 months. Please note the difference here between the manufacturer’s warranty and the dealer’s warranty .

Many European manufacturers sell their boats to dealers in America without a warranty. This means that the dealer assumes the full 12-month warranty out of his profit from the sale. The engine manufacturer, on the other hand, honors its own warranty such as Volvo, Cummins, Caterpillar, MAN, MTU, Yanmar. For other major components, it will be up to you to take the necessary steps to have the warranty honored, such as for the generator, the air conditioning, the thrusters, etc…

Therefore, acquiring a boat requires a much more specialized expertise than that of a car! Contact ITA Yachts Canada Inc. to speak with a professional and independent broker with experience in the following markets (Canada, United States and Europe whether the boat is new or used).

MORE INFORMATION.

Here is some more information about the classification, what the law in Europe says about it.

Here are some links to help you understand the Beaufort index in direct relation with the classification of yachts sold on the territory of the EEC:

Click here for the TRANSPORT CANADA website

Click here for an article on Wikipedia (more descriptive with photo).

According to the EEC rules, here is the description:

The classification of vessels marked “CE

CE marked vessels are classified into four design categories according to their ability to cope with sea conditions characterized by wind speed and significant wave height. Depending on the type of navigation practiced, the boater must choose a vessel whose design category authorizes such practice.

– Design Category A: Recreational vessels designed for winds that can exceed force 8 (on the Beaufort scale) and for waves that can exceed a significant height of 4 meters, excluding exceptional conditions such as storms, severe storms, tornadoes and extreme sea conditions or huge waves (these conditions exclude force 10 and following).

– Design Category B: Pleasure craft designed for winds up to and including force 8 and for waves up to and including 4 meters in significant height.

– Design Category C: Pleasure craft designed for winds up to and including force 6 and for waves up to and including two meters in significant height.

– Design Category D: Pleasure craft designed for winds up to and including force 4 and for waves up to and including 0.30 meters, with occasional waves up to and including 0.50 meters.

Vessels in each of these design categories shall be designed and constructed to withstand the parameters of each of these categories, with respect to buoyancy, stability and other relevant requirements, and to have good maneuverability characteristics.

The known classification bodies for the EEC:

RINA (Registro Italiano Navale),

BV (Bureau Veritas),

DNV (Det Norske Veritas),

Germanischer Lloyd,

LR (Lloyd’s Register).

Ita Yachts Canada provides the information in this article in good faith but cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information or the status of the data. It is the responsibility of the reader to instruct their agents or experts to verify and validate the information in this article.

Published by Guy Bolduc

View all posts by Guy Bolduc

Class Notations on Yachts – Classification Guide

9 December 2016

INTRODUCTION TO YACHTS CLASSES

Classification.

Rules are developed to establish standards for the structural strength of the large yacht’s hull and its appendages, and the suitability of the propulsion and steering systems, power generation and those other features and auxiliary systems which have been built into the ship to assist in its operation, and even pollution protection systems. A yacht may be maintained in class provided that, in the opinion of the Society concerned, it remains in compliance with the relevant Rules, as ascertained by a periodic or non-periodic survey(s). Today a vessel either meets the relevant Class Society’s Rules or it does not. As a consequence, it is either “in” or “out” of “Class”.

In summary, Class Notations on Yachts will tell you a lot about the building quality and condition of each vessel and its components on an annual basis, according to the excellence of its construction and its adjudged continuing soundness. A yacht that has been designed and built to the appropriate Rules of a Society may apply for a Certificate of Class from that Society or for a periodical survey (generally required every 5 years) meant for the Renewal of Class Certificate . Class Societies have often developed two separate sets of Rules for Commercial and Private Yachts . They can be applied to New Construction as well as Existing Yachts .

Classification Societies

Classification Societies play a fundamental role in today’s marine industry. A Society will act on behalf of ship-owners and builders to ensure high build quality and the safety of a ship’s main structural parts . Classification also provides a point of reference with regard to those who were involved in the supply chain including builders, charterers and insurers.

As an independent, self-regulating, externally audited, body, a Classification Society has no commercial interests related to ship design, shipbuilding, ship ownership, ship operation, ship management, ship maintenance or repairs, insurance, or chartering.

The process begins with the design and construction phases, focussing on the implementation and manufacture of key components as well as technical specifications. The standards which must be adhered to are dictated by the regulations of the chosen society and are published as rules, evolving continuously to incorporate new technologies and client requests via the advice of highly competent engineers and architects.

All Classification Societies waive liability for future faults as a surveyor can only record a vessel’s quality at the time of inspection; it is then the responsibility of the yacht owner to maintain the vessel and inform the society in the event of damage or structural alteration. Although the surveys are thorough, they do not cover all aspects of a ship’s build and operating service. This can include crew qualifications, navigational aids and manoeuvrability.

Classification Societies are often simply referred to as “Class Societies” or just “Class”. There are currently 13 members of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) , each with a unique set of rules, classification layouts and notations. Five of the biggest Classification Societies are listed below, along with their identifying signature, to denote a ship constructed under special survey in compliance with the Society’s rules, suitable for unrestricted sea-going service:

The marks following the Society’s standard signature are not interchangeable between organizations, meaning each letter or number will represent a different characteristic for each society. Each mark can be broken down to highlight a yacht’s capabilities, equipment or restrictions.

Each of the Classification Societies has developed a series of notations that may be granted to a vessel to indicate that it is in compliance with some additional voluntary criteria that may be either specific to that vessel type or that are in excess of the standard classification requirements.

The Classification of a yacht does not absolve the Interested Party from compliance with any requirements issued by Administrations and any other applicable international and national regulations for the safety of life at sea and protection of the marine environment such as SOLAS, ILLC, MARPOL, ILO or IMO.

Smaller vessels are categorized differently, adhering to different requirements and statutory regulations. With a heavier focus on passenger numbers and distance of operation from shore, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) outlines guidance for UK vessels (up to 24 meters in length) which are used for charter or commercial use.

As RINA is today the most reputed Classification Society in the Mediterranean and a leader in the yachting certification business, developing and offering services of ships classification, certification, verification of conformity, inspection, and testing, we will hereby provide you with a summary of their more common Class Notations on Yachts , this will be helpful to identify these most peculiar symbols :

CLASS NOTATIONS – RINA

Main class symbol.

The main class symbol C is assigned to ships built in accordance with the requirements of the Rules or other rules recognized as equivalent and maintained in a condition considered satisfactory by the Society. The period of class (or interval between class renewal surveys) assigned to a ship is a maximum of 5 years.

Except for special cases, a class is assigned to a ship only when the hull, propulsion and auxiliary machinery installations, and equipment providing essential services have all been reviewed in relation to the requirements of RINA’s Rules.

With the 5 year class period is to be understood as being the highest class granted by the Society.

Construction Marks

The construction mark identifies the procedure under which the yacht and its main equipment or arrangements have been surveyed for the initial assignment of the Class.

Construction marks defined below are assigned separately to the hull of the yacht and its appendages, to the machinery installation.

The construction mark is placed before the symbol HULL for the hull, before the symbol MACH for the machinery installations, and before the additional Class Notation granted, when such a notation is eligible for a construction mark.

When the same construction mark is assigned to both hull and machinery, the construction mark is assigned globally to the ship without indication HULL and MACH after the main class symbol.

Hull Construction Mark (HULL)

Construction mark ✠ is assigned to the hull when it has been surveyed by RINA during its construction in compliance with the new building procedure.
Construction mark ✠ is assigned to the hull when it was built under the survey of another Society.
Construction mark ● is assigned to the hull in all cases other than those listed above.

Machinery Construction Mark (MACH)

The construction mark ✠ is assigned when the propelling and auxiliary machinery has been designed, constructed, certified, installed and tested in accordance with RINA Rules.
The construction mark ✠ is assigned when the propelling and auxiliary machinery has been designed, constructed and certified in accordance with the rules of another society and installed and tested under the survey of RINA.
Construction mark ● is assigned in all cases other than those listed above.

Navigation and Operating Notations

The navigation notation UNRESTRICTED NAVIGATION is assigned to a ship intended to operate in any area and any period of the year.

Restricted operating area notations are optional and will be marked accordingly like, for example, on a specified operating area or operation service within “x” miles from shore.

Additional Class Notations

An additional Class Notation expresses the classification of additional equipment or specific arrangement, which has been requested by the Interested Party. The assignment of such an additional Class Notation is subject to the compliance with additional rule requirements.

Some additional Class Notations, due to the importance of relevant equipment or arrangements, are assigned a construction mark. This is indicated in the definition of the relevant additional Class Notations. Class Notations which may be assigned to a ship are listed according to the category to which they belong:

Automated Machinery Systems (AUT)

AUT notations are relevant to automated machinery systems installed onboard ships.

Automated machinery systems (AUT – UMS (Y))

The additional Class Notation AUT-UMS (Y) may be assigned to yachts that are fitted with automated installations enabling machinery spaces to remain periodically unattended in all sailing conditions including manoeuvring.

Integrated Ship Systems (SYS)

SYS notations are relevant to the operation of integrated systems regarding navigation, machinery, communication and specific cargo, as applicable.

Centralised Navigation Equipment (SYS-NEQ)

The additional Class Notation SYS-NEQ is assigned to yachts which are fitted with a centralized navigation control system so laid out and arranged that it enables normal navigation and manoeuvring operation of the ship by two persons in cooperation.

Centralised Navigation Equipment (SYS-NEQ-1)

The additional Class Notation SYS-NEQ-1 is assigned when, in addition to the above, the installation is so arranged that the navigation and manoeuvring of the yacht can be operated under normal conditions by one person, for a periodical one-man watch. This notation includes specific requirements for the prevention of accidents caused by the operator’s unfitness.

Integrated Bridge System (SYS-IBS)

The additional Class Notation SYS-IBS is assigned to yachts which are fitted with an integrated bridge system which allows simplified and centralized bridge operation of all main functions of navigation manoeuvring and communication, as well as monitoring from the bridge of other functions related to specific cargoes and pollution; for passenger ships, heating, ventilation and air conditioning are also included in the monitored functions

Communication System (SYS-COM)

The additional Class Notation SYS-COM is assigned to yachts which are fitted with a local area network including the alarm, monitoring and control systems and computers used for management operations and external communication devices for reporting ashore navigation, maintenance and operational information.

Damage Stability (DMS)

The additional Class Notation DMS may be assigned to yachts complying with the damage stability requirements.

STAR Notation

General STAR is a System of Trace and Analysis of Records integrating rational analysis with data and records from ship-in-service concerning planned inspection and ship maintenance.

The additional Class Notation STAR-HULL is assigned to ships on which an Inspection and Maintenance Plan (IMP) for the hull is implemented.

The notation may be completed by the suffix NB when a structural tridimensional analysis has been performed for the hull structures, at the new building stage. The suffix NB is removed when the ship enters the STAR-HULL survey program through the implementation of the Inspection and Maintenance Plan (IMP).

The additional Class Notation STAR-MACH is assigned to yachts on which an Inspection and Maintenance Plan (IMP) for the machinery is implemented. This plan is based on a risk analysis review of the installation.

STAR Notation (STAR)

When yachts are granted both STAR-HULL and STAR-MACH, the two separate notations are superseded by the cumulative additional Class Notation STAR.

Crew Accommodation and Recreational Facilities (MLCDESIGN)

According to the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 Notation:

The additional Class Notation MLCDESIGN is assigned to yachts having crew accommodation and recreational facilities complying with the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC).

GREEN PLUS Notation (Eco-Friendly Yachts)

Issued in 2008 and updated yearly, the GREEN PLUS additional Class Notation has been revised in 2012 to cover new issues for seagoing ships and ships operated at a fixed location. The additional Class Notation GREEN PLUS is assigned to Eco-Friendly yachts compliant with the Society’s environmental protection framework of airborne gases, spillage/leakage of substances, oil, sewage, greywater, garbage disposal and noise mitigation systems to prevent pollution.

Safety Class Notation EFP (Bureau Veritas)

The following additional Class Notations are assigned to yachts complying with the requirements of this Section:

EFP-A : for yachts having Enhanced Fire Safety Protection in accommodation spaces,
EFP-M : for yachts having Enhanced Fire Safety Protection in machinery spaces,
EFP-C : for yachts having Enhanced Fire Safety Protection in cargo areas,
EFP-AMC : for yachts complying with all the requirements of this Section.

For more information on Class Notations on Yachts – Classification of Yachts , please feel free to contact Allied Yachting .

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Classification: Statutory certification explained

Is certification an unnecessary complication, the costs and hassle of which far outweigh the benefits, or a helpful and reassuring framework which sets the highest standards for structural and operational safety and safeguards life, property and the sea environment?

No one could possibly deny that the large yacht industry is, and has been for some time, in the throes of a boom in spite of a recent downturn since 2008. Some observers would suggest that this is in spite of all the new rules and regulations that seem set to dog the yacht owner’s every move. Others would suggest that it is through the introduction of rules and regulations such as the MCA’s Code of Practice for Safety of Large Commercial Sailing and Motor Vessels that the industry has been given the confidence to expand with such vigour, knowing that their investments are safer – both financially and physically – because of regulation.

Classification societies are non-governmental organisations or groups of professionals, ship surveyors and representatives that develop, publish and certify standards and technical rules to ensure an acceptable degree of stability, safety and environmental impact, among other things. They are authorised to certify yachts and vessels flagged virtually anywhere.

A classification certificate attests that the yacht complies with the standards developed and published by the issuing society

New construction and refit surveys carried out by a surveyor from the classification society under which the yacht is built are important inspections that take place at intervals throughout the duration of the project. They ensure that any and every installation, repair, upgrade or modification is carried out to the standards of that society. Classification surveyors are interested in the structural integrity of the hull, installation of equipment, stability, structural, engine and machinery surveys, electrical, electronic and ancillary equipment, rigging inspections, safety recommendations and ultrasonic thickness gauging.

Every owner has his own vision of what he wants his yacht to be and designers strive to deliver just that. The fulfillment of this vision in turn becomes paramount in the eyes of the building yard and others who represent the owner, so it is often the policies imposed in the form of building regulations and classification rules that act as the voice of reason. This ultimately allows a balance to be struck between the attainment of that vision and the safety and reliability embodied in the construction of a yacht built to class.

A classification certificate attests that the yacht complies with the standards developed and published by the issuing society. Periodic surveying of a yacht in service by the appropriate class surveyor, at intervals dictated by the appropriate classification society, is also required to ensure the vessel continues to meet the rules and thus maintain her in-class status. Should any defects that may affect class become apparent, or if damage is sustained between surveys, the owner or operators are required to inform the society concerned without delay.

Almost every yacht that is launched is bigger or in some way better than the last and, quite often, more complex than its predecessor

As independent, self-regulating bodies, classification societies have no commercial interest in design, building, ownership, operation, management, maintenance, repairs, insurance or chartering. Classification rules are not intended as a design code and, in fact, cannot be used as such. These are more generally covered by the flag state, which lays down standards, or codes of practice that dictate construction good practice.

Almost every yacht that is launched is bigger or in some way better than the last and, quite often, more complex than its predecessor. As this trend continues, so too is the involvement and role of classification societies increasing and evolving. But what exactly does classification entail, and how is it linked to the statutory requirements of the various flag states? These matters are often misunderstood, which can potentially result in a conflict of responsibility.

Classification

The classification process The classification of yachts may be regarded as the development and worldwide implementation of published rules and regulations which – in conjunction with proper care and conduct on the part of the builder, owner and operator – provides for the structural strength and, where necessary, the watertight integrity of the hull. The same rules cover any appendages to the hull itself.

Classification rules lay down regulations that govern the effectiveness, safety and reliability of the propulsion and steering systems and other features, as well as the auxiliary systems which establish and maintain basic conditions on board and ensure that guests and crew can be safely carried while the yacht is at sea, at anchor, or moored inside a harbour.

Owners sometimes see classification as an unnecessary complication offering no real advantage for the cost. Some even suggest that the classification societies exist simply to make a profit out of a yacht builder’s desire to build a saleable product.

‘This is a misconception and one that needs to be addressed,’ Paul Martin, a principal engineer at DNV, points out: ‘Classification societies are independent bodies without a commercial stake in the build, and are therefore in a unique position to make sure that the yacht meets requirements without considering commercial impact. This enables yachts to be built with safety of the yacht, her crew, other vessels and the environment given maximum priority, irrespective of cost.’

Owners sometimes see classification as an unnecessary complication offering no real advantage for the cost

‘Because most classification societies have enormous experience,’ he continues, ‘as well as a lot of data on the failure of various types of vessels, machinery and other connected disciplines, they can bring these to bear on new projects ensuring fees are justified, and at the same time enhancing safety against the most up-to-date maritime knowledge and good safe practice.’

Yachts are said to be ‘in class’ when the classification society believes that its rules and regulations have been complied with, unless it has granted a special dispensation from compliance for a particular aspect. In order to decide whether a vessel should achieve in-class status surveyors appraise design, surveys and reports on the vessel’s construction, machinery, apparatus, materials, components, equipment, production methods and processes of all kinds for the purpose of verifying their compliance with plans, specifications and rules, codes of practice, or their fitness for particular requirements.

Class surveyors can also provide other technical inspection and advisory services relating to yachts and maintain these provisions during periodical visits to ascertain that the vessel is complying with classification society regulations at all times. Any modification which would affect class must always receive prior approval by the society.

When a yacht is going to be built to class, construction plans and all particulars relevant to the hull, equipment and machinery have to be submitted for the society’s approval before the work commences. Subsequent modifications or additions to the scantlings, arrangements or equipment shown on the approved plans must also be submitted for appraisal.

Implementation Statutory aspects deal with issues such as stability, life-saving appliances, pollution prevention and structural fire protection. Generally there are quite clear dividing lines between class and statutory requirements, although there are a few exceptions.

Flag states

The flag state, or nationality, of a yacht is important because it controls which country has the right to prescribe and enforce laws governing her operation. A ship must sail under the flag of a single state. The most common method by which a ship is granted the nationality of a state is by formal registration of the ship with that state.

Upon registration the ship acquires rights and duties as a result of registration which vary depending upon the state and the conventions and treaties to which it is party.

The rights will normally include action in an international court if there is a violation of international law against the vessel by another state, and representation at international conferences and organisations.

The duties include the upholding of the law of the flag state aboard the vessel, wherever she may be in the world.

Quality flags will also provide a recognised reputation for excellence, helping the vessel to avoid lengthy Port State Control inspections in foreign ports, and give worldwide support from embassies and consuls of that state and the protection of its navy.

International Maritime Organization

Statutory regulations are not only produced by the marine administrations of countries, but also the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

While some marine or flag administrations have the ability and knowledge to produce their own legislation, this is not true for the majority of countries. As shipping is an international business an international organisation is needed to regulate statutory issues. The United Nations established the IMO for the purpose of adopting the highest standards concerning matters of safety, navigation, and pollution prevention. The IMO held its first meeting in 1959 and now comprises 165 flag state members.

The United Nations established the IMO for the purpose of adopting the highest standards concerning matters of safety, navigation, and pollution prevention

The IMO’s purpose is to facilitate the general adoption of the highest practical standards in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and the prevention of marine pollution from ships among governments. Since its inception the IMO has introduced 40 conventions and protocols, although it is the responsibility of member countries to put these regulations into effect.

Statutory Implementation

The process of statutory implementation begins with the development and adoption of regulations by working groups at the IMO. Before these regulations come into force they have to have been accepted by a certain percentage of the IMO’s member states. This can take some time as each country has to introduce these statutory regulations as part of their maritime law before they can actually become mandatory on the ships registered in those countries.

It is important to understand that the IMO can adopt international legislation but that it remains the prerogative of the flag state to implement and enforce it. If a yacht registers with a country that has accepted these regulations then the yacht and her operators have to comply with them.

Maintenance of compliance is verified by a regular survey regime, which is the responsibility of the flag administrations and normally carried out by flag surveyors.

Not all flag administrations have the expertise or manpower to carry out the survey regime themselves, and they often delegate this work to classification societies

This arrangement means that the same class surveyor can issue certification on behalf of a flag state for compliance with, amongst other things, the MCA Large Yacht Code and Load Line Conventions. The class surveyor can also handle issues covered by the various annexes contained within the MARPOL Regulations, such as the prevention of oil, sewage and air pollution.

Class surveyors are often empowered by the state to inspect and certify crew accommodation, safety equipment, safety radio requirements, safety of navigation requirements, international tonnage, Suez and Panama Canal Tonnage Certification, and United States Coast Guard compliance. They are also frequently called on to service the requirements of SOLAS whenever a yacht becomes liable to comply with it.

Clearly, classification and statutory certification often go hand-in-hand where statutory certification requires classification of the yacht, and where a classification society requires valid statutory certification for the class to be valid.

In the preparation of this article the authors gratefully acknowledge the help they received from:

Engel JW de Boer – Service delivery manager, Lloyd’s Register, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Mario Dogliani – Corporate affairs and communication, RINA, Genoa, Italy

Jean-Jacques Juenet – Commercial manager, Bureau Veritas (BV), Paris, France

Paul Martin – Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Houston, USA

John Guy – Merlin Corporate Communications, London, UK

Nick Gladwell – Regs4yachts, Southampton, UK

Originally published: May 2008.

Understanding Yacht Classifications – Definitions, Explanations, and Regulations

Yacht classifications, also known as classification societies or class societies , are an important part of maritime safety. These classifications dictate the design, construction and ongoing maintenance of large commercial vessels and yachts.

The classifications provide highly detailed and technical standards that cover the yacht’s hull, its engines, and key safety systems. The application of common safety requirements to personal vessels like yachts is something relatively new, so the procedures are constantly evolving. Typically, it is dependant on the service and the flag of the yacht.

Standard Yacht Types

Before discussing the different types of yacht classifications, it’s important to understand the different yacht types. Yachts are typically segmented based on the overall length and how many passengers they can accommodate. The standard yacht classification types are large yachts or luxury sailing yachts, commercial yachts, and private yachts.

Large Yachts

Large yachts, also known as luxury yachts, is the largest classification type for yachts. A large yacht has a load line length equal to or over 24m or about 80 feet. Just about every flag administrations have adopted safety codes for large yachts. Therefore, this is the only yacht definition having a universal meaning in the international regulatory framework of yachts.

Commercial Yachts

Commercial yachts are ones that are used for commercial use, whether it be sport or charter. These ships do not transport or carry any cargo and carry no more than 12 passengers.

All flag states require that commercial yachts are certified in accordance with a specific large yacht safety code. The most widely used safety code is the MCA Large Commercial Yacht Code (LY2) published in 2004.

Private Yachts

Private yachts are typical pleasure vessels used for the recreational and leisure purpose of its owner and his guests. In some cases, they are also known as cruising yachts.

What Is A Classification Society?

Classification societies are organizations that set the rules that govern the construction, maintenance, and operation of yachts and vessels. Currently, there are 13 members of the International Association of Classification Societies . Classification societies were first started when insurance underwriters at Lloyd’s of London set standards for the ships that they would ensure.

As a result, Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (LR) was the original classification society. While many of the 13 members do not classify yachts, they cover everything from container ships to supertankers.

The main class societies involved in yachting are the American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Det Norske Veritas, Germanischer Lloyd, Lloyd’s Register, and RINA.

What Is A Flag State?

A vessel’s flag state is the jurisdiction or nationality under whose laws the vessel is registered or licensed. The flag state has the authority and responsibility to create regulations for vessels registered under its flag. These typically involve those relating to the inspection, certification, and issuance of safety and pollution prevention documents for a vessel.

Different flag administrations may perform inspections on the safety aspects of yachts using their own inspectors or use classification societies or other recognized organizations to perform these inspections.

The main flag authorities in the yachting industry are the UK-MCA, Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Italy, and Luxembourg.

What Is The Classification Process

The first step of classification involves the assessment of a yacht’s designs and regular inspections during the construction or conversion of a yacht. Once it is confirmed that all standards have been met, a certificate of classification is issued.

The certificate details the standards met, the intended use for the vessel, and whether the vessel should be used only in sheltered waters. The certificate is evidence that a yacht meets industry standards but isn’t necessarily a guarantee of seaworthiness.

Maintaining classification is achieved through regular surveys. These surveys, also known as ‘special’ surveys, typically take place every five years. These surveys assess things like the thickness of the hull, possible fractures, and other potential damage. They also consider the condition of electrical systems, machinery, and equipment.

Mandatory Classification Certificates

There are a variety of different classification certificates. The number and type of the mandatory certificates for a given ship will depend on its size.

International Tonnage Certificate This expresses the internal volumes of the yacht in gross tons. Unlike displacement tonnage, this does not quantify the weight of a vessel.

Large Yacht Code Certificate This certificate covers navigational and signaling equipment, life-saving appliances, fire protection, means of escape, and manning and crew accommodation.

Class Certificate This mainly deals with the yacht’s hull, machinery, electrical equipment, and outfitting.

International Load Line Certificate This certificate covers the weather-tightness of the yacht.

Safety Radio Certificate This certificate only applies if gross tonnage exceeds 300GT. It covers radio communication and distress installations.

MARPOL Annex I Certificate This certificate only applies if gross tonnage exceeds 400GT and covers the disposal of oil and bilge water.

MARPOL Annex IV Certificate This certificate only applies if gross tonnage exceeds 400GT or the yacht is certified to carry more than 15 people and covers the disposal of sewage from ships.

MARPOL Annex V This certificate covers the disposal of rubbish and applies to all ships.

MARPOL Annex VI This is applicable if gross tonnage exceeds 400GT as well as to all main and auxiliary engines with a power exceeding 130kW. It concerns the emissions from main and auxiliary engines (NOx and SOx).

Safety Construction and Safety Equipment These cover machinery, electrical parts, life-saving and navigational equipment for yachts with a gross tonnage above 500GT.

International Safety Management Certificate This only applies to yachts with a gross tonnage greater than 500GT. A certified management company is requested to carry out this service, preparing operational manuals, procedures for drills, and taking care of the maintenance of the yacht and its installations.

International Ship and Port Security Certificate This only applies to yachts and ships with a gross tonnage greater than 500GT and covers the anti-piracy certification. A certified management company is requested to provide ashore assistance and establish onboard procedures and operational manuals.

Keeping Your Yacht Up To Classification

Tess Electrical has years of experience in maintaining yachts and commercial vessels. We deal with vessels 125’ and above, which have more complex systems dictated by Classification, Flag State and Insurance requirements. Even if vessels are not classed, we can still maintain them to those standards.

Give us a call or send us an email to speak with one of our experienced marine engineers about developing a maintenance strategy for your yacht today.

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Blog | Owner’s Guide to Yacht Classification

Yacht classification is a system used to categorize yachts based on various factors such as size, construction, and intended use. The specific classification categories and requirements can vary between different yacht classification societies, but some common classifications include:

Pleasure Yacht: A yacht intended for leisure use, typically not engaged in commerce.
Charter Yacht: A yacht that is available for hire for pleasure use, also known as commercial yacht.
Large Yacht: A yacht that exceeds a certain size or gross tonnage.
Small Commercial Yacht: A yacht that is used for commercial purposes but does not exceed a certain size or gross tonnage.
Passenger Yacht: A yacht that is used to carry passengers for hire.
Workboat: A yacht or vessel intended for work-related use, such as a survey vessel, cable layer, or other specialty use.
Ocean Going: Yachts that are able to make ocean passages and are built and equipped to meet the requirement of such voyages
Coastal: Yachts that are intended to operate in coastal and sheltered waters and meeting less stringent requirement than ocean going yachts.

The main differences between yacht classification societies are their specific rules, regulations, and requirements for yacht classification. While many societies have similar overall goals of ensuring that yachts meet certain standards of design, construction, and maintenance, they may have slightly different interpretations of these standards and how they should be applied.

Some societies may have stricter or more detailed rules and regulations than others. For example, one society may have more stringent requirements for fire protection, while another society may place more emphasis on stability calculations.

Another difference is the type of yachts they cover and the services they offer. Some societies focus primarily on pleasure yachts, while others also cover commercial yachts and workboats. Societies may also offer different levels of classification, such as “unrestricted” or “restricted” class, and this might vary depending on the intended use of the yacht.

Lastly, some societies have a more global presence than others, or have more experience or expertise in certain types of yachts or regions. This can be important for yacht owners who plan to take their vessel to different parts of the world and may need to comply with different regulations in different countries.

In short, yacht classification societies are similar in their overall goals, but they can have different rules, regulations, and requirements for yacht classification, different services and different areas of focus. Yacht owners should research and compare different societies to determine which one is the best fit for their specific needs and intended use of the yacht.

There are several yacht classification societies that provide certification and inspection services for yachts and other small vessels. Some of the most well-known include:

American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
Bureau Veritas (BV)
Germanischer Lloyd (GL)
Lloyd’s Register (LR)
RINA (Registro Italiano Navale)
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) now known as DNV GL

These organizations are responsible for ensuring that yachts and other vessels meet certain standards of design, construction, and maintenance, and they issue certificates of compliance to vessels that meet these standards. They also conduct periodic inspections to ensure that vessels continue to meet these standards over time. Some of them also provide additional services such as collision avoidance, navigation and stability calculations and other specialized services.

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Yacht Classifications

By Dudley Dawson
Updated: July 17, 2009

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Let’s take a peek into the dark back corner of a London pub a couple hundred years ago, when Britain was the unquestioned ruler of the sea, as a group of Lloyd’s of London insurance underwriters licked their financial wounds from the latest loss of a cargo ship to Davy Jones’s locker. They’d had enough, and proposed to form an independent society to make ships safer by developing standards for construction, operation, and maintenance. Thus was born Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, no longer affiliated with Lloyd’s of London, but still the granddaddy of maritime classification societies.

The concept was so successful in improving safety and cutting losses that spinoffs and imitators soon appeared in other seagoing nations. There are now ten full members and one associate member of the International Association of Classification Societies ( www.iacs.org.uk ). Not all of them class yachts, and of those who do, not all class smaller yachts. The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), for instance, does not class yachts under 24 meters, or about 79 feet, in overall length.

Each society also has different sets of rules and guides, several of which will be applicable to any given yacht. While national codes, such as the U.S. Coast Guard regulations, and international treaties, such as SOLAS, are mandatory, classification is in most cases voluntary. A shipowner or yachtowner elects to have his vessel classed in order to better assure a certain level of sound design and construction, and consequently, to reduce insurance premiums and losses.

Although there are differences in the details, the societies have much in common. Each issues written rulebooks and guides for use by designers, reviews and approves the vessel plans in advance of construction, and employs dedicated surveyors to assure that the vessel is built in accordance with the plans. There are also periodic inspections by this same corps of surveyors throughout the vessel’s service life to check that it is being maintained to the required standards.

The voluntary nature of classification creates a number of possibilities for a yacht owner. He can pick and choose from the several classification societies that cater to yachts. For instance, an American owner having a fast yacht built in Holland could choose to have it classed by the Norwegian society, DNV (Det Norske Veritas). This is where those detail differences come in, as some designers consider the DNV construction rules for high-speed vessels to be more realistic than those drafted by some other societies. Such shopping for classification is commonplace, and that’s why you’ll find surveyors for each society in each shipbuilding nation. In an Italian yard, for instance, you might find an ABS surveyor working on one vessel and a Lloyd’s inspector working on another, alongside the first. In some cases, where the surveyors are independent, or “non-exclusive” in society parlance, you might find him wearing a DNV jumpsuit one day and ABS coveralls the next.

In addition to choosing his classification society, an owner can choose the level of involvement he wants with classification. Full classification means plan approval before construction, inspection and approval of both construction and installed equipment (anchors, engines, generators, etc.), and periodic inspections and required maintenance after delivery. An owner can also add various options, including most recently, an environmentally based endorsement of the yacht as “green.”

All of this comes at a price, of course, both in meeting the initial requirements and in continuing costs. Some owners view any financial outlay as justified in protecting their vessel and those aboard; others elect to have the yacht designed and built to class, and then drop the class designation when fees and mandated maintenance expenses begin to exceed the savings in insurance premiums.

Finally, an owner can opt to have his designer and builder use the written classification standards as a guide in the construction of his new vessel, without actually contracting with the society. This avoids some of the expenses of questionable value, such as factory testing and equipment certification. Then an independent non-society surveyor or project manager can oversee the construction up to delivery, and the captain, vessel management firm, or favorite boatyard can track maintenance requirements. It’s not official, but it’s still classy.

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Category A “Ocean” Certification – What Does It Mean?

MJM made it a primary objective that all MJMs would be certified at the highest level of safety possible… which meant those models under 40 feet are ISO CE Certified Category B Offshore, while the 40z and 50z are Certified ISO CE Certified Category A Ocean. There are no other boats of their type, of any size, achieving this high level of offshore safety. In fact, in the worldwide database of the International Marine Certification Institute (IMCI), we have only identified two other models under 40-feet with this certification, both being heavy displacement trawlers. The former achieves this with a low vertical center of gravity and the latter with massive tonnage. What does ISO Certification mean and how should it affect one’s peace of mind on the water? Let’s take a look at the subject.

When the European Union started in 1998, a Recreational Craft Directive was developed to set design/building standards for recreational boats up to 24 meters (79 feet). New and used boats sold in Europe, including boats built in the U.S. or anywhere else being exported to Europe, had to be certified as complying with one of four design categories for seaworthiness. These categories are based on factors such as the wave height and wind speed a given design is capable of handling, plus hull scantlings/strength and stability.

In essence, the further offshore a vessel is expected to venture, the greater the requirements for the vessel’s construction strength, stability, reserve buoyancy, resistance to flooding, deck drainage, crew safety, and other seaworthiness criteria have to be. Let’s take a look at the four categories.

Category A — Ocean – This is the category with the toughest standards and covers vessels 40’ and over designed to be self-sufficient for extended voyages. It is defined as the “category of boats considered suitable for seas of up to 23 feet (7 meters) significant wave height and winds of Beaufort Force 9 (41-47 knots) or less, but excluding abnormal conditions such as hurricanes.”

Category B — Offshore – These boats are designed to go offshore with the ability to handle winds up to gale force 8 of 40 knots, and seas up to 13 feet (3.96 meters).

The difference between Category A & B is shown in the above graphic, where Mass is tons and AVS is the Angle of Vanishing Stability when the boat goes upside down. Category A boats need to be to the right of and above the blue line and a Category B boats to the right and above the red line.

Category C — Inshore – These boats may venture away from the protected harbors, but within striking distance of home… operating in coastal waters or large bays and lakes with winds up to 27 knots with and significant seas 8 feet (2.44 meters) high.

Category D — Inland or sheltered coastal waters – These are your typical day boats, operating in protected harbors, small lakes and rivers with winds to Force 4 (up to 16 knots) and significant wave heights to 4 feet (1.22 meters).

Now This Is Important

While a builder may claim that a boat is designed to a certain standard, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it ends up being built to it, unless inspected and certified by an IMCI (International Marine Certification Institute) surveyor, AND the builder can show you this plaque affixed to a bulkhead.

Because the number of people in the boat can reduce stability, the plaque shows the max number of people for Category A conditions, which on the 40z is 16. That’s not a USCG limit for liability purposes at all times. That’s just for Category A conditions.

Good story here. When Bob Johnstone was told that the 50z could carry only 2 more people under Category A than the 40z (18 versus 16), he was concerned about losing a 50z sale to a 40z owner who was moving up, because he wanted to be able to take 20 or so friends on the ICW to eat at Coconuts Restaurant near Bahia Mar… and might be concerned about the liability. “No worries,” said the IMCI surveyor, “We can provide the 50z with a ‘B’ rating as well as an ‘A’ rating, showing he can carry 30 people…and if he’s just going down the ICW or close to shore, you can post a ‘C’ rating, too, showing a capacity for 50 people.” Bob thought was going a bit too far and was happy to settle with the following plaque for the 50z.

Impact on Design and Manufacturing?

MJM Yachts is dedicated to producing the safest, strongest and most durable yachts possible. For this reason, while those under 40 feet can only be rated “B,” each of our powerboats is designed and built to exceed small craft structural requirements for ISO Category A Ocean. ISO requirements for strength are based on a design’s top speed and the expected impact to be absorbed by hull bottom and sides, as well as decks, bulkheads, structural grid, and any part of the vessel’s structure. The laminate schedule and materials are then specified to meet such stringent requirements.

ISO standards for polyester or vinylester resin and the 50:50 glass-to-resin ratio are lower than those achieved on MJMs, built by Boston Boatworks. An MJM is built using a wet prepreg epoxy, Kevlar, Eglass and Corecell with a glass-to-resin ratio of 62:38. Epoxy is significantly more expensive, but 25% stronger, unlikely to crack with use, and is water-resistant… which is why epoxy is used to coat the bottom of boats suffering from osmotic blistering. The MJM is built right from the start!

That’s Not All…

ISO CE certification also takes into account engine emissions. In a world where greenhouse emissions are taking their toll on our environment, this is an important point. Meeting strict ISO CE emissions standards is comparable to meeting similar U.S. CARB requirements.

Additionally, sound levels will come into play. Boats are limited to 75 decibels for a single engine and 78 decibels for twin, triple or quad installations from a distance of 25 meters.

Highest Standards for MJM Yachts

MJM meets and exceeds all applicable standards, because ISO CE standards are more stringent than those of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC), or National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) which mirror ABYC.

Boats sold in the U.S. do not have to be ISO CE certified… which costs upwards of $20,000 per model. USCG regulations require safety items such as PFDs and flares, carrying capacity for boats under 26 feet (7.93 meters), and level flotation if swamped for boats 20 feet (6.1 meters) and under. ABYC has distributed American versions of ISO CE Standards and Recommendations…but, they are strictly voluntary. Most critically, there are no ABYC design categories to differentiate between boats of different capabilities suitable to differing sea and wind conditions.

NMMA certification in the U.S. requires only about 70% of the ABYC recommended standards. While most U.S. builders follow the ABYC standards, and indeed many exceed those required by the NMMA, they are not mandatory as is the case in Europe with ISO CE mark standards and don’t involve the cost and post-build survey inspection of ISO.

The MJM Category A Ocean certification ensures MJM owners are boating on a stronger, more stable yacht, designed and built to exceed the highest standards in the world. It means having the peace of mind that comes with knowing that should you find yourself in weather and sea conditions outside your prior boating experience, you will be in one of the safest powerboats in the world. At sea, that comfort is the most important form of comfort a yacht can have.

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Pamlico Yachtworks Department: Accounting Position: CFO

Pamlico Yachtworks seeks CFO well-versed in all aspects of financial management ranging from simple accounting to broad investment and banking operations.

Key attributes for candidates:

High-plant-touch orientation
High technical financial, accounting and tax expertise, along with
Exceptional “affability/teaming” attributes, in
Complex, mid-tier manufacturing environments

Employee Duties & Responsibilities

monthly/periodic financial reports and analyses.
projections and budgets
reconciliation with requisite supporting information for accurate presentation of the financial reports.
Oversees the accounting function (accounting, accounts payable and payroll) and billing and collections functions of the organization.
forecasting cash flows and operating results
presenting financial and other information to the leadership team and the Board of Directors.

Requirements and skills

Proven experience as CFO, finance officer or relevant role
In depth knowledge of corporate financial law and risk management practices
Excellent knowledge of data analysis and forecasting methods
Proficient in the use of MS Office, MS Excel, QuickBooks, ERP and financial management software
CPA is a strong advantage
BSc/BA in Accounting, Finance or relevant field; MSc/MBA is a plus

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White Paper on New Class B “SOTDMA” technology

Many people are unaware of the recent approval of a new AIS Class B “SOTDMA” technology that sits nicely between the two existing Class A and Class B technologies.

Clear online information about Class B “SOTDMA” still seems to be in short supply, so we have produced a White Paper on this new “Class B+” technology, highlighting its benefits, how it compares to Class A and Class B and what types of boats and applications should consider installing this new generation of Class B+ transponders.

A full copy of the White Paper can be downloaded by clicking here .

1 – Background

AIS (Automatic Identification System) is now one of the most widely used and significant navigation safety technologies since the introduction of radar. The system was originally developed as a collision avoidance tool to enable commercial vessels to ‘see’ each other more clearly in all conditions and improve the helmsman’s information about his surrounding environment.

Explanation of the new AIS Class B SOTDMA

AIS does this by continuously transmitting a vessels identity, position, speed and course along with other relevant information to all other AIS equipped vessels within range. Combined with a shore station, this system also offers port authorities and maritime safety bodies the ability to manage maritime traffic and reduce the hazards of marine navigation.

Due to the great safety benefits offered by AIS, the fitting of a Class A transponder was made compulsory throughout the world in 2002 for all vessels over 300 gross tonnes or that carried more than 12 passengers. For smaller vessels that fell outside of the mandate, a Class B transponder was defined which allowed fishing and leisure vessels to fit a lower power/cost transponder that worked on the same AIS network and could receive and transmit signals to the Class A transponders fitted to commercial vessels.

AIS transponders are now commonly seen on many leisure vessels and with the approval of personal AIS SARTs for use as Man Overboard systems, in conjunction with Search and Rescue vessels/helicopters now fitting SAR transponders, AIS is becoming an important part of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS).

Another new AIS application is vessel tracking, with websites like Marine Traffic and AISLive that collect and display thousands of AIS targets from their shore based AIS reception networks, and global satellite reception via companies such as Orbcomm , exactEarth and Spacequest .

Many national marine authorities are installing special Aids to Navigation (AtoN) transponders that can replace traditional Buoys and Beacons and transmit local weather/tidal information to passing vessels, while some large and busy harbours or shipping areas use AIS as part of their Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) to manage and control shipping movements.

It is this continuous expansion of the global AIS network, that has led to the approval of a new Class B technology that sits half way between the original Class B technology and the Class A technology found on commercial shipping. This new technology does not supersede or replace the original Class B transponders, but it does offer significant improvements for some types of vessels and applications. For the purposes of this White Paper, we will refer to this new technology as Class B+.

2 – How AIS Works

To fully appreciate the benefits of this new Class B+ technology, it is necessary to understand how AIS works.

An AIS transponder consists of a GPS receiver and a VHF “Data” Radio. The transponder takes its GPS position and transmits this in Digital Form on two VHF channels dedicated to AIS (161.975MHz and 162.025MHz).

In order that multiple AIS transponders can “play nicely together” and avoid all of the devices transmitting at the same time, causing interference and loss of data, AIS transponders use a system called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This is a similar system to that used in mobile phones, where each AIS transponder claims a very short 26.6 millisecond “time slot” where it transmits its information. The claiming of Class A time slots uses “Self Organised” TDMA where multiple transponders know how to claim and reserve time slots and what to do if there is a dispute with another transponder trying to claim the same time slot.

The system works well and allows up to 4500 ships to work within close proximity of one another, automatically giving priority based on distance apart, i.e. as the number of vessels increases, the ones furthest away do not get a time slot.

When Class B transponders were introduced, they used a slightly different technology called “Carrier Sense” TDMA where the Class B transponder listens to the Class A transponders and as soon as it detects an empty time slot, grabs it and makes its transmission. Occasionally a Class A transponder will “steal” a time slot from a Class B transponder and the system is designed that Class A transponders always take priority over Class B, so the Class B transponder will have to delay its transmission and start listening again for another empty slot.

The number of transmissions that a transponder makes and the type of data it sends varies, based on its Class (A or B), its speed, whether it is manoeuvring and its navigation status. The Class A transponder of a fast-moving ferry may output its position every couple of seconds while a Class B equipped pleasure vessel will only transmit every 30 seconds, whilst underway.

As previously mentioned, the AIS data is transmitted over two channels of the VHF frequency range and a Class A transponder transmits at 12.5 Watts while an original Class B transponder only transmits at 2 Watts which – to put this in to perspective – is a third of the power of a hand-held VHF that transmits at 6 Watts.

This 2 Watt transmit power restricts Class B transmissions to an absolute maximum range of about 8-10 Nautical Miles and also means that traditional Class B transmissions are often not received by the AIS Satellites that provide global vessel tracking.

3 – The New Class B+ Technology

The new Class B+, often referred to as “Class B SOTDMA” or “Class B 5W”, has been defined to bridge the gap between Class A and Class B transponders, offering some clear advantages for some types of vessels and applications.

Class B+ uses the same SOTDMA technology as Class A and therefore has the same priority when it comes to reserving a time slot, guaranteeing that it will always be able to transmit, even in busy AIS congested waters. For fast moving vessels this is important as a missed transmission can result in a vessel moving a long distance before it next manages to send a transmission.

Another feature that the new Class B+ technology it has taken from Class A, is the increased and automatic changing of transmission rates depending upon speed. Unlike Class A, the update rate is unaffected by whether the vessel is manoeuvring, but as the vessels speed increases, the number of transmissions increases so that other vessels get a clearer and more up to date view of where the boat is.

For slow moving vessels the increased update rates of Class B+ are not so important, but a fast power boat travelling at say 23 knots, will move 360 meters in 30 seconds, which is the update rate of a normal Class B transponder. On a Class B+ vessel travelling at 23 knots or more, the update rate is 5 seconds, so (using the above example) only 60 meters would be moved between updates.

Finally, Class B+ transponders have a higher power transmission 5 Watts instead of 2 Watts and this not only increases the range over which the vessel’s transmission will be received, assuming good antenna height and performance, but it also significantly improves the AIS Satellite reception, enabling global tracking.

4 – Comparison of AIS Classes

The following tables have been created to provide a “side by side” comparison of the three different classes of AIS.

Class A, B and B+ Functionality

As can be seen from the table above, in normal operation a Class A transponder transmits at a much higher power than a Class B. In “real-life” terms a well installed Class B transponder should be able to transmit up to 7-8NMs whilst a Class A transponder maybe seen as far as 20-25NMs away. With its 5W output, a Class B+ will be better than a Class B (2W), but not x2.5 better, typically 10-12NM should be seen.

As illustrated in the following table, Class B and B+ transmit the same data, a sub-set of the data transmitted by a Class A transponder.

Class A, B and B+ Transmitted Data

Finally, the table below shows the different data transmit rates of the three systems. As can be seen, Class A transponders have several different transmit rates, based on speed, manoeuvring and Nav Status, whereas the Class B+ transmission rate is purely based on speed.

Comparing Class B+ to the original Class B, it can be seen that the simple two update rate (underway or stationary) of the original Class B has been expanded and increased in Class B+. For any boat that regularly travels at over 15 knots and particularly for boats capable of travelling at over 23 knots, the increased transmission rates offered by Class B+ are an important benefit.

Class A, B and B+ Transmit Rates

5 – useful links.

If this White Paper has encouraged you to learn more about AIS or even purchase an AIS system for your boat, then the links below should be of interest…

Digital Yacht’s website where you can find the latest information on our AIS products.
All About AIS website for more information on AIS systems
Wikipedia article on AIS
IMO website that details the global carriage requirements of AIS
US Coast Guards website on AIS
Maritime Traffic website leading online AIS website

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Next generation navigation app presentations at paris boat show 2018, signal k server v1.10.0 now supports ikonvert gateway, comments 10.

B+ is an interesting development in AIS for small craft but raises a few questions: 1/ Are these transmissions backward compatible with older AIS receivers eg: they do not show up small craft as large ships , 2/ If a large ship filters out class B does that include B+, 3/ If there is a lot of class A traffic, does the B+ traffic have a lower priority, ie: the faster update rate is a target and not necessarily guaranteed, 4/ Assuming enough processing power is available, could some existing class B transceivers be software upgraded ( not the power output ) to support class B+ or is the requirement that B+ must be at 5W, 5/ with 4dB more power and more frequent transmissions B+ transceivers are presumably more power hungry, how much extra is this in practical terms ?

Hi Dean, Some really good questions which I will try and answer: 1) All Class B+ transmissions are backward compatible and will be received by all Class A, traditional Class B and AIS receivers. Also Class B+ equipped vessels will not appear as large ships just because they use the same SOTDMA technology – Class B+ uses the same boat categories as Class B i.e. Pleasure Craft, Sailing Craft, Fishing, etc. 2) Class B and Class B+ are seen as being the same type of AIS transmission and although they will always be received by the Class A transponders on large vessels, in theory they could be “filtered out” or not displayed on a large vessel ECDIS (chart plotter). 3) Class B+ has the same priority as Class A and will take priority over a traditional Class B in busy shipping areas. 4) As far as I am aware no Class B units can be software upgraded to Class B+ but Digital Yacht will soon be announcing a cost effective upgrade path to Class B+ for their existing Class B transponder owners. 5) In reality, due to the very short transmissions (26mS) Class B and Class B+ transponders have pretty much the same power consumption (around 0.25A at 12v)

Will the Digital AIT 5000 (B+) display AIS targets & information on my Garmin 7200 chart displays?

Yes the good news is that our latest AIT5000 and AIT25000 Class B+ transponders will work with all AIS compatible chart plotters either via NMEA0183 or NMEA2000, depending upon what interface(s) the chart plotter has. There is no change in the way a Class B+ transponder interfaces to other equipment, it is just the underlying AIS transmission technology that has changed.

Best regards PAUL

Shouldn’t the chart showing the difference in “Class A, B and B+ Transmitted Data” indicate Class A vessels transmit “ETA + Destination + Draught NO NO” be corrected to show YES NO.

Well spotted, glad to see someone has accurately read our White Paper and you are 100% right.

I have corrected and updated the White Paper to V1.01.

Thank you for your feedback.

The AIT5000 kit includes a external GPS Antenna. 1. Is this GPS antenna required when boat already has a external GPS antenna connected to chart plotter via NMEA2000 ? Regards John

I am afraid that all Class B(+) AIS Transponders must have their own GPS receiver and antenna. This was stipulated in the International Class B AIS Transponder specification, to ensure that all transponders can work autonomously, with no reliance on other equipment that may fail or be turned off.

The latest AIT5000 has a very sensitive GNSS receiver and many dealers mount the antenna below deck on GRP hulled boats. As long as it is mounted vertically with just fibre-glass above it, you should get good performance and can use the GNSS Status page of proAIS2 to check reception before bolting everything down in their final resting place.

I’m a sailor and tipicaly the boatspeed in good windconditions is 6 -7 knt. In that case I don’t see a difference between class B and B+. Is this correct? The article is focused on the advantage of class B+ for fast traveling leisure boats, but I wonder what about the visibility of low speed vessels. Is it a risk that fast moving vessels don’t see slow moving vessels in time due to the fact that the signal of a class B transponder has a lower priority than class A and B+? If that is true is the installation of a class B+ transponder on slow moving vessels an advantage for the visibility on fast moving vessels?

Best regards, Johan Snijders

For a slower moving yacht, you are correct, there is less benefit in having a Class B+ compared to the original Class B, but the extra power 5W versus 2W should give you better transmit range (typically an additional 2-3 NMs) and the SOTDMA technology will ensure that you are always getting a transmission slot even when surrounded by hundreds of AIS equipped vessels.

A slow moving yacht with Class B+ is transmitting at the same rate as a normal Class B and I think there would have to be an awful lot of AIS equipped vessels in the area and transmission slots in very limited supply, before the normal Class B became noticeably less visible to fast moving vessels.

That said, the number of AIS transponder equipped vessels is only going to increase and it might be worth investing in Class B+ to be sure that you get the best future performance.

Comments are closed.

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Comparing Class B AIS Transceivers

Icom vs. vesper: which ais-b transponder is best for cruisers.

The popularity of Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) has grown exponentially in recent years, particularly among small- to mid-sized cruising sailboats. Lower costs have played a big hand in this, as has increased participation (the more boats with AIS, the more boats there are to see); however, the primary driver remains boat owners looking to increase safety.

Photo by Frank Lanier

AIS transceivers help skippers navigate high-traffic areas by painting an overview of marine traffic and providing important information about nearby commercial ships and other vessels that are AIS-equipped. AIS is a seemingly simple system that transmits dynamic information about a vessels speed, course, and position plus static information including the vessels name, call sign, and Mobile Maritime Service Identity (MMSI) number over marine VHF frequencies.

AIS transceivers are split into Class A (commercial) and Class B (recreational), and they broadcast information from every 2 to 30 seconds. Class A transceivers have a maximum VHF power output of 12.5 watts, are required to broadcast more data than Class B units, and must update data more frequently than Class B. Class B transceivers are designed to provide a similar yet limited service, at a lower cost, to smaller vessels not required to carry a Class A unit. Class B units transmit less data at a slower rate using a 2-watt transmitter. AIS listen-only devices, like the Raymarine AIS250 and SI-TEX/Nasa Marine receiver we tested (March 2007), receive AIS broadcasts but do not transmit any information.

Class B transceivers relay vessel information, position data, course over ground, speed over ground, heading, status, and even offer a means of direct dialing another boat via VHF channels by utilizing a provided MMSI number and select VHF channels. For specifics on the AIS broadcast data types and frequencies, check out this article on www.practical-sailor.com.

While not a replacement for radar, AIS benefits from the propagation characteristics of VHF, allowing it to see around and behind objects such as large ships, small islands, rocks, etc.-assuming whatever is behind these objects is equipped with AIS.

AIS transceivers can be useful search-and-rescue tools. Like an activated EPIRB, they offer the Coast Guard and other rescue personnel the boats exact location and amplifying information. They also can be used to track the latest generation of AIS-based man-overboard beacons like those we reviewed in the May 2013 issue.

Our last look at AIS units was in September 2009, when we evaluated the Navico NAIS-300 and the West Marine AIS1000. Both were Class B devices capable of sending and receiving AIS data. Each relied on compatible chartplotters, multi-function displays, or PCs to display their information. The NAIS-300 received a Recommended rating, while the AIS1000 was named Budget Buy.

In our August 2010 issue, contributor Joe Minick reported the pros and cons of using an AIS receiver with a PC display as a collision tool while cruising near Turkeys Dardanelles Strait. Fast-forward three years (a lifetime in the world of electronics), and standalone AIS units with integral displays have come into their own, at comparable prices to the non-display units we tested previously.

What We Tested Our latest evaluation compared Class B transceivers from two key players in the AIS market. From Icom, a global company whose product line includes communications equipment and products based in the marine, avionics, land mobile, and wide-band receiver industries, we tested the MA-500TR. New Zealand-based Vesper Marine, a relatively new company that has steadily garnered a worldwide reputation for quality and innovation, submitted its WatchMate 850 for testing.

Photo courtesy of Icom

Both transponders will pick up signals from AIS-equipped search-and-rescue transponders (SARTs) or man-overboard (MOB) beacons, but how they display the signals may differ. The WatchMate 850 clearly explains that these distress signals are displayed with a special icon and an alarm will sound, but Icom does not address it in the MA-500TRs owners manual. We were unable to test this or to get confirmation from Icom, but its likely the SART icons appear like other AIS targets.

AIS transponders use GPS signals to get position data and VHF signals to send and receive other data. Of our test products, only the WatchMate 850 features an internal GPS antenna. The 500TR must be networked with a chartplotter to get position data. Neither of the tested AIS transponders comes standard with a VHF antenna, so users have two choices: Buy and install a dedicated VHF antenna for the AIS device or use a splitter to connect the transceiver to an existing VHF-radio antenna. Depending on the hardware, this latter option could potentially affect signal strength. Vesper Marine offers a specialized AIS/VHF splitter, the SP160, which the company claims has no signal-strength loss. (We recently tested the SP160 and will be reporting on it in an upcoming article.) Other companies like West Marine and Digital Yacht also market splitters designed for AIS connections, but we have not yet tested them.

For advice on where to mount an AIS-VHF antenna, click here .

How We Tested The Icom and Vesper Marine units went head-to-head in bench tests and field tests while cruising the waters of Hampton Roads, Va., an AIS-target hotspot with a steady stream of recreational, commercial, and military vessels.

The products were rated on AIS functions, control capabilities, user-interface, filtering capability, display quality, and screen visibility, both belowdecks and in bright sunlight. Other rating considerations included power consumption, networking ability, water resistance, ease of use, and installation requirements; price and warranty also were factored in final ratings.

Unlike VHF radios, transmitting on the AIS devices is automatic, low-wattage, and too fast for testers to effectively measure power output or consumption while transmitting, so we relied on manufacturer-provided measurements for these specs. (See Value Guide.)

Icom 500TR The MA-500TR (681) is a Class B AIS transponder designed for non-SOLAS vessels (non-commercial pleasure craft, work boats, and small vessels, etc). The 500TR receives dual AIS channels (87B and 88B) simultaneously and receives both Class A and Class B AIS information. Vessel information (boat MMSI, name, type, position, speed, course, etc.) is automatically transmitted at fixed intervals or under base station control.

The 500TR features a full dot-matrix display with adjustable backlight and contrast. It looks similar to a mini-radar display with north-up and course-up options, as well as display ranges from 0.125 nautical miles to 24 nautical miles.

Photos by Frank Lanier and courtesy of Vesper Marine

The front of the 500TR has 11 pushbuttons that control various functions. These include a dedicated MOB button, an essential feature on chartplotters and handy feature on AIS units. Pressing the 500TRs MOB button drops a waypoint flag icon that you can steer back to. The power button serves double duty, also providing easy adjustment of display brilliance and contrast. All of the controls and their respective functions were fairly intuitive and straightforward.

Operationally, the 500TR has a number of collision-risk management functions, such as a list of local targets, as well as a danger list of targets you could potentially collide with. The Target list shows all detected AIS-equipped vessels and targets sorted by distance, from closest to farthest; this is updated every 5 seconds.

The Danger list shows all vessels within 6 nautical miles CPA (closest point of approach) and 60 minutes TCPA (time to CPA) from your vessel. These parameters are not user-adjustable; however, they can be sorted by CPA or TCPA. The CPA is user adjustable between 0.1 and 6 nautical miles, in 0.1 nautical miles increments, while the TCPA can be adjusted from 1 to 60 minutes, in 1-minute increments. Additionally, the Detail screen shows all available information about the selected AIS target (name, MMSI, etc).

As a target vessel enters the CPA / TCPA range, its displayed icon blinks and an alert beep is sounded; an external speaker can be added to make the collision alarm easier to hear when away from the unit.

The 500TRs compact size and waterproof rating (IPX7, or submersible to 3 feet for 30 minutes) mean it can be mounted at the helm, in the cockpit, or belowdecks at the nav station. Testers found the 500TR display easy to read belowdecks, in direct sunlight, and while wearing polarized sunglasses. Backlighting and contrast adjustments were easy to use and effective.

When connected to a compatible Icom VHF radio, the 500TR provides an easy means of making individual DSC calls to another boat without having to manually input MMSI numbers. Simply select a vessel using the cursor keys, then push the 500TRs DSC button.

Other 500TR features include the ability to store up to 100 waypoints in memory and to receive, display, and store DSC safety-related messages from Class A AIS transponders (up to 20 automatically stored in memory).

The back of the unit contains connectors for a GPS receiver, VHF antenna, power connections, and an NMEA plug. The 500TRs data output uses the NMEA 0183 format for easy connectivity to most current radars, chartplotters, and navigation systems. Theres also a cloning cable receptacle that allows users to connect the unit to a computer, conceivably creating a repeater display.

For troubleshooting and operational checks, the 500TR has a diagnostics page that allows you to check both monitor operation and transponder health.

Another useful feature is that the transmit function can be turned off, essentially converting the 500TR to a receive-only unit. This is done by pressing down the left and right arrow keys simultaneously until a transmit off message appears on the screen; to resume transmitting, simply reverse the process; we did not find directions for doing this in the owners manual.

The 500TR comes with an external GPS antenna, a NMEA connector cable, mounting bracket kit, and DC power cable.

Bottom line: The 500TR has a lot to offer, including a three-year warranty, but when compared to the WatchMate 850, its limited target-filtering ability and its external GPS antenna requirement held it back. But, its almost $100 less than its competitor (and costs less than some current display-less Class B transceivers), so it gets the Budget Buy pick.

Vesper Marine WatchMate 850 A driving philosophy behind the WatchMate 850 is the ability to reduce screen clutter by focusing on important targets. Target filtering is based on a user-selected combination of target speed, range, CPA, and TCPA, enabling users to reduce screen clutter by filtering targets that are moored, stationary, or moving away. Alarm and filter settings are grouped into profiles (harbor, coastal, offshore, etc.) and can be activated with a single selection. This allows you to pre-set set the various parameters to suit your preferences, then toggle between the groups as desired.

Targets are organized by collision-risk priority, with higher-risk targets at the top of the list, and can be stepped through in order of preference, as can the complete list of targets.

With great filtering options comes great responsibility to ensure targets of interest are not inadvertently filtered out by setting values too high (speed, for example) or too low (say, for range). Testers liked that the total number of targets tracked is always displayed, regardless of how aggressively you have them filtered. They also liked that when viewing a targets details, a press of the CPA button displays a plot showing the targets relative position to your vessel, at the time of their closest point of approach. This allows users to see whether a crossing target will pass ahead or astern. While the 500TR displays the CPA of a selected target, the WatchMate 850 actually advises you on whether to turn port or starboard to avoid a potential collision.

Unlike the Icom, the WatchMate 850 features an internal GPS receiver and GPS patch antenna, which greatly simplifies installations with a clear view of the sky; an optional externally mounted GPS antenna can be purchased for belowdeck installations. Testers marveled at the compact size of the WatchMate external GPS antenna, especially compared to the 500TRs GPS antenna.

Another useful tool is the anchor watch feature. Using heading information, the WatchMate 850 determines the location of the bow when dropping the hook, providing greater accuracy than just using the position of the GPS antenna (which is typically located at the stern). Theres also a screen that lets you fine-tune the physical location of the GPS antenna, providing even greater accuracy.

The WatchMate 850 can broadcast and receive safety and emergency messages to and from all AIS-equipped vessels within VHF range. It can also be placed in silent mode, which keeps the AIS and GPS receivers operating normally but switches off the automatic transmission of your vessels position and details, rendering the device a listen-only unit.

Like the 500TR, the 850 can initiate direct DSC calls to a target when connected to a compatible VHF radio without the need to manually enter MMSI numbers. Its USB connection also means it can easily be connected to onboard computers, providing both GPS and AIS data to any PC charting application.

Testers liked the AIS Status screen, which provides a host of information that can be used to verify proper operation or while troubleshooting. Additionally, the WatchMate 850 continuously monitors its transceiver performance, and if a problem is detected, an error alert pops up on the display and an audible alarm sounds.

The WatchMate 850 does not have a dedicated MOB or waypoint-entry button; in fact, there is no mention of any waypoint or MOB entry features in the owners manual. Its a feature we liked on the 500TR, and one that would be a good addition to the WatchMate, in our opinion.

The 850 is advertised as being compatible with all AIS search and rescue / MOB devices. If an AIS-SART or AIS-MOB is triggered, the WatchMate 850 sounds an alarm, displays a special icon, and provides continuous position updates as well as bearing and range to the SART or MOB. It can also be configured to activate an external alarm, buzzer, or other indicator.

The WatchMate has four control buttons and a power button. The control buttons grant access to a soft-key user interface designed to provide faster access to functions with fewer button pushes than a traditional menu-driven interface.

The fear with any piece of gear combining numerous functions with few control buttons is that operation beyond the basics may not be particularly intuitive. Testers were pleasantly surprised at how easy it was navigate the WatchMates menus without reaching for the manual, even when drilling down to the more advanced functions.

The rear of the WatchMate 850 has plugs for connection to an external GPS, VHF antenna, NMEA input/output connections, and a waterproof USB connector-the latter two allow you to integrate the AIS data into chartplotters or computer-based tracking systems respectively.

The WatchMate 850 features an easily viewable, grayscale, LCD display with adjustable backlighting and contrast, and a display range from 0.25 nautical miles to 48 nautical miles. Its screen is significantly larger than the 500TR. Even though some screen area is taken up by the soft keys (displayed along the right side), theres still a lot of dedicated display area remaining for a unit of this size. Testers found the display easy to read in al lighting conditions.

The WatchMate 850 is rated IPX7 like the 500TR, so it too is a good candidate for below- or above-deck installations. The package includes a protective cover, bracket and flush mount hardware, USB data cable, and a CD with the owners manual and other assorted data.

Bottom line: The WatchMate 850 provides a wealth of user-adjustable settings and customizable options with regards to AIS filtering and display. The ability to prioritize targets based on CPA, TCPA, bearing, range, etc., is a definite plus in the war on screen clutter. Its our Best Choice for an AIS-B unit with an integral display.

Conclusion Both the 500TR and the WatchMate 850 performed as advertised and will allow users to detect, track, and (hopefully) avoid other AIS-transmitting vessels. Screen clutter can quickly become an issue when navigating a busy harbor, however, and the WatchMate 850 had the upper hand in resolving this challenge.

Vespers WatchMate 850 simply brings a lot more to the table in terms of features, options, and display customization than the 500TR. Its numerous targeting options allow users to reduce target overload and see the forest in spite of all the trees, so to speak. Testers also like that it has an internal GPS and like the 500TR, it can easily be patched into existing VHF antennas.

The Icom 500TR is a solid, well-built unit that works well and is intuitive. Extensive filtering options will not be as much of a priority for sailors who don’t frequent crowded harbors-or may not be worth the extra $100-and for those boat owners, the 500TR, our Budget Buy pick is worth considering.

Regardless of the unit that best suits your needs, AIS is arguably the most important collision-avoidance tool to hit the maritime world since the advent of radar. It doesn’t give you X-ray vision, but it can sure seem that way when monitoring AIS-equipped vessels located behind headlands, larger targets, and other traditional radar-blind spots.

The keywords here of course are vessels equipped with AIS. Despite AISs growing popularity, there are still a large number of vessels out there with neither the mandate nor desire to have AIS onboard, including a high percentage of the worlds small craft and military vessels.

Prudent seamanship practices (such as maintaining a proper watch) and radar should be your first line of defense against collisions. AIS is a powerful anti-collision tool, but it should be only one of multiple instruments in your navigational toolbox, one that is used with full knowledge of its limitations.

Vesper Marine

How Can I Keep My Kids Safe Onboard?

The last time you’ve looked at AIS units was 2009 what kind of crap is that you need to update this right away this is completely ridiculous so, after all these years, you haven’t done a second review.14 years Between reviews is shameful. I’m not going to renew my subscription.

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Digital edition

What is AIS Class B+ and do I need it for my boat?

July 29, 2020

Gilbert Park weighs up the benefits of AIS Class B+ for his powerboat

I ’d been thinking about buying an AIS transceiver for my Merry Fisher 855 for some time.

I use my boat mainly in the Solent, where avoiding other vessels is a major concern, but in the end it was a Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) report that made me knuckle down and place an order to fit a unit over winter.

The MAIB report in question concerned the collision in September 2018 between Phoenix , a 10m motor cruiser and the ro-ro passenger ferry Red Falcon in the Solent. Thankfully nobody was injured, but the damage to Phoenix was significant.

There was criticism in the report for the skipper of Phoenix and (to a lesser extent) the crew on the bridge of Red Falcon , but the investigators simply stated that an AIS transceiver on board the smaller boat ‘would have enabled the display of Phoenix as an AIS target on Red Falcon ’s ECS, which was readily visible to the ferry’s chief officer, and the display of Red Falcon as an AIS target on board Phoenix’ .

The Doral 10m powerboat Phoenix was pushed along by the IOW ferry Red Falcon for 18 seconds. Credit: Laurie Tennant

Caught on CCTV – a serious incident that AIS may have prevented

Reading this report triggered a memory of mine from another bright, sunny day six years ago. We were leaving Felixstowe through the North Channel in my Seaward 25 at the time, which was fitted with an AIS receiver linked to the multifunction display.

All of a sudden the AIS audible and visual alarm went off warning of a dangerous target and showing it was two miles behind us. Because of the warning I was able to avoid a collision. The cargo vessel took no action: no change of course, radio call or sound signal. As both the ship’s name and MMSI number were displayed on the screen I called the watchkeeper. He hadn’t seen me at all.

So my mind was made up about fitting an AIS transceiver to my new boat, but I still needed to do a bit more research.

What is AIS?

AIS stands for Automatic Identification System. An AIS transceiver is basically a VHF radio connected to a GPS and a VHF aerial. The radio broadcasts data about your boat and receives data from any other transmitters within range, then outputs that information to a display.

Originally there were just two different classes of AIS transceiver for vessels: Class A and Class B. They were designed to coordinate their broadcasts, so as not to interfere with each other.

Each transceiver determines what other AIS units are within its range and then books a time slot of 26.6 milliseconds in which to transmit its information. This is known as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and allows up to 4,500 vessels to operate in the same vicinity.

Class A is mandatory for vessels over 300 tons or carrying more than 12 passengers and is a much more powerful transmitter than Class B. Class A transmissions are broadcast more frequently at greater speed and these units negotiate broadcast time slots using a system called Self Organised Time Division Multiple Access (SOTDMA).

Class B transceivers broadcast at just 2W (8-10 miles max range) and only transmit once every 30 seconds when underway regardless of speed. They book broadcast slots using Carrier Sense Time Division Multiple Access (CSTDMA), which means they give way to Class A transmissions. In busy waters a Class B may have to delay its transmission to the next available time slot.

Recently, an in-between Class B+ has been made available. This uses the same SOTDMA system as Class A, and has the same priority ensuring it will always transmit at its negotiated time. It transmits at 5W – more than double the power of normal Class B – and, like Class A, it broadcasts more frequently the faster it is travelling.

Do I need Class B+ AIS transceiver?

So how to decide which class to buy? First let’s dismiss Class A as they’re expensive and not designed for the leisure sailor. This leaves the newer Class B+ or the standard Class B device.

For displacement boats travelling at slow speeds, operating close to the coast there is little advantage to Class B+ over Class B.

But for planing boats that go faster the B+ unit will update more often and more reliably meaning other boats’ receivers and transceivers will be displaying a clearer picture of your movements.

For instance: at 30 knots a boat will move 0.25 miles in 30 seconds. If its Class B time slot is taken by a Class A or B+ AIS signal then it is possible that a further 30 seconds could elapse before the next screen update, during which time the boat will have travelled another quarter of a mile.

Additionally, if you are travelling offshore then the more powerful signal from a B+ AIS is much more likely to be visible to AIS satellites than the Class B. This could be important in a search and rescue situation.

My boat can do 25 knots, but I won’t go above 18 knots and I never go offshore so I wasn’t convinced Class B+ was worth the additional cost.

Installation and hidden extras

Some Class B and B+ units have an integral GPS antenna; others need external ones. All units will need a VHF antenna and all will need cables to connect the AIS output to a display.

It is possible to use an existing VHF aerial and a splitter to save installing a dedicated VHF aerial. A splitter is a small box that permits two devices (in this case an AIS transceiver and a normal VHF radio) to connect to a single VHF aerial cable.

But do check that you buy a splitter suitable for separating a Class B AIS from a VHF signal. Some are only suitable for separating VHF from other receive-only devices. Transceivers with integral splitters are worth considering.

Looking at various websites the cost differential between a Class B and B+ was small, but when I rang Cactus Navigation to discuss it they offered me a free Vesper SP160 amplified splitter with the Vesper XB6000 Class B AIS – both units I was considering.

The 12db amplifier inside the Vesper Marine SP160 works to cancel out any loss through splitting by enhancing AIS target and VHF reception. The manufacturer claims that users report improved VHF reception due to the amplification over long cable runs and possibly multiple cable joints.

This offer ticked a lot of boxes: no need to fit a new aerial, the transceiver had a built-in GPS as well as an external GPS aerial, and most connecting wires were included resulting in a saving of several hundred pounds.

Top tips on AIS installation 1. GPS Setup Requires a computer with a USB connection. Take care entering your MMSI number: once in you can’t change it without a special clearance code provided by your unit’s manufacturer 2. Adhesive I used high modulus adhesive pads to stick some of the lower weight units in place behind quite thin GRP. Only the heavy transceiver unit needed a thick bulkhead to be screwed into. 3. Silence switch I could have fitted a ‘silence switch’, which turns off my outgoing AIS identification info, but I don’t see the point. I want people to know where I am and on several boats I have had this facility but never used it. Adhesive pads were used to simply stick some lightweight units like the AIS splitter in place Originally published in Practical Boat Owner magazine July 2020

Yachting World

Digital Edition

Sailor’s essential guide to AIS: Everything you need to know

November 21, 2019

Pip Hare argues that AIS is one of sailing’s biggest technological developments of the past decade, but what exactly is it and how can sailors use it to their advantage?

ais-for-sailors-essential-guide-credit-marinetrafficcom

Image from the Marine Traffic website shows AIS data concentrated in busy shipping lanes

If I were to pick one development that has revolutionised my own sailing over the past 10 years it would undoubtedly be AIS. Not only has it brought an enhanced level of situational awareness to yachtsmen, but it’s also making huge advances in search and rescue applications. As much as we rely on this system it is sometimes easy to forget its limitations.

A quick recap

AIS uses VHF radio to transmit data gathered from a vessel’s GPS and other navigational sources. Message types are predefined and the number and type of messages received and transmitted depends on the class of AIS fitted.

Class A systems are fitted on all vessels over 300 gross tonnes, all commercial passenger ferries regardless of size and fishing vessels over 15m. Most leisure sailors and smaller vessels choose a Class B system, which transmits a reduced amount of information and can also be receive only.

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Can augmented reality really give us a vision of the future of sailing?

Google’s mission statement is ‘to organise the world’s information.’ This almost impossibly ambitious declaration of intent underpins the technology giant’s…

Who can see you?

Because AIS is transmitted via VHF, its range is limited to ‘line of sight’. Transmissions can be relayed via base stations (and sometimes satellite for Class A), but topography can still be a barrier so if you are under cliffs or large obstructions it’s possible your AIS signal will be masked to vessels in relatively close proximity.

AIS is not compulsory for leisure vessels, or small fishing vessels, so never assume you have the complete picture – especially when coastal sailing. In busy areas, there’s the perennial question of whether some commercial vessels opt to filter out Class B AIS signals. Regardless of whether this is truth or myth; you should never assume you have been seen. If in any doubt take avoiding action early.

Finally, consider whether you always want to be seen. If passage making in waters where broadcasting your position may be a security risk chose a set with ‘silent mode’. In particular remember this feature when at anchor: if using a GPS alarm that’s part of an integrated system your AIS could be forgotten in the background, broadcasting your position to the world.

How we view information

I prefer viewing AIS data on a plotter when in coastal waters, allowing me to make complete navigational decisions. At sea, I’m happy with a course-up display; with no plotter to distract me I can keep my eyes out of the boat.

Don’t let your current system restrict how you view the data; systems can be adapted and linked to additional repeaters and laptops, while developments in NMEA Wi-Fi now allow AIS data to be viewed on mobile apps. If sailing short-handed or with inexperienced crew, audible alarms can also be retrofitted for peace of mind.

Limitations and useful tools

Proximity alarms.

Get into the practice of ‘trimming’ your proximity alarm to fit situations. When setting a range, consider your speed as well as the potential speed of a closing vessel, the experience level of your ‘on watch’ crew, visibility and environment. Get into the habit of checking your proximity alarm setting regularly, especially if you tend to silence it in busy waters when everyone is on deck.

Look beyond the icon

Remember that the icon you see on a screen is your plotter’s interpretation of a situation. Always interrogate the information behind an icon to understand how reliable it is.

Time of last transmission

Class A vessels transmit every 2-10 seconds depending on their speed. Class B vessels are set to a nominal rate of every 30 seconds, however it could be longer depending on speed and the amount of priority traffic in the area (Class B does not have priority transmission).

Some plotters will continue to show ‘echoes’ of vessels for a number of minutes after their last transmission, and these plots in particular can lead to a false confidence in your situation.

Course, trajectory and CPA

The closest point of approach (CPA) is calculated by your own AIS plotter interpolating each burst of information it receives. The CPA is likely to change with every new burst of information. Always back up with radar, if available, and a confirmed visual identification and relative bearing using a hand bearing compass.

In reduced visibility beware that if a Class B vessel is moving at less than 2 knots the nominal reporting rate drops to 3 minutes. This can make calculating a reliable CPA impossible. It’s also worth checking the rate of turn (ROT) data from Class A vessels: if available it can indicate if a vessel is starting to alter course before the plotter calculation.

MMSI identification

One of the most useful features of AIS, this gives a direct line of communication to another vessel and the ability to clarify you have been seen. Although COLREGS are not keen on the use of VHF for collision avoidance, I’ve found that placing a DSC call using the MMSI and opening a dialogue with the bridge of a ship really helps.

Receivers only

Not all AIS receive-only sets are equal. Some receivers are not able to receive Class B vessel name and call sign, while older sets may not be configured for MOB or SART devices.

Search and rescue AIS is now being integrated into personal MOB beacons and as an additional homing signal for EPIRBs . These applications allow any vessel equipped with AIS to join in search operations, greatly increasing the chances of rescue. When using AIS MOB devices ensure you have tested each one against your mothership’s plotter, so all crew are aware of what an MOB symbol looks like.

First published in the May 2018 edition of Yachting World.

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The 10 Most-Exciting Yacht Debuts at the Palm Beach International Boat Show

Besides the debut of smaller vessels, more than 60 yachts over 100 feet will be at palm beach this week. it promises to be a banner event., howard walker, howard walker's most recent stories.

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For superyacht shoppers, the Palm Beach International Boat Show, kicking off its four-day run this week, is set to break records with more than 60 yachts over 100 feet long on display. Last year was also a banner year for superyachts at the show.

Headliners will include the likes of the 295-foot Corsair Nero , the 278-foot Victorious by AKYacht, the 230-foot Turquoise-built Talisman C , and 213-foot Benetti Triumph among brokerage yachts, and in new yachts, the 113-foot Ocean Alexander Puro 35 is making its world debut.

There are so many gleaming white vessels over 100 feet, in fact, that the fleet will be split between the Palm Harbor Marina at the main show site on the downtown West Palm Beach waterfront and the Safe Harbor Rybovich Marina two miles north.

Now in its 42nd year, PBIBS will also showcase hundreds of models of dayboats, cruisers, and fishing boats, as well as marine accessories. Running from this Thursday through Sunday, the show coincides with the Palm Beach Modern + Contemporary art show, a fortuitous opportunity for yacht owners wanting to add new art to their collections.

Here are 10 must-see boats at this year’s show.

Corsair Yachts ‘Nero’

The undisputed star of this year’s Palm Beach show? That would be the 295-foot, classically styled superyacht Nero , built in 2007 and inspired by American financier J.P. Morgan’s legendary 1930s steamer Corsair IV . Nero ‘s attendance at PBIBS marks its return to the charter market after an extensive refit in 2021. Now better than new, the boat is being managed by Burgess. With weekly charter rates from $497,000, the vessel offers five-star accommodations for 12 guests in six cabins, with pampering from a crew of 20. Part of the refit included a full interior refresh by Italian interior designer Laura Pomponi, plus a major focus on wellness. That meant the construction of a new, state-of-the-art gym and spa, the assistance of a certified onboard trainer, a masseuse and beautician. After PBIBS, Nero will spend the winter in the Caribbean before returning to the Med for the summer season.

Ocean Alexander Puro 35P

Ocean Alexander is debuting the first of its new Puro superyacht series at PBIBS. The 113-foot Puro 35P comes from the drawing board of Italian designer Giorgio M. Cassetta and is a step back from the polarizing lines of OA’s recent Revolution and Explorer series with their bold, vertical bow designs. Aimed at long-distance cruising, the 35P can carry over 5,000 gallons of fuel and is powered by twin 2,000 hp MAN V12s for a 24-knot top speed. Twin 55kW Kohler generators can also keep the yacht powered at anchor for long periods. Other standout features include extensive glazing in the chiseled fiberglass hull, a forward deck plunge pool, and spacious accommodations for 10 guests.

Think of it as the “starter” Sirena. Aimed at a younger demographic, the Turkish builder’s brand-new Sirena 48 is making its U.S. debut at PBIBS after a global reveal at last fall’s Cannes boat show. Such is its appeal that 27 hulls have already been sold, with 13 of the orders coming from North America. Looking like a scaled-down version of Sirena’s popular 58, its distinctive, trawler-style lines are from Argentinian designer Germán Frers. With more interior space than a typical 48-footer, the yacht offers three staterooms—plus a crew cabin—a spacious, light-filled salon, a large cockpit, an oversized flybridge, and a vast forward social area. Take your pick from twin 550 hp Cummins QSB, or 670 hp Volvo D11 turbo diesels. Or the builder is also offering hybrid power with twin 285 hp electric motors charged up by variable-speed generators that are good for a 30-mile battery-only range.

Feadship ‘Olympus’

Picture purchasing a classic 180-foot Feadship superyacht, and then getting a $10 million bill for a major refit. That was the case with Olympus , built by the Dutch masters at Feadship in 1996 to a design by Britain’s Andrew Winch and the celebrated naval architect Frits De Voogt. Sold in 2022, the new owner sent it to the Monaco Marine refit center in La Ciotat, France for a major makeover. It included overhauling the 2,600 hp Caterpillar engines and generators, repairs to the structure, substantial upgrades to the guest areas and crew quarters, and new paint throughout. With the work completed just last year, the vessel is said to be in mint condition. Offered jointly by brokers Fraser and Edmiston, Olympus has an asking price of $28.5 million. With accommodations for 16 guests in eight cabins, the boat’s highlights include two primary suites, tropical-spec air conditioning, and Palm Beach-chic decor.

Benetti ‘Triumph’

Italian yachting powerhouse Benetti is showing off its superyacht-building skills with the 213-foot Triumph . Delivered in 2021, this Giorgio M. Cassetta-designed steel-and-aluminum world girder features six decks, a 1,400-square-foot primary suite with outdoor terrace and adjoining lounge, a 750-square-foot beach club, and a touch-and-go helipad. What sets Triumph apart, however, is its lavish interior furnishings put together by the owner along with Benetti Interior Style and Monaco-based Green & Mingarelli Design. It includes pieces by French glassmaker Lalique, marble from Marfil, Statuario and Armani, furs, silk and wool carpets, plus a collection of cool black-and-white wildlife photographs by British fine art photographer David Yarrow. The pièce de résistance? That would be the owner’s Triumph Bonneville motorcycle displayed in the salon.

Fjord 39 XP/XL

Germany’s Fjord Yachts, part of the Hanse Group, has a new 39-foot day boat that it’s unveiling at the Palm Beach show. The 39 XP and XL keep all the bold design cues of the bigger Fjord 41 XP and XL, like a big, open cockpit, walkaround center console, vertical bow, mile-high windshield and stretched hardtop. As for the differences between the XP and XL, it’s all about power. The XL comes with a choice of twin 320hp Volvo D4 diesels, or bigger 440 hp D6 versions, both with Volvo stern drives. Likely more appealing to U.S. buyers will be the XP powered by twin 400 hp Mercury Verado V10 outboards giving a 50-knot top speed. Pricing starts at around $500,000.

Turquoise ‘Talisman C’

Chandeliers don’t come more dramatic than this. Cascading down the central spiral staircase of the Turkish-built, 231-foot superyacht Talisman C , this jaw-dropping piece of art comprises an array of multi-colored glass balls threaded on stainless-steel rods and illuminated by hanging fiber-optic strands. It’s the creation of Prague-based Crystal Caviar and is one of a number of glass installations on this sleek, low-profile superyacht. Built in 2011 by the Proteksan Turquoise shipyard, Talisman C was designed inside and out by London-based studio H2 Yacht Design, with naval architecture by Italy’s Hydro Tec. With cabins for 12 guests, one of its highlights is a huge primary suite, which boasts more crystal chandeliers and a private library. Twin 2,447 hp Caterpillar diesels give a top speed of 18 knots and a transatlantic range of 7,000 nautical miles at 12 knots. It’s listed with Burgess for $59.9 million.

Sanlorenzo 44 ‘Kamakasa’

Delivered in 2020 and sold to a new buyer just last August, the 146-foot Sanlorenzo 44 Alloy Kamakasa will be for sale at PBIBS. The asking price, through the Italian Yacht Group, is $23.75 million. Lack of use might also be the issue here; the yacht’s twin 2,600 hp MTU V16 diesels have a mere 289 hours on the clock. Built in aluminum to a design by Rome-based Zuccon International Project, Kamakasa was the second hull in the Sanlorenzo 44 Alloy series. One of the top features is a primary suite that spans three levels and almost 1,600 square feet; it also comes with a private Jacuzzi, separate bathrooms, a walk-in closet, and a private study. The yacht’s lightweight construction and MTU power combine to deliver an impressive 20-knot top speed.

Bahama 41 GT2

As ultimate, reel-’em-in, fishing center consoles go, the Bahama 41 from West Palm Beach-based Bahama Boat Works is as hard-core as they come. But when owners kept asking for a little more comfort for the family, the builder responded. The result is the brand-new flagship 41 GT debuting at PBIBS. While the proven, wave-slicing hull stays the same, the cockpit layout is new. In place of the single bench seat, there are now three-across bucket seats with a second row behind. The wider console now has space for a pair of 22-inch Garmin screens, while the new extended hardtop features sun shades and even a rain shower. Outboard choices stay the same with either twin Mercury V12 600s, or four 400 hp Mercury V10s, good for a 65-knot-plus top speed. Pricing is from around $920,000.

Heesen ‘Book Ends’

Launched in 2022, this 164-foot Heesen is part of the Book Ends collection, owned by an American couple who have had more than 18 yachts with the same name. The exterior design of this Heesen was by Omega Architects, while Dutch studio Van Oossanen did the naval architecture. The yacht is part of Heesen’s fast cruising series, which is more efficient than other vessels its size, and can reach 23 knots at full speed with its MTU 16V 4000 M65L engines. The yacht is listed through Ocean Independence for 42 million Euro, or about $45.7 million.

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British Airways is upgrading its long-haul fleet to Club Suite business class. Here's what customers can expect from the new pod-like seats.

British Airways introduced the Club Suite in 2019 as a major upgrade to its dated business class.
The cabin has so far been deployed on Airbus A350, Boeing 787-10, and some Boeing 777 aircraft.
The airline's Heathrow-based long-haul fleet, including the Airbus A380, will be retrofitted by 2026.

British Airways announced its newest business-class seat — dubbed the Club Suite — in March 2019 as part of a multi-billion investment, and now it's being deployed across more of the airline's fleet.

The seat first rolled out on the carrier's newly-delivered Airbus A350 aircraft the year it was introduced and has since been deployed on its Boeing 787-10s and some of its Boeing 777s.

Now, the rest of the fleet, including the carrier's Boeing 787-8s, Boeing 787-9s, and Airbus A380s, are due for a Club Suite retrofit over the next few years.

Compared to British Airways' old business class , the Club Suite is a significant upgrade with improved space and privacy. Here's everything customers can expect.

British Airways launched its Club Suite in mid-2019, representing a huge improvement from its dated business class cabin.

British Airways's business-class upgrade comes as traveler expectations evolve to seek more premium amenities, like privacy doors and direct-aisle access.

The trend follows the likes of Qatar Airways, Emirates, and All Nippon Airways , all of which are known for their top-tier business-class cabins.

The new seat, which is a customized version of the Super Diamond made by Collins Aerospace, has so far deployed on BA’s A350s, 787-10s, and most of its 777s.

The Super Diamond business class design is a common pick among airlines thanks to its privacy and optimized space, with carriers like Qatar , American Airlines, and WestJet, among others, also sporting the seat.

However, pandemic-related delays have made the rollout slower than expected.

According to British Airways, the original timeline was expected to see the entire widebody fleet retrofit with the Club Suite by 2025.

"At British Airways, we have one of Europe's largest long-haul fleets and most far-reaching global networks, so it will take some time to make the cabin available to everybody, " Former British Airways CEO Alex Cruz said in 2019. "We hope that as more customers have the chance to experience it, they'll enjoy traveling in it as much as we've enjoyed designing it."

It's now expected the Heathrow-based long-haul fleet retrofit will be complete by 2026, the company said in November.

The retrofit includes British Airways' aging A380s, which the airline has opted to keep instead of retiring like many other global carriers have decided to do.

Also coming to the A380 is a new first class, British Airways CEO Sean Doyle said at a media event in London on March 4.

After flying the new Club Suite from London to New York this month, I think British Airways has fixed the problems of its less-desirable business class product.

I flew on one of British Airways' retrofitted 777s and think the hard product is easily competitive with the likes of Delta and Condor. One small nit to pick: The headset's output was scratchy, and I had to use my own set of headphones on my flight.

Notably, the airline ditched the cramped 2x4x2 layout of the old product in favor of a 1x2x1 cabin for the Club Suite.

British Airways' dated business class cabin is still on a large chunk of its long-haul widebody planes, and it falls way behind competitors due to its lack of privacy and efficiency.

This means that, unlike the old product, the new design offers all passengers direct aisle access and better privacy.

British Airways' old cabin featured rows with up to eight seats across, so those next to the window did not have direct aisle access.

Customers also complained about food being handed over to the aisle passenger to reach the window seat, as well as aisle-seat travelers having overall less privacy due to the lack of doors.

The privacy is thanks to a personal door that creates a fully enclosed pod, almost like a little mini-hotel room.

On my particular flight, I chose seat 17A in the back corner of the Club Suite cabin, and I thought it was a perfect little nook.

Cruz, the former CEO, said in 2019 that the new Club Suite's privacy and direct-aisle access design was "incorporated as a direct result of the feedback we've had from our customers."

Also featured in the Club Suites is an 18.5” television screen, which comes with an accompanying remote.

Customers can expect entertainment like movies, TV shows from Paramount+, music, and games. The back of the remote has a full keyboard and a gaming toggle.

There are plenty of storage options, too, including cubbies, a shelf, and tabletop space.

Some airline business class products, like those on Air India and Air New Zealand, lack proper storage, which can be a nuisance for travelers needing space for laptops and books.

A universal power outlet and USB ports can be found inside the larger of the cubbies.

The adjacent cubby is narrower but can hold things like a small book or e-reader. My 10-inch Kindle Fire did not fit, though.

Meanwhile, the side cubby features a mirror and a shelf stocked with a water bottle and an amenity kit.

The amenity kit came with an eye mask, socks, lotion, a toothbrush, toothpaste, and lip balm — the standard across most airlines.

The tray table is stored under the television and can be adjusted to sit closer to or farther away from the passenger.

The table is large but does not have the same flexibility seen in business class on carriers like Korean Air , for example, which features tables that swivel into several different positions.

While passengers will be served plenty of food to stay full on long-haul journeys, business-class customers also have access to the Club Kitchen.

The Club Kitchen is a self-service station in the galley stocked with snacks and drinks, like wine, soda, and chips.

Among the most important features of the seat is its lie-flat bed, which can be converted at the touch of a button.

A panel located next to the seat can adjust it into a recliner or fully flat, which makes it easy for travelers to deploy the bed on their own.

Some carriers, particularly Air New Zealand , require assistance from the flight attendant to prepare the bed — which is not an ideal design.

The bed has a reading light, a mattress pad, a soft blanket, and a large pillow. And the seat itself provides good padding and space.

Customers commonly complain of narrower-than-desired beds in British Airways' old business class.

In the Club Suite, however, I personally found the bed big enough to lay on my side or stomach.

However, the airline did not provide slippers or pajamas, which are seen on others like Condor and Air India.

Condor offered slippers on my business class flight from New York to Frankfurt last June.

Air India's pajamas and slippers were one of the better amenities offered in its mediocre 777 business class .

While British Airways’ doesn’t provide sleepwear, customers will find that one of the Club Suites’ only downsides.

The new seat also lacks the increasingly popular USB-C ports, and the airplane I flew on didn't have working WiFi.

British Airways' emailed me after the flight saying the broken internet was due to a malfunctioned antenna, but the transparency was a nice surprise.

Compared to British Airways' dated business class, the Club Suite has the much-needed privacy and space improvements expected of modern global carriers.

Travelers can look forward to consistency across British Airways' Heathrow-based long-haul cabins as the A380s, 787-8, 787-9s, and the remaining 777s are reconfigured come 2026.

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Category : B in Moscow Metro

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This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.

B on Sokolnicheskaya Line ‎ (2 F)
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How the Fk Do You Build a Consistent Global Brand w/ YOTEL’s Olivia Donnan How The Fk Did You Get That Job?

In this super fun, super insightful interview (which we did on a yacht!?), we sat down with Olivia Donnan, VP of Branding Communications at YOTEL, to dive into her career journey and philosophies about how to stand out and build a world-class global brand in hospitality. From her early dreams of becoming an actress to navigating the multicultural nuances of international business, Olivia shares the lessons, challenges, and wins that have shaped her path. Like many of our guests on “How the F**k Did You Get That Job?”, Olivia’s education and career path are completely unrelated, and she gives practical advice for those starting out in their career and anxious make their mark early (hint: be patient!). One of our favorite parts of this interview as the candid look at what it takes to build and maintain a strong brand in the uber competitive world of hospitality, and how to maintain that brand’s consistency across continents. A great lesson for any budding global marketing executive.

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BAA successfully places Class B bond; Moscow Vnukovo increases airline charges

UK 's unlisted BAA announced it has successfully placed a GBP400 million Sterling Class B bond, with a 2018 maturity and a fixed annual interest coupon of 6.25%. The company generated an initial order book of more than GBP1 billion and was able to price inside initial price guidance at 375 basis points over gilts. BAA plans to use the proceeds of the bond issue to refinance part of its existing bank debt, lengthening the group's debt maturity profile.

Meanwhile, Russia 's Federal Tariff Service ( FTS ) increased Moscow Vnukovo International Airport airline charges.

Take-off and landing charges: increased by 7% to EUR3.92 (RUB154.10) per ton;
Parking charges: 5% against the take-off and landing charge per hour (for passenger aircraft parked more than three hours after landing and freighter aircraft parked more than six hours after landing);
Security charges: increased by 16% to EUR3.54 (RUB139.40) per ton;
Domestic terminal charges: EUR1.16 (RUB45.50) per passenger, or EUR1.91 (RUB75.00) for international services;
Passenger handling charge: EUR3.23 (RUB127.00) per passenger for domestic services, EUR3.66 (RUB144.00) for international services.

Other European airport operators that lost ground yesterday included Zurich (-1.2%) and Aeroporto di Venezia (-0.1%). Meanwhile, Fraport (+1.9%) and Gemina (+2.1%) shares gained.

Abertis shares gained 4% on Wednesday (01-Sep-2010) after Actividades de Construccion & Servicios SA and CVC Capital Partners Ltd agreed to hold their stakes in Abertis for at least three years.

Selected airports daily share price movements (% change): 01-Sep-2010

Source: Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation & Yahoo! Finance

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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Lanette Mayes. Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.