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Rodrigues (French: Île Rodrigues [il ʁɔdʁiɡ]; Creole: Rodrig) is a 108 km2 (42 sq mi) autonomous outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about 560 km (350 mi) east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Islands, which include Mauritius and Réunion. Rodrigues is of volcanic origin and is surrounded by coral reef, and some tiny uninhabited islands lie just off its coast. The island used to be the tenth District of Mauritius; it gained autonomous status on 10 December 2002, and it is governed by the Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The capital of the island is Port Mathurin. Its inhabitants are Mauritian citizens. (As of 2014), the island's population was about 41,669, according to Statistics Mauritius. Most of the inhabitants are of African descent. Its economy is based mainly on fishing, farming, handicraft and a developing tourism sector. The island (together with Agaléga and Saint Brandon) forms part of the larger territory of the Republic of Mauritius with the President as head of state and the Chief Commissioner as head of government.

1. Etymology and History

The uninhabited island was named after the Portuguese explorer Diogo Rodrigues in February 1528. Many maps also describe it as Diego Roiz. From the 10th century, Arabs are known to have visited the Mascarene Islands. A 12th-century map by the Arab geographer Ash-Sharif al-Idrisi supposedly contains them, and the Cantino planisphere of c.  1500 and some other contemporary maps clearly show the three islands of the Mascarenes as Dina Arobi (or Harobi ), Dina Margabin and Dina Moraze . These are apparently corrupted transliterations or transcriptions of the Arabic ديفا هاراب Diva Harab ("Desert Island"), ديفا مغربين Diva Maghrebin ("Western Island") and ديفا ماشريق Diva Mashriq ("Eastern Island"). While the second clearly refers to Réunion, sources disagree about which of the other is Mauritius and which one Rodrigues, which are both to the east of Réunion and arranged in a somewhat stylised way on these maps. However, even in its original state, Rodrigues had some karst, while Mauritius even after suffering 500 years of deforestation can by no means be called "desert" even in a colloquial sense. [ 1 ]

The island was located again in February 1507. Part of the fleet of Afonso de Albuquerque and Tristão da Cunha, Diogo Fernandes Pereira's Cirne spotted Réunion on 9 February after a cyclone diverted their course. The other two islands were subsequently rediscovered. The initial name was Diogo Fernandes ; Domingo Froiz was given as a name some years later, and by 1528 it had been again renamed after the Portuguese navigator Dom Diogo Rodrigues and has remained so since. The orthography has been less stable at first, with the name being transcribed Diogo Rodríguez (Spanish maps), Diego Roiz , Diego Ruys (Dutch maps) (or even Diego Ruy's Island ), Dygarroys or Bygarroys . Some early French sources called it Île Marianne .

Due to the island lying far off the beaten track of seafarers at that time, it received few visits. From 1601, the Dutch began visiting the island somewhat more regularly for fresh supplies of food. In 1691, the Huguenot François Leguat and seven companions landed on the island, intending to set up a farming colony of Protestant refugees. Farming was not successful, but there was an abundance of tortoises, turtles, birds, fish and other seafood.

During the 18th century, several attempts were made by the French to develop the island. African slaves (ancestors of the present population) were brought to Rodrigues to develop stock-breeding and farming. In 1735 a permanent French settlement was established, subordinated to Île Bourbon. [ 2 ]

In 1809, after a brief battle with the French, British troops took possession of Rodrigues. [ 3 ] After British occupation, slavery was eventually abolished in 1834. By 1843, the population had declined to a low of 250.

In 1883, the eruption of the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa was heard at Rodrigues Island and it remains the furthest point, at almost 4,800 km (3,000 mi), at which the explosion was heard. [ 4 ] The sound was described as "the roar of heavy guns". Naval ships were ordered to investigate as it was feared the sound was due to a ship in distress firing its guns. Having been heard from about 5,000 km (3,100 mi) away on the other side of the Indian Ocean, the noise remains the loudest sound in recorded history.

Early in 1968, HMS Cambrian , which had been on duties near Beira in east Africa concerning Ian Smith and his unilateral declaration of the independence of Rhodesia, was diverted to Rodrigues to quell a reported uprising by some of the populace. The uprising consisted of a number of individuals who had been arrested by the local authorities for breaking into a warehouse and appropriating a supply of sweet potatoes. Other locals went to the authorities and by violence released the arrested persons. At this point, it is believed that the authorities requested assistance which was provided by HMS Cambrian . On her early morning arrival, the ship's 4.5" guns were fired (with blanks, it is believed) and an armed landing party was provided. This resulted in the offenders being rounded up and imprisoned again.

In 1968, Rodrigues was joined with Mauritius when it attained independence. In 2002, Rodrigues became an autonomous region of Mauritius and the island was made the seat of the Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Rodrigues.

In 1997, the 40-foot-long (12-meter) Russian yacht Admiral Nevelskoi , Gennady Nevelskoy was found in the lagoon of Rodrigues Island. Formerly captained solo by professor Leonid Lysenko for the Russian Maritime State University as a research ship, the vessel's mast and rudder broke on a voyage in 1995, drifting for 21 days until Lysenko was rescued by the crew of the Ukrainian vessel Arkaja , at which time the Admiral Nevelskoi was abandoned. Lysenko was certain that the ship would eventually sink; however, the vessel continued to drift at sea without crew for over 2 years before finally washing up on Rodrigues, at which time it was removed from the water and brought ashore.

In 2010, Russian Hon. Eric Typhis Degtyarenko located the yacht and contacted the Maritime State University, at which time the ship was converted to a maritime museum in recognition as Russia's only link to the Indian Ocean. [ 5 ]

2. Geography

Rodrigues is a volcanic island rising from a ridge along the edge of the Mascarene Plateau. The tectonically active Rodrigues Triple Point lies on the sea-floor nearby. Rodrigues is only 1.5 million years old, even if the plateau under the lagoon surrounding Rodrigues may be much more ancient than the island. [ 6 ] Over time Rodrigues has developed a unique environment, including many endemic species.

Rodrigues is situated about 560 kilometres (350 mi) to the east of Mauritius. It is about 18 km (11 mi) long and 6.5 km (4.0 mi) wide with an area of 108 km 2 (42 sq mi). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The shape is that of a whale back with a central ridge and deep cut valleys. The island is hilly with a central spine culminating in the highest peak, Mountain Limon at 398 m (1,306 ft). Rodrigues is the only Mascarene island with extensive limestone deposits and caves. A large fringing reef surrounds the island forming a lagoon within which lie eighteen small islets. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]

The coral reef of Rodrigues is of particular interest as it is self-seeding – it receives no coral zooplankton from elsewhere. This has led to an overall species-poor but highly adapted ecosystem. A species of coral, two species of Pomacentrus damselfish and many species of crustaceans are found only on Rodrigues' reefs. [ 11 ]

2.1. Climate

The isolation and location of the island give a microclimate specific to Rodrigues, with two seasons. Rodrigues enjoys a mild tropical maritime climate with persistent trade winds blowing throughout the year. Mean summer temperature is 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) and mean winter temperature is around 22.3 °C (72.1 °F). The temperature difference between summer and winter is 3.6 °C. January to March are the hottest months and August is the coolest month. The wettest month is February; September and October are the driest months. The climate is hotter and drier than in Mauritius. Cyclones may arise from November to April, and Rodrigues is more often hit than Mauritius. [ 12 ]

2.2. Biodiversity

Rodrigues was characterised by endemic plant and animal species in abundance, but since the seventeenth century much of its biodiversity has been eradicated. The island was home to a now extinct endemic species of flightless bird, the Rodrigues solitaire ( Pezophaps solitaria ). An endemic species of bat, the Rodrigues flying fox, is currently listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. There are two remaining endemic bird species: the Rodrigues fody and the Rodrigues warbler, both are listed as near threatened.

To restore some forest areas, Grande Montagne, Anse Quitor (with neighbouring François Leguat Giant Tortoise Reserve) and two islets, Île aux Sables and Île aux Cocos have been declared nature reserves (under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983). [ 13 ] Endangered plants on the reserves include Zanthoxylum paniculatum , Polyscias rodriguesiana , Badula balfouriana , and Gouania leguatii . [ 14 ] [ 15 ]

3. Government and Politics

The island of Rodrigues is a constituency of the Republic of Mauritius and is dependent on the latter. However, on 20 November 2001, the Mauritius National Assembly unanimously adopted two laws giving Rodrigues its autonomy, creating a decentralised government system. This new legislation has allowed the implementation of a regional assembly in Rodrigues constituting 18 members and an executive council headed by a Chief Commissioner. The council meets every week to make decisions, draw up laws and manage the budget. The Chief Commissioner has the main task of informing the Mauritian Prime Minister of the management of the island's concerns. The last election of the Rodriguan Regional Assembly was held on 12 February 2017. The Organisation du Peuple de Rodrigues (OPR) party was the winner and obtained ten seats, while the Mouvement Rodriguais (MR) obtained seven. The current chief commissioner is Louis Serge Clair and the Chief Executive of Rodrigues is Davis Hee Hong Wye.

3.1. Electoral Regions

The island includes six electoral regions: La Ferme (Region 1), Marechal (Region 2), Saint Gabriel (Region 3), Baie aux Huitres (Region 4), Port Mathurin (Region 5) and Grande Montagne (Region 6). Rodrigues Regional Assembly election are held every five years.

Rodrigues is divided into 14 municipalities or zones. For statistical purposes, the zones are further subdivided into a total of 182 localities. The zones have between a minimum of six localities (La Ferme) and maximum of 22 (the capital Port Mathurin). [ 16 ]

Rodrigues locations named . https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2054862

4. Demographics

The population estimate (as of 24 December 2012) for the island of Rodrigues was 39,242. [ 18 ] The main religion is Christianity, dominated by Roman Catholicism with small minorities of other Christian branches, as well as Jehovah's Witnesses, and there are also Hindus, Muslims and Buddhists. Most of the inhabitants are of African descent and there is a minority of mixed-race peoples, [ clarification needed ] descendants of the first European settlers.

The main language is Rodriguan Creole, but English and French are most used as the languages of government administration, the courts and business. [ 19 ] Rodriguan Creole is very similar to Mauritian Creole, though some words are pronounced differently. People born in Rodrigues island are called Rodriguans.

5. Education

The education system in Rodrigues is similar to that throughout the rest of Mauritius. The government provides free education to students up to the tertiary level. Education is taught mainly in English.

6. Transportation

Rodrigues is served by Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport in Plane Corail, with regular flights to Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport in Plaisance.

The economy of Rodrigues is mostly dependent on Mauritius. The main sources of income and economic activity are tourism, fishing, agriculture (especially of onions, garlic and chilli), and animal rearing. The handicraft industry has proven to be beneficial to the economy of the island. However, the income derived from the export of sea products, cattle, and food crops is smaller than the costs of imported products, creating a deficit. It has a special relationship with English-speaking countries, such as England in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland. [ 20 ] [ 21 ]

As of 2020, Gross National Income per capita was approximately $16,400. [ 22 ]

Cultural awakening which occurred at the end of the 1970s allowed the construction and consolidation of the cultural identity of Rodrigues through the development of these various elements, which form the base of the culture of every nation: food, music, and crafts

8.1. Music and Folklore

The traditional music of the island is known as Sega Tambour. The music has an accentuated beat, usually accompanied by an accordion, clapping and the use of improvised percussion instruments like bamboo. The folk dance music is similar to polkas, quadrilles, waltzes and Scottish reels.

8.2. Cuisine

Rodrigues cuisine consists of dishes from local products: fruit, vegetables, seafood (fish, octopus, crab, shrimp, lobster) and meat. National dishes include sausages with kreolinės, rougaille sauce, octopus with curry, kono-kono (a shellfish) salad and Rodrigues cake.

8.3. Sports

The most common sport in Rodrigues is association football. There are local competitions almost throughout the year and in specific competitions, the winning team travels to Mauritius for sport exchange. Volleyball is also popular. There is also a public swimming pool at Marechal, a village located in the center of the island, and a stadium at Camp Du Rois in the region of Port Mathurin.

• "The Arabs". Encyclopædia Mauritiana. http://www.mauritiusencyclopedia.com/History/Arabs.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2014. 
• "Mauritius". http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mauritius.htm#Rodrigues. 
• Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin.. British Battles and Medals.. p. 30. Published Spink, London. 1988. ISBN: 0907605257
• "How Krakatoa made the biggest bang — Science — News". The Independent. 3 May 2006. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-krakatoa-made-the-biggest-bang-476616.html. 
• "Admiral Nevelskoi - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker". http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2150554. 
• "Geography − Overview". Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/portal/site/abtmtius/menuitem.37cd78c9e3a902984d57241079b521ca/. 
• "Geography − location". Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/portal/site/abtmtius/menuitem.9eb76f322dcc02984d57241079b521ca/. 
• "Meteorological Services − Monthly Bulletin of Climatological Summaries". Mauritius Meteorological Services. p. 3. http://metservice.intnet.mu/pdfs/Climatological%20Summaries%20May%202008.pdf. 
• "Overview of the Biodiversity of Rodrigues". Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/portal/goc/moa/file/chap6a.pdf. 
• "Hydrology of Rodrigues and Agalega". Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/portal/goc/mpu/file/chapter%207.pdf. 
• "Convention on Biological Diversity – Third National Report for the Republic of Mauritius, Section 5.2.1, p. 26". Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit in collaboration with the UNEP/GEF. October 2006. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mu/mu-nr-03-en.pdf. 
• "Climate of Rodrigues & other outer islands". Mauritius Meteorological Services. http://metservice.intnet.mu/climate-services/climate-of-rodrigues-and-islands.php. 
• Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. "Fourth National Report on the Convention on Biological Diversity – Republic of Mauritius". Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mu/mu-nr-04-en.pdf. 
• "Welcome to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) - In The Field - Rodrigues - Anse Quitor". http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=31&tcid=88. 
• "Welcome to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) - In The Field - Rodrigues - Plant". http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=31&tcid=92. 
• List of localities within each zone defined for Rodrigues. Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/portal/sites/ncb/cso/report/hpcen00/migra/munirod.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2012. 
• Census of 2000
• Ministry of Finance & Economic Development (2012). ANNUAL DIGEST OF STATISTICS 2012. 31 December. Government of Mauritius. p. 19. http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Documents/Regular%20Reports/annual%20digest/annualdig12.pdf. Retrieved 20 October 2013. 
• "General Information about Rodrigues". Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=e7d393c5f2598010VgnVCM100000ca6a12acRCRD. 
• "Mauritius : Economy - The Commonwealth". http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/mauritius/economy. 
• There was also the development of the tourist sector with the construction of the airport and opening of hotels and guest houses
• "Gross National Income per Capita (in 1000 US$ 2011 PPP) - Area Database - Global Data Lab". https://globaldatalab.org/areadata/gnic/MUS/. 

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VESSEL REVIEW | Admiral Nevelskoy – Russia’s newest ice-class cargo/passenger ferry to serve Sakhalin-Kurils route

Russian operator Sakhalinlizingflot has taken delivery of a new Project PV22 ice-class ferry from United Shipbuilding Corporation's (USC) Nevsky Shipyard. The ferry has been named Admiral Nevelskoy in honour of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy, an explorer and navigator who is best known for his 1849-1855 expedition to what is now the Russian Far East.

The all-steel newbuild was designed by local naval architects Marine Engineering Bureau (MEB) to comply with the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping's Arc4 ice class notation, enabling it to operate safely in the Sea of Okhotsk between Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the country's Far East even during the winter months.

"The Arc4 notation means Admiral Nevelskoy is of a higher ice class than any of the other existing cargo/passenger vessels that operate in this region of Russia," MEB told Baird Maritime . "The vessel can also load and unload heavy containers in large ports while a deck crane is available as well for handling other cargo in ports that are lacking in the necessary infrastructure. No other cargo/passenger vessels in this region possess this dual capability."

MEB added that, besides being the first new Russian-owned cargo/passenger ferry to be built domestically in nearly 30 years, Admiral Nevelskoy also boasts improved icebreaking capability, its design having been based on the Project MPSV07 search and rescue vessels optimised for use in Arctic waters. This enabled the design team to fulfil the owner's need for greater passenger capacity, improved comfort, and a higher ice class without increasing the vessel's overall dimensions.

"Because the dimensions needed to be kept within certain limits, the biggest challenges we faced were in ensuring all cabins boasted adequate comfort for the passengers and that enough space would be available for the large deck crane, which has a 30.5-tonne lifting capacity and 12-metre reach."

The limitations in the allowable dimensions were influenced by the fact that a number of the ports along the ferry's regular route in the Kurils lack some of the equipment necessary for handling cargo containers. This, however, provided an opportunity for the design team to incorporate improved ice strengthening of the hull in line with the owner's need for a vessel that can still transport people and goods to and from the mainland year-round.

MEB added that the only other cargo/passenger ferries in the region were built in 1991 and 1992, respectively, and are not well-suited for year-round operations due to their lower ice class and propulsive power.

Admiral Nevelskoy has an LOA of 75 metres, a beam of 15.5 metres, a draught of five metres, and a displacement of 3,997 tonnes at full load. Two 1,800kW main engines that can run on either diesel or heavy fuel oil drive two 2,800-millimetre controllable-pitch propellers to deliver a maximum speed of 15 knots. A Schottel 200kW tunnel thruster at the bow aids in precision manoeuvring in tight confines. MEB has claimed the vessel's manoeuvrability is an improvement compared to existing ferries on the Sakhalin-Kurils route.

There is space for up to 146 passengers including those with limited mobility, six cars, 24 containers, and assorted general cargo. The vessel's 904-cubic-metre cargo hold also has dedicated space for dangerous goods as well as a refrigerated compartment for perishable items.

The passenger cabins come in various classes and each cabin has an en suite toilet and shower. There are 30 double and quadruple cabins, and this number also includes a cabin specifically for use by one or two disabled passengers plus a companion and cabins for mothers with small children. Other accommodation areas include a restaurant and a crew mess room.

"As a result of the optimal arrangement of the compartments," MEB told Baird Maritime , "we were able to guarantee a GT-per-passenger ratio of 20.8, whereas most other vessels on the Sakhalin-Kurils route have figures ranging from 27.6 to 30.5. This indicates to us that we have achieved a higher level of comfort in all interior spaces, particularly the passenger and crew cabins."

Remarkably, the ferry can be operated by just one crewmember in the wheelhouse, this attribute being made possible by the installation of what MEB has called an integrated automation system (IAS). This unified system encompasses both hardware and software in order to streamline maintenance and to minimise the overall need for spare parts.

In the event of an emergency, Admiral Nevelskoy is equipped with lifeboats, which are to be lowered into the water through davits that are also fitted with heating elements. This will help prevent the formation of ice on the davits' critical components such as the winches, brakes, and pulleys.

Click here for the other news, features and reviews comprising this month's Passenger Vessel Week.

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