racing sailboat sail

Sail GP: how do supercharged racing yachts go so fast? An engineer explains

Head of Engineering, Warsash School of Maritime Science and Engineering, Solent University

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Jonathan Ridley does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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Sailing used to be considered as a rather sedate pastime. But in the past few years, the world of yacht racing has been revolutionised by the arrival of hydrofoil-supported catamarans, known as “foilers”. These vessels, more akin to high-performance aircraft than yachts, combine the laws of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to create vessels capable of speeds of up to 50 knots, which is far faster than the wind propelling them.

An F50 catamaran preparing for the Sail GP series recently even broke this barrier, reaching an incredible speed of 50.22 knots (57.8mph) purely powered by the wind. This was achieved in a wind of just 19.3 knots (22.2mph). F50s are 15-metre-long, 8.8-metre-wide hydrofoil catamarans propelled by rigid sails and capable of such astounding speeds that Sail GP has been called the “ Formula One of sailing ”. How are these yachts able to go so fast? The answer lies in some simple fluid dynamics.

As a vessel’s hull moves through the water, there are two primary physical mechanisms that create drag and slow the vessel down. To build a faster boat you have to find ways to overcome the drag force.

The first mechanism is friction. As the water flows past the hull, a microscopic layer of water is effectively attached to the hull and is pulled along with the yacht. A second layer of water then attaches to the first layer, and the sliding or shearing between them creates friction.

On the outside of this is a third layer, which slides over the inner layers creating more friction, and so on. Together, these layers are known as the boundary layer – and it’s the shearing of the boundary layer’s molecules against each other that creates frictional drag.

A yacht also makes waves as it pushes the water around and under the hull from the bow (front) to the stern (back) of the boat. The waves form two distinctive patterns around the yacht (one at each end), known as Kelvin Wave patterns.

These waves, which move at the same speed as the yacht, are very energetic. This creates drag on the boat known as the wave-making drag, which is responsible for around 90% of the total drag. As the yacht accelerates to faster speeds (close to the “hull speed”, explained later), these waves get higher and longer.

These two effects combine to produce a phenomenon known as “ hull speed ”, which is the fastest the boat can travel – and in conventional single-hull yachts it is very slow. A single-hull yacht of the same size as the F50 has a hull speed of around 12 mph.

However, it’s possible to reduce both the frictional and wave-making drag and overcome this hull-speed limit by building a yacht with hydrofoils . Hydrofoils are small, underwater wings. These act in the same way as an aircraft wing, creating a lift force which acts against gravity, lifting our yacht upwards so that the hull is clear of the water.

While an aircraft’s wings are very large, the high density of water compared to air means that we only need very small hydrofoils to produce a lot of the important lift force. A hydrofoil just the size of three A3 sheets of paper, when moving at just 10 mph, can produce enough lift to pick up a large person.

This significantly reduces the surface area and the volume of the boat that is underwater, which cuts the frictional drag and the wave-making drag, respectively. The combined effect is a reduction in the overall drag to a fraction of its original amount, so that the yacht is capable of sailing much faster than it could without hydrofoils.

The other innovation that helps boost the speed of racing yachts is the use of rigid sails . The power available from traditional sails to drive the boat forward is relatively small, limited by the fact that the sail’s forces have to act in equilibrium with a range of other forces, and that fabric sails do not make an ideal shape for creating power. Rigid sails, which are very similar in design to an aircraft wing, form a much more efficient shape than traditional sails, effectively giving the yacht a larger engine and more power.

As the yacht accelerates from the driving force of these sails, it experiences what is known as “ apparent wind ”. Imagine a completely calm day, with no wind. As you walk, you experience a breeze in your face at the same speed that you are walking. If there was a wind blowing too, you would feel a mixture of the real (or “true” wind) and the breeze you have generated.

The two together form the apparent wind, which can be faster than the true wind. If there is enough true wind combined with this apparent wind, then significant force and power can be generated from the sail to propel the yacht, so it can easily sail faster than the wind speed itself.

The combined effect of reducing the drag and increasing the driving power results in a yacht that is far faster than those of even a few years ago. But all of this would not be possible without one further advance: materials. In order to be able to “fly”, the yacht must have a low mass, and the hydrofoil itself must be very strong. To achieve the required mass, strength and rigidity using traditional boat-building materials such as wood or aluminium would be very difficult.

This is where modern advanced composite materials such as carbon fibre come in. Production techniques optimising weight, rigidity and strength allow the production of structures that are strong and light enough to produce incredible yachts like the F50.

The engineers who design these high-performance boats (known as naval architects ) are always looking to use new materials and science to get an optimum design. In theory, the F50 should be able to go even faster.

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Introduction to Sailboat Racing [Rules and Classes Explained]

True, when you first witness a sailboat race, you might believe it’s too confusing and chaotic (it can be both). But, like with anything new, you may ease into it gradually. This is intended to allow you to take several actions at once.

Racing a sailboat is a lot of fun. It blends the excitement of sailing your own boat with the raw rivalry of trying to beat another boat of comparable size. Racing also teaches you boat handling and sail trim in a manner that cruising cannot: by comparing your speed and handling to those of other boats.

Let us jump into the article to learn more about sailboat racing.

Basic Insights Into Sailboat Racing

Sailboat racing may be separated into three parts: start , headwind , and tailwind . During a sailboat race, it is important to ensure that the beginning of the race must be strong. The start determines the overall outcome of the race and thus is considered very crucial for the race. It brings great advantage to the competitor and this is often very underrated.

As soon as the countdown is complete, it is necessary to make sure that the competitor has crossed the starting line effectively. Generally, warnings are given at 5mins and subsequently at 4mins and 1min .

Another very important aspect to consider is the path . The competitor must be able to determine a clear path to sail through and the direction of the race course must also be perceived correctly to ensure a favorable outcome. Free lanes enable the competitor with ideal angles to the wind with which they can easily navigate without having to go against disturbed wind or wind shadows from rival boats.

The Starting Line

Oftentimes, the first leg of the race will be upwind, after the starting line is crossed. At this point again, it is important to note that starting strong is crucial for an upwind race as more free lanes are accessible the further ahead the competitor is in the convoy.

The necessary determinants to be noted and kept in consideration throughout the race for effective upwind sailing strategies are the following factors: wind direction, wind speed, and rivals. But the last aspect can be tricky as everyone’s goal is ultimately to win.

Competitors need to base their choices for sailing downwind on the same findings, but with a few minor variations. Being at the forefront and tagged by rivals can be seen as a mode of suffering when the competitor must keep sailing in the wind shadows of all the boats behind. Here, there’s an advantage to be thought of if the competitor can position themselves at the rear. Any lane can be chosen at proper intervals to make up for the lost ground.

However, usually, down winds result in shorter wins and losses than up winds . This is because there is less transverse separation during down winds when compared to up winds.

Different Types of Sail Racing Classes

Sailboat racing can be done in different ways. Each race lasts for about 45min to 1hr and is conducted on a course marked by buoys mounted by the racing committee. One can also take part in “ distance races “. In this case, the “ natural ” surroundings will typically provide the race course.

‍The points of sail during the race depend on the predominant wind direction factors on the day of the race, which is the other major variation besides the length. While racing on the course, the race committee places the buoys in such a manner that the race course is adapted to the wind , this mostly enables the competitors to accurately identify which sail has to be deployed for the upcoming leg .

At the race course and during the distance races, the sailboats that participate are usually of various types and are commonly very diverse. As a result, the organizing committee frequently employs intricate “ handicap ” mechanisms to even out variations across boat types . The system is often country-based and it has been developed based on the most common types of boats in a country. The RC , ORC , and IRC systems are the most widely used on an international scale .

These systems compute a factor that should be multiplied by the exact time required to sail one nautical mile using complex formulas . They are based on the dimensions of the boat’s length, weight, sail size, types, and design of the boat along with the materials used .

To find the adjusted race time that can be used to compare with other competitors, this f actor is multiplied by the amount of time it took you to complete the race and the distance of the race .

It is very necessary to remember that these systems are not entirely accurate and they cannot be completely relied on. They can only be used to a certain extent for performance comparison . Hence it is advised that one must compete in races where the competing boats are similar to accurately assess the racing skills of the competitor.

Main Rules in Sailboat Racing

These races are administered and authorized by the International Racing Rules of Sailing . It lays down rules and safety measures to sail safely across the race course along with the entire fleet, whose goal is to sail successfully during the race as well.

A rulebook is laid down with fundamental rules providing explanations and specimens about ensuring how to maintain and regulate according to the laws during a variety of circumstances that can arise between competing sailboats during the course of the race.

The most fundamental rule is that vessels with their starboard side windward must give way to vessels with their port side windward . This implies that the port-tack boat must either tack or bear away to pass behind the stern of the starboard-tack boat when two boats on opposite tacks come together . The leeward boat always has the right of way over the windward boat when there are two boats on the same tack.

Although this is the case, it is essential to note that the boat with the right of way must always ensure to leave other sailboats adequate space and time to avoid collision and accidents . While trying to maintain contact with other competitors, one must be very safe and secure as a significant level of rule interpretation can be enforced.

Violation of any rule can cause you to self-forfeit from the race . Hence it is advised to make amends and surrender upon having committed a conscious foul. Most admitted fouls are looked over following a penalty turn of 360 degrees or 720 degrees . Sailing instructions can be seen as a guide in all circumstances to find more detailed information about the same. A few rules can also be helpful when it comes to knowing what to be worn during the race apart from obvious determinants like the weather and climate conditions.

Main Equipment Used In Sailboat Racing

The sport of sailing is generally very physically taxing and hence requires e xtraordinary energy throughout the course of the race especially while rounding marks and sailing downwind.

When the atmospheric temperature falls due to wind-chill effects , it makes much colder winds frequently. In such circumstances, making use of a windproof outer layer will guard against the wind chill and this material is also breathable . Such measures must be ensured to avoid being cold and clammy. Wearing boots can also ensure to keep yourself warm and comfortable.

Looking into the technical aspects , sailboats need to ensure they are fully equipped with communication and navigation devices such as VHF, GPS, Sat Phones , and so on.

Different Types Of Sailboat Races

Sailboat racing is a diverse and dynamic sport that encompasses a wide range of different race types , each with its own unique rules, tactics, and strategies . Understanding the different types of sailboat races is crucial for sailors looking to compete at a high level and succeed in this exciting sport.

One of the most common types of sailboat racing is fleet racing, which involves a large number of sailboats competing in a single race. In fleet racing, the sailboats start together and sail a predetermined course, with the first boat to cross the finish line being declared the winner. Fleet racing often requires a high degree of tactical maneuvering, as sailors must navigate around other boats and adjust their tactics to account for wind shifts and other factors.

Another popular type of sailboat racing is match racing, which involves two sailboats competing head-to-head in a series of races. In match racing, the emphasis is on tactical maneuvering and outsmarting your opponent, rather than simply being the fastest boat on the course. Match racing typically involves a complex set of rules and regulations governing how boats can interact with each other on the course, and sailors must be highly skilled at reading wind shifts, controlling their boats, and outmaneuvering their opponents.

Team racing is another type of sailboat racing that involves multiple sailboats competing against each other in a team format. In team racing, each team consists of multiple boats, and the team with the best overall performance across all of its boats is declared the winner. Team racing often requires a high degree of coordination and strategy, as sailors must work together to achieve a common goal and coordinate their tactics to maximize their chances of success.

In addition to these main types of sailboat racing, there are also a variety of specialized race types that are popular in different parts of the world . For example, ocean racing involves sailing across the open ocean over long distances and requires a high degree of skill and endurance. Inshore racing , on the other hand, takes place in protected bays and harbors and often involves short, fast races with frequent wind shifts and other challenges.

Regardless of the type of sailboat racing, one thing remains constant: the need for skilled and experienced sailors who can navigate their boats through a wide range of conditions and challenges. Whether you’re a seasoned veteran or a beginner just getting started, mastering the different types of sailboat racing can be a highly rewarding and exhilarating experience, and can lead to a lifetime of excitement and adventure on the water.

Classes Of Sailboats Commonly Used In Racing

Sailboat racing is a highly competitive and dynamic sport that encompasses a wide range of different classes of sailboats, each with its own unique characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. Understanding the different classes of sailboats used in racing is crucial for sailors looking to compete at a high level and succeed in this exciting sport.

One of the most common classes of sailboats used in racing is the dinghy , which is a small, lightweight boat typically sailed by one or two people. Dinghies are highly maneuverable and responsive and can be sailed in a wide range of conditions, from light winds to strong breezes. Popular dinghy classes include the Laser , the 420 , and the Optimist , each of which has its own unique rules and specifications.

Keelboats are another popular class of sailboats used in racing, and are typically larger and heavier than dinghies, with a fixed keel that helps to provide stability and control. Keelboats come in a wide range of sizes and designs, from small one-design boats like the J/24 to larger performance-oriented boats like the TP52. Keelboats are often sailed by a crew of several people and require a high degree of coordination and teamwork to sail effectively.

Multihulls are another popular class of sailboats used in racing and are characterized by their multiple hulls providing greater speed and stability than traditional monohull sailboats. Multihulls come in a variety of different designs and sizes, from small catamarans to large trimarans , and are typically sailed by a crew of several people. Multihulls can be highly competitive and exciting to sail, but also require a high degree of skill and experience to handle effectively.

In addition to these main classes of sailboats, there are also a variety of specialized classes that are popular in different parts of the world. For example, in Australia and New Zealand, the 18-foot skiff is a highly competitive and popular class of sailboats, characterized by its large sail area and high speed. In Europe, the Dragon is a classic one-design keelboat that has been popular for decades and is known for its elegant design and excellent performance.

Regardless of the specific class of sailboats used in racing, one thing remains constant : the need for skilled and experienced sailors who can navigate their boats through a wide range of conditions and challenges . Whether you’re racing a dinghy, a keelboat, a multihull, or some other type of sailboat, mastering the unique characteristics and challenges of your boat is key to achieving success on the water.

To become a successful sailboat racer , it’s important to not only master the technical skills needed to sail your boat effectively , but also to develop a deep understanding of the rules, tactics, and strategies that govern sailboat racing . By immersing yourself in the world of sailboat racing and learning from experienced sailors, you can build the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in this exciting and challenging sport.

In conclusion, participating in a race can be very enjoyable in both cases. The first case is where someone is learning the art of sailing or like in the second case where one could be trying to gain some prior expertise on the sea.

If winning the race is one’s main aim then the key thing to remember is to make sure that you tack at the right moments. To trim the sails to completely catch the wind and last but not least, to communicate well with the rest of the crew.

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About the author

I worked as an officer in the deck department on various types of vessels, including oil and chemical tankers, LPG carriers, and even reefer and TSHD in the early years. Currently employed as Marine Surveyor carrying cargo, draft, bunker, and warranty survey.

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Different Types of Sailing and Racing Explained

You can literally sail on any type of water: whatever floats your boat. I wanted to know exactly what it's called when crossing an ocean, so I did some research. Here's what I came up with.

What are the different types of sailing? Inland sailing is freshwater sailing, on rivers and lakes. River delta sailing, so in brackish water, is called estuary. Oceanic sailing is divided into coastal (in sight of land), offshore sailing (out of sight of land, but within range), and bluewater sailing (out of sight of land and out of range).

But it's not just your location or the sort of water you're in. Intention also plays a part in determining what kind of sailing you're doing. For example: when does it stop to be offshore, and start to be bluewater sailing? It's a bit of a grey area.

Apart from the type of sailing, you can also participate in all kinds of racing, which I'll go over below as well.

On this page:

More on sailing types, more on racing types, related questions.

There are two types of sailing: cruising and racing (scrolls down ). The most common type of sailing is inland cruising, as most people simply want to enjoy their boats on safe and predictable waters.

There are five different types in total, which depend on where you are and what your intentions are. The further out you go, the more adventurous it gets.

Here are the different types of sailing:

• Inland - best for beginners
• Estuary - rivers that lead to sea
• Coastal - in sight of land
• Off Shore - out of sight of land
• Ocean - blue water or intercontinental

Freshwater generally offers the easiest conditions, and is the easiest on your boat. It's the cheapest and easiest to get started, requires the least amount of equipment and also the least amount of maintenance.

Saltwater generally offers more difficult conditions like stronger winds and higher waves. You need larger and more expensive equipment, and the salt is harder on your gear and boat, so you need to do a lot more maintenance.

The differences between each type of sailing:

Inland sailing

The easiest sailing is on inland waters . All water that is enclosed by land is called inland water. These are lakes, rivers, canals, and so on. Freshwater rivers are pretty safe. In typical lake sailing you won't find yourself drifting for weeks on end because you got hit by a storm. Generally there are more people around that can help you out.

It's important to say that ponds and small lakes can be treacherous. The winds can be unpredictable coming from land (for example due to nearby hills). So these small and seemingly innocent waters may require some real seamanship.

Inland sailing is definitely the best kind of sailing for beginners. You don't have to account for tides, the waves are not as high and you don't have to stock up on supplies since there's always a harbor nearby. It's also the easiest on your boat: inland waters are mostly freshwater, which means maintenance is low.

So great news for beginners on a budget: you can use any boat type: flat bottom, keel, aluminum, wood: whatever you like to sail most.

Estuary sailing

Estuary means the delta or tidal mouth of a river. It's partially enclosed water. Like inland sailing, estuary areas have a lot of oversight. With the Coast Guard keeping a close eye on everybody, the chance that something really bad happens is extremely small. You have to account for some tidal changes and the current can be strong.

There will typically will be good weather forecasts for river deltas, so there shouldn't be a lot of sudden surprises. However, you want to be prepared in case the weather changes. Maybe you want to have a keel for this type of water, and you should definitely wear a PFD. There are some boats that have a keel you can lower if needed; this way you won't permanently increase your draft, but you'll be able to sail coastal and estuary regions.

Because river delta water is brackish, there's more salt in the water. So it's a bit harder on your boat. You probably need to increase your maintenance. Maybe you want a fiberglass hull, but you probably won't need to convert your entire boat.

Coastal sailing

Coastal sailing is a form of oceanic sailing where you're still in sight of land, but also in partially protected waters. Protected waters are sheltered waters that have stable weather conditions and have Coast Guard support. Mostly, coastal sailing requires a bit more skill and better equipment.

You will need a keelboat to sail coastal waters, and the hull needs to be strong enough to deal with larger waves. The forces you have to deal with are just a level up compared to freshwater conditions. If you go overboard, the consequences can be quite severe, because there can be a strong current, so make sure to wear your PFD.

But, the water is quite shallow and there are reliable weather forecasts. If you don't go out in heavy weather, you'll have enough time to get back to safe harbor when the weather starts to change.

You can use smaller sailboats without problem, but make sure the boat is safe, and you have all necessary safety equipment on board. You may also need to convert your boats engine to help it deal with galvanic corrosion.

If you want to know everything about the systems used in saltwater boats, I really recommend you read my article on boat conversion (opens in new tab ).

Off Shore sailing

You're sailing off shore when you're out of sight of land, but you're not crossing an ocean. Anything under 15 miles of the coast is regarded as off shore, but if you're going out 20 miles and turning back to return for port afterwards, that's still off shore sailing and not bluewater.

Off shore sailing can be very challenging. Sea conditions can get very rough: the weather gets more unpredictable where land meets water, and the current can get very strong. Generally off shore is more rough than open seas (except for the hurricane season). If you plan on sailing off shore, you definitely need a good strong keel boat that's a bit longer, ideally over 24 - 30 feet (7 - 9 m).

A mistake can have huge consequences. Off shore is being watched pretty closely by the Coast Guard as well, so if something goes wrong, help will be on the way. But it really makes a huge difference whether you're 12 or 20 miles out. Response time for Coast Guard is about 8 minutes at 12 miles, but it's 20 minutes at 20 miles. Drifting around in cold water for 20 minutes can be dangerous. More importantly: they have to find you out there.

So please make sure you have the right safety equipment on board. If you're unsure what you need, check out my post about USCG safety requirements here (opens a new tab ).

Bluewater sailing

Blue water sailing is definitely one of the most advanced types of sailing.

Contrary to popular belief, the open seas aren't always rough. They can be, but it's mostly the off shore areas that suffer from heavy weather. Outside the hurricane season, they're mostly pretty calm. If you use the trade winds, wind conditions are pretty reliable.

It is recommend to use a mid-sized boat (most sailors go for 30' (9 m) or up), not just for comfort but also to be able to carry enough supplies to last for at least a couple of weeks. Typically you'll need to bring roughly 40 - 60 gallons (200 - 300 liters) of water per person and 60 gallons (250 liters) of fuel.

The hardest part of bluewater sailing is being completely self reliable.

You're out on the open ocean alone, sometimes for multiple weeks on end. The Atlantic crossing takes about three weeks, for example. The longest passage there is about 12 days. During that period, if anything breaks, you need to be able to fix it. If you don't, you won't be able to continue. If something goes wrong - you get injured, for example - you're the one that needs to put on a bandage.

Some people can handle this kind of stress pretty well. Others break down because of it. It's recommended to find out what kind of person you are before getting on that boat and using the trade winds to blast it to the middle of the ocean. Where you hit a dead zone. You're now helplessly floating around in the middle of nothingness on a 100 square foot (10 square meters) piece of plastic. It's just not the best of times to meet your true self.

If you want to learn more about what it takes to do ocean crossings, consider to read my article about bluewater sailing here (opens a new tab ).

Besides cruising, you can also participate in sailing races, which can be great fun. There are a lot of racing types, and you can invent your own rules and competition methods.

The type of race isn't just determined by the kind of water (like with cruising) but also the kind of event, the kind of course, and the competition method (which are the rules and requirements).

Here are the different types of racing styles:

• windward/leeward - racing course with one windward and leeward leg
• passage or course - maneuvering around multiple marks (for example buoys)
• fleet racing - the most common race form where a fleet of sailboats go around a course
• match racing - identical yachts trying to finish first in a single race
• team racing - two sailing teams with multiple boats compete to win a series of races
• one-design - competitive racing at high speeds, based on class requirements: identical models with same rigging and crew
• offshore or oceanic racing - races of multiple days or weeks in open waters over a distance of 800 miles

And this are some different types of racing events:

• twilight racing - social racing events in the summer organized by individual sailors
• club racing - social racing events organized by the local yacht club
• regatta - multiple day event with an overall event winner, typically organized by the class association
• disabled or Para World sailing - official racing events that are organized for disabled people

Competition methods

There are four primary competition methods in sailboat racing: one design and handicap.

• handicap racing - different boats, time gets corrected based on features
• one-design racing - identical boats, real time wins
• formula class - different boats with certain identical features (ie. hull speed)
• development class - different boats that meet specific requirements (ie. length, hull type, etc.)

In handicap racing , time is added or subtracted based on the hull type, materials used, and other design factors. The handicap gets calculated using standardized formulas. So the winner is determined by correcting the time mathematically after the race. In these races you'll see all kinds of boat models, rigging, crews, and so on. The difference between the individual boats makes the handicap.

There are different handicap rating systems. A popular system is PHRF (Performance Handicap Racing Fleet).

In one-design racing , identical boats race for the best time. The first boat to cross the finish line wins. All boats that take part must adhere to the class requirements. So you won't see any different models or hull types in one-design racing. The class requirements determine all kinds of stuff, like the number of crew allowed, the type of rigging, amount of sails, and boat requirements.

There are a couple of other approaches. The development class is a middle way that's right in between handicap and OD racing. The boats in this class are not identical, but typically have the same length. They are all built to meet certain requirements An example is the America's Cup 12-meter.

The formula class allows different boats to compete without using a handicap system. They keep a couple of specs the same (ie. hull speed) to ensure they all have a fair chance of winning.

What are protected waters? Protected waters are sheltered waters that meet certain stability criteria, such as stable water conditions and emergency support by the Coast Guard. These water bodies pose no special hazards to the people sailing them. Most inland waters, like rivers and lakes, are protected waters, but also harbors and most coastal waters.

What are the most common types of racing sailboats? The most-used sailboats for racing are keel boats, centerboard boats (dinghy), multi-hulls (catamaran or trimaran), and tower ship (also called tall ships). Most keel boats are racing yachts between 24' and 50' (7 - 15 m). One of the most well-known sailboat races is the America's Cup 12-meter, which is a 40' class.

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You may also like, the ultimate guide to sail types and rigs (with pictures).

What's that sail for? Generally, I don't know. So I've come up with a system. I'll explain you everything there is to know about sails and rigs in this article.

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7 Global Sailing Races to Follow

By: Zeke Quezada, ASA Destinations , Event , Inside Sailing , Sailing Fun

As American Sailing evolves our curriculum to offer more racing options through North U, I am attempting to learn more about sailboat racing. If you are following along with my journey to become a racer, you know that I am a neophyte when it comes to racing. I am a cruiser. I am a self-described “lazy sailor” that does not focus on trimming my sails and instead works on not dropping my chips and salsa while sailing.

You can get an idea of my journey in my last two pieces on sailing and racing:

SAIL TRIM FOR CRUISERS: WHY TRIM YOUR SAILS?

HOW TO GRADUATE FROM CRUISER TO RACER — STEPS TO START RACING SAILBOATS

I plan to find out more about the serious and not-so-serious side of sailboat racing. Many people, even non-sailors, know what the America’s Cup is, and may have even turned on a sports network to catch a SailGP race. But there is far more to sailing races than those two.

Here’s an overview of seven of the big races, regattas, and race series that occur regularly around the world. These are iconic events, both old and new, that shape the world of racing and have inspired sailors for generations to challenge themselves to new heights, both on and off the water.

Cowes Week is one of the oldest and most prestigious sailing regattas in the world, held every August in the Solent waters off Cowes, UK. The event has been around since 1826, and it’s known for attracting some of the best sailors from around the globe. It’s the largest sailing regatta of its kind in the world, with up to 1,000 boats and 8,000 competitors taking part in the 40 daily sailing races.

Whether you’re an Olympic or world-class pro, or just a weekend sailor, Cowes Week is an event that has something for everyone. And even if you’re not into sailing, the regatta is still a spectacle to behold – with stunning views of the coastline and plenty of festivities both on and off the water. 

Once you discover the allure of racing it appears that Cowes Week might be worthy of a sailing vacation that includes either participating in a race or just being involved as a spectator. I am not there yet, but it could happen.

Next Race Date: July 29 – Aug 4, 2023 Cowes Week Website

The Ocean Race

I do know about The Ocean Race only because prior to the new owner taking over, it was the Volvo Ocean Race for twenty years and that is how they got me to buy a Volvo. I walked into the dealership and saw some mesmerizing sailboat pictures and I signed the contract and drove away.  I am a sucker.

The Ocean Race is a round-the-world yacht race that occurs every three years. It’s known as one of the most challenging sailing races globally, spanning over 45,000 nautical miles. The race consists of multiple legs and lasts about nine months. The race starts in Europe and ends in Asia or Oceania. The exact route changes with each edition of the race.

Both professional sailors and amateur sailors can participate in this race. The teams are composed of eight sailors, all racing on the same boats. These boats are specially designed to be fast and robust, capable of enduring the tough conditions of the open ocean.

This race used to be known as the Whitbread Round the World Race until it was renamed the Volvo Ocean Race and now is known as The Ocean Race.

Next Race Date: Currently in progress at the time of the post! The Ocean Race Website

America’s Cup 

My first foray into sailing racing was when Dennis Conner won the America’s Cup.  I was a kid watching the news and learned about sailing through this huge event on the vessel, Stars and Stripes. Years later I took a ride on what I was told was the same boat. I was skeptical about the origin of the vessel I was on but that day I learned a lot about how much I loved the idea of sailing. A couple of years later I bought a boat.

The America’s Cup is held every few years on dates agreed between the defender and the challenger. There is no fixed schedule, but the races have generally been held every three to four years. The most recent America’s Cup match took place in March 2021. 

The 37th America’s Cup Official Opening Ceremony will be held in Barcelona on 22 August 2024. The Final Preliminary Event and the Challenger Selection Series will follow, leading up to the America’s Cup Match that will start on 12 October 2024. During 2023/early 2024, there is potential for up to three preliminary events. By June 2023, all the teams will have their base set up and be training in Barcelona.

The competition takes place between teams representing different countries or yacht clubs. The event involves a series of races where high-tech racing yachts, known as America’s Cup Class boats, compete in head-to-head races that test their speed, agility, and teamwork.

The competition dates back to 1851 when a schooner called America won a race around the Isle of Wight. The trophy, now known as the America’s Cup, was donated to the New York Yacht Club and has since become one of the most prestigious prizes in sailing.

Next Race Date: October 12, 2024 The America’s Cup Website

Vendée Globe

If I was a racer I am sure that The Vendée Globe would be the race that would inspire me to go hard into this type of adventure. The Vendée Globe is a single-handed (solo) non-stop yacht race around the world without assistance. It takes place every four years and is an extreme form of sailing.  It is said that more people have been into space than have finished the Vendee Globe. First held in 1989, the race starts and ends in Les Sables-d’Olonne, a small town on the west coast of France, and covers a distance of approximately 45,000 km.

Sailors must navigate their way through some of the most treacherous waters on the planet, including the Southern Ocean and the Cape Horn. Sailors must rely solely on their own skills, knowledge, and experience to complete the race. They face extreme weather conditions, sleep deprivation, and the constant threat of danger as they navigate their way around the world. 

The boats are designed specifically for the event and are some of the most advanced sailing vessels in the world, capable of speeds of up to 30 knots.

Next Race Date: November 10, 2024 The Vend é e Globe Website

St. Maarten Heineken Regatta

I must confess that I had a very nice t-shirt from this regatta that I purchased at the St. Maarten airport. I was leaving the country and realized that I had not bought any souvenirs so I found this shirt in the terminal and wore it like a proud sailboat racer. I was an imposter, I had never even seen any of the race and I did not know it existed.

The St. Maarten Heineken Regatta is a massive sailing event that takes place on the island of Sint Maarten in the Caribbean. It’s actually the biggest regatta in the Caribbean and the largest warm water regatta in the world.

The event attracts top sailors from 37 countries, who compete in a series of races over four days. The competition draws in sailors that are both professionals and passionate amateurs who just love to sail.

Next Race Date: Feb 29 – Mar 3, 2024 St. Maarten Regatta Website

Transpacific Yacht Race (Transpac)

If you live and sail in Southern California, you will hear about Transpac. I have heard about it, and I did not realize it was a race. I always figured it was a group of sailors who sailed across the Pacific to Hawaii in a large caravan, like a large flotilla, without any daily stops. I will confess that when I sailed my Catalina 27 five times a week, I had a few fantasies about tagging along in my boat and stopping over in Hawaii with the Transpac crowd. But, unfortunately, I was misguided.

The Transpacific Yacht Race (Transpac) is a biennial offshore yacht race held in odd-numbered years starting off the Pt. Fermin buoy in San Pedro, California, and ending off Diamond Head in Hawaii, a distance of around 2,225 nautical miles (2,560 mi; 4,121 km). It is one of the world’s oldest major ocean races for sailing yachts. The race was first held in 1906 and made a biennial event in 1939 to alternate with the Bermuda Race.

Next Race Date: June 27, 2023 TransPac Website

Now in its 4th season, SailGP is a newer series race held as a competition between nations on identical F50 catamarans. Currently the nations competing include Australia, New Zealand, Emirates Great Britain, France, Canada, Denmark, United States, Switzerland, and Spain. The race is held on weekends in iconic locations around the world modeled in a grand prix format similar to Formula 1 in which points accumulate throughout the season based on winnings from each race and contribute toward a championship. 

The race series has a really great app you can use to follow along and watch live, or on YouTube, and they are doing wonderful work expanding the sport’s impact initiatives through their second championship leaderboard that tracks the positive actions the teams make to reduce their overall carbon footprint and help accelerate inclusivity in sailing. The coverage of this series is great to watch – it has a high production value including live mics on the sailors and post race interviews with the sailors. The commentators do a good job educating the audience as to the basics of sailboat racing as well as explaining the racing rules.

Season 4 Opening Race: June 16-17, 2023 Chicago Sail GP Website

So which race strikes your fancy? Here’s hoping you enjoy some of these and find some new inspiration in your sailing journey!

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Positions on a Racing Sailboat

‍ The success of a racing sailboat depends entirely on the ability of each person on the boat to know and execute their role in high-pressure situations.

While boat-dependent, all positions are some combination of the responsibilities of driver, bow, tactician, trimmer, and pit. The driver makes the final decisions and steers, while the other crew members play various roles providing information, trimming sails, and keeping the boat moving fast.

The fundamental responsibilities of sailboat racing do not change, regardless of the number of people aboard. Someone in a one-person dinghy has to be able to keep track of the course, make tactical decisions, trim sails, steer, watch for new breeze and other boats, and ensure that they are set up for the next leg. On a larger boat, with more sails, more controls, and more required coordination, these jobs still exist and are distributed amongst various crew members. We will go through the basic crew setups of various one-design racing boats from one through four crew members to develop how the increase in crew and complexity begins to distribute the responsibilities of making the boat go fast across the team. Then, we will make some general claims about bigger boats, but as everything gets more confusing in the larger crews, we will not specify too much.

Over years of racing boats of all sizes, I’ve seen these crew roles respond to personal skills, different boat setups, strange habits, and teamwork to the point where everyone can respond to different events seamlessly. Sometimes these roles are perfectly well-defined, but sometimes a quick-thinking crew will switch positions on a dime to make up for a mistake in an entirely unorthodox way that is somehow perfect. On smaller boats, people have different priorities and different ways to work through all their responsibilities, but on all the best boats it is the people who know how to excel in their role, and how to make life easier for all their teammates by knowing exactly what they need, who make a sailboat go. Let’s get into it!

Table of contents

‍ The One-Person Dinghy: It’s All on You

You could argue that sailing, at its most basic, boils down to one sailor, a handful of lines, and a tiller against the breeze and water. Perhaps it would be a ridiculous argument, as sailing has always relied on people working together, but there is something to seeing who can go out there and be the one to make it work the best. When all the responsibilities for every inch of the boat fall on one person, it is interesting to see who has everything in sync the best. There is no specific title for this position, but I suppose you could call them

The Single-Handed Sailor

There are fundamentally three aspects to sailboat racing: boat speed, boat handling, and tactics. The single-handed sailor has to excel in each dimension. The best case study for a single-handed boat is the ILCA Dingy, once known as the Laser, but other notable racers include the Opti, Finn, RS Aero, Moth, and Wazsp classes.  

Boat speed comes down to trimming the sails properly for the angle to the wind. This means adjusting not only how far in and out the sail is, but also tuning specific control lines to give the sail the ideal shape for wind strength and direction. Making micro-adjustments to sail trim while dealing with all the other aspects of the race may not seem like much, but they can make the difference between winning and falling behind. While on larger boats there are entire positions dedicated to this, the single-handed sailor has to deal with this the whole time.

Other factors in boat speed concern steering through the wind shifts and wave sequences properly and keeping the boat flat by hiking out. This often includes being able to shift weight in precise ways to keep the boat optimally balanced and cutting through the waves.

Boat Handling

While boat speed forms the basis of all sailing, it is also crucial to know how to maneuver the boat through course changes. Windows in sailing races are small, and being able to get a boat into a lane is often a fraught affair. Having the confidence to trim the sails properly and maneuver sharply while still maintaining speed is a huge boost to a racer. Turning points at marks or directional switches while tacking and gybing are where many of the gains in a race come, and a clean tack coming into the top mark on port can mean the difference between leading the fleet and having to duck behind a parade of 30 boats. Being able to put on the brakes and accelerate quickly is key in tight spaces along the start line, and is a weapon for the best sailors.

Singlehanded racers have total control over their boat handling. Changes in direction come down to perfect synchronization of sail trim, steering, and body weight, and the single-handed sailor has to account for how every single adjustment affects these maneuvers. Some of the best boat handlers grow up racing single-handed boats; the feel developed sailing solo is hard to beat but requires years of fine-tuning and muscle memory.

All the speed and maneuverability in the world does not do much if you don’t know where to put the boat. Like any sport, the fundamentals are simple, but becoming a master takes a lifetime. The single-handed sailor must hold the entire course, the regularity of the wind shifts, the tendencies of the current, the positions of the other sailors, and their own plans in the front of their minds while pushing the boat as hard as possible.

While this is no place to discuss the intricacies of upwind tactics or the fastest lines on a downwind in different boats, the singlehanded sailor has to be able to think and make decisions tactically then execute those decisions themselves. This is such a large task that bigger boats will often have someone whose entire job is just to call breeze and tactics.

The single-handed sailor is without a doubt a jack-of-all-trades. We will discuss various terms for different crew-members on bigger boats, and while you could use the terms ‘skipper’ or ‘driver’ for the single-handed sailor, this does not quite say it all, so we save these positions for the bigger boats. We will not explicitly break the other boats down by who is in charge of boat speed, boat handling, and tactics, but roles can generally sort into various levels of responsibility for these categories.  

The Two-Person Racer: The Best (or worst) Way to Get to Know Another Person

On a two-person boat, of which common examples include the various 420 classes, the Olympic Classes (470, 49er, Nacra 17) among many others, responsibilities are slightly split, but this distribution comes with the tradeoff of greatly increased complexity and coordination requirements. Double-handed boats tend to have at least two, and often three, sails, require more involved tuning, move much faster, and occasionally require single or double trapezing. The very best doublehanded pairings move as one, but this type of coordination requires both sailors to have an intimate knowledge of their role and the dynamic balance of the boat. Without further ado, the common positions:

The Skipper (Driver)

The skipper of the boat steers the boat. On different types of boats, they have different trimming and setting responsibilities, most often including the mainsheet--though the 49er is a notable exception. You can call them either a skipper or a driver, but you rarely say that ‘you skipper;’ instead, you would say that ‘you drive,’ so the latter term has begun to stick as the position as well.

As they are the person driving the boat, the driver tends to make the final tactical decision. They do this in collaboration with the crew, who is often going to be feeding information about the course and competitors to the driver, but the final decision comes down to the person holding the stick (forgive the vernacular, if you may).

Different double-handed teams often have different dynamics. In some, the driver will primarily be focused on tactics, while the crew has to keep their head in the boat making it go fast, while in others the skipper lets the crew make such calls while focusing on the breeze right in front of them, it all depends. Boat handling requires nigh on perfect coordination, and skippers must keep their crews alerted to any upcoming maneuvers.  

The unsung heroes of many a double-handed pairing, a good driver can sail well with an ok crew, but a crack crew can take a skipper with some potential to the top of the fleet.

Responsible for trimming the headsail and setting and managing the spinnaker on boats that carry them, the crew’s primary roles is to keep the boat going fast. They often can make the small sail trim and control adjustments that the driver cannot. Especially upwind, the crew scans the course for new breeze, other boats, lay lines, and any information that the skipper could need to make the best decisions possible.

A good way to consider some, but not all, skipper-crew relationships is that the crew can get all the micro-considerations out of the way so that the skipper can focus on the big picture. The small picture adjustments in terms of sail control and angle of heel keep the boat moving and the skipper zippered into the feel of the course. In turn, this allows the skipper to plan ahead and keep the crew involved in decision making, making sure that they don’t screw their crew with a crash tack or sudden gybe.

Still, on some teams, the crew makes all of the outside the boat decisions while the driver just drives the boat as fast as they can. This often works with spacier skippers, of which there are many, and highlights the value of a strong-willed crew. Crews are often on-the-water coaches for high-strung skippers and are key to the success of a team. On more athletic boats, a crew can crucially contribute to boat speed and handling through trimming, ooching, and body-weight adjustments.

All of this is to say that a crew, both as a single person on a double-handed boat and as an ensemble on larger boats, is never to be considered an accessory to the skipper, but are crucial parts of a competitive racing team.

The Three or Four Person Boat: I Thought That Was Your Job!

Having outlined the general dynamics of a skipper-crew pairing, it is not particularly helpful to discuss exact boat setups and interactions. From here, we will provide terms and positions with general roles. These are all subject to change, but once you reach boats of three or more people, roles become highly specialized, as boats of this size begin to get complex enough that you cannot do everything on your own. Let’s run through the general roles that must be filled on boats of up to four, with the knowledge that these can be switched around and combined depending on skill, boat setup, and breeze.

Things change yet they stay ever the same. The bigger the boat, the more boat the driver has to deal with, but the role does not fundamentally change. The driver still has their hand on the stick, and, despite the best attempts of various crewmembers, still is the final decision maker on the boat. Sometimes they will trim the mainsheet as well, but other times they will leave this to a member of the crew

The bigger the boat, the less running around the skipper does and the more focused they are on sailing the perfect line through the fleet. Even their ability to scan the course and make tactical evaluations wanes on the bigger boats, as they must put more trust in their crews to make the right reads. They are still ultimately responsible for putting the boat in the right spot, but they are ultimately unable to control everything that is happening on the boat.

Debatably the easiest analog to the crew on a double-handed boat, the bow is, if nothing else, the most likely person on the boat to get soaking wet. Sitting the farthest forward, they are occasionally responsible for trimming the jib--particularly on three-person boats--but primarily have to deal with setting the spinnaker and dealing with front-of-boat controls.

They can play a role calling tactics, breeze, and other boats, but because they are so often busy with the chaos of boat handling in crucial spots and are often far away from the skipper, they mostly need to focus on their role setting the chute and managing the complications near the front of the boat.

Trimmer/Tactician

Often sitting at the hip of the skipper, different boats have different assignments for their trimmers, which can range from main-trimming across the whole course to only touching the spinnaker off the breeze to controlling the jib instead of the bow. Regardless of the particulars, they need to make the adjustments that keep the boat moving fast, and need to be continually in sync with how the skipper wants to sail.

The person in this position is often responsible for communicating details about the course and from the rest of the crew to the driver. Their role gives them more time to look around and make fine adjustments, rather than having a continuous responsibility, so they are in the perfect position to survey the information at hand and collaborate with the skipper on decision making.

On three-person boats, this is generally one person playing both roles in active collaboration with a driver. On certain four-person boats, this can lead to two trimmers who alternate between calling tactics and trimming different sails depending on the leg. Other times, this role is fully bifurcated, with one person trimming and another entirely responsible for looking around and making calls, with only a menial role controlling the sails, but this looks different on every team.

While Nascar has its pit crews, beginning at four-person boats, sailing just has its pit person. As boats get bigger, sails and various lines are more prone to twists, knots, and the generalized snarls that give sailors across the world excuses to flex their famous propensity for swearing.

The pit is responsible for eliminating, or at least minimizing, these disasters via preventative prep. They do not have a conventional job trimming sails, per se, but they are the ones who make sure that everyone else can the sails set cleanly. They prefeed sheets, ‘run the tapes’ on off-the-breeze sails to make sure they aren’t twisted and are notorious neat freaks. They often are responsible for raising and lowering sails around mark roundings; these events are almost always chaotic and never go according to plan, so it is the pit who has to coordinate the chaos as much as possible and clean up the mess in time for the next explosion. Unheralded, often stuck below decks, the pit can be the difference between a boat running smoothly and a stream of curses over a huge gash in a thousand dollar spinnaker.

Now This Is Getting Ridiculous: The Road to Specialization

As of this point, we have covered the key roles on just about any sized boat. As you get to bigger and more specialized boats, the situations will call for more and more crew members doing increasingly focused work. While having talented sailors on a larger boat is no less important than having them on a smaller dinghy, there are simply not that many parts that have to be moving all the time to fully occupy more than a few people at a time.

Still, when they are needed, during gybes, mark roundings, sets, and douses, these extra crew members are crucial. On certain boats, there is an entire position dedicated to trimming the twings during gybes; the position is only slightly more serious than the sound of the ropes. Still, the other crew members are so busy during the gybes that they need the extra pair of hands. Furthermore, having a sharp sailor in a position like that ensures another pair of eyes and hands to spot problems and step in if needed. Knowledge and quick action are unlikely to go unappreciated on any boat, even if it is only in a very specific setting.

There is, however, one more term for extra crew members on boats of this size, and it is distinctly unspecialized: meet the ‘rail meat.’ On sufficiently big boats, where heeling is slow but a fact of life, every now and then you just need a big ole guy to sit on the edge and hang out to windward. A flat boat is a fast boat, and sometimes you just need someone hanging out over the rail, skilled and mobile or not.

Finally, on high-performance boats, like America’s Cup boats or the new-fangled SailGP league, rail meat is replaced by ‘grinders,’ who specialize in turning hydraulic cranks like they’re in a CrossFit gym. Sometimes drawn from other sports, famously including rugby players on New Zealand’s America’s Cup team, grinders may not have the tactical acumen to step into a single-handed boat and win the day, but they are key pieces to winning teams and are no less a sailor than anyone else.

Hopefully, next time you go down to the water and someone tells you they need someone to run their bow, this has done enough for you to know exactly what you’ve gotten yourself into! Happy sailing!

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Gabriel Hannon

I have been sailing since I was 7 years old. Since then I've been a US sailing certified instructor for over 8 years, raced at every level of one-design and college sailing in fleet, team, and match racing, and love sharing my knowledge of sailing with others!

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Racing Terms: Glossary for Newer Sailors

If you didn’t grow up sailing, how long did it take you to figure out what sailors mean when they say “put the bow down?” After hearing from newer sailors that the language of racing is hard to decipher, we decided to create a glossary of racing terms and phrases.

We chose racing terms and phrases that are likely to be obscure to newer sailors. To keep the list manageable, we did not include basic sailing terms, words defined in the racing rules, or racing terms applicable to big boats.

Our list is generally organized alphabetically, with a few related terms clustered.

Racing Terms and Phrases for Newer Sailors

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Men's Kite Final | Sailing | Olympic Games Paris 2024

Mixed Dinghy Medal Race | Sailing | Olympic Games Paris 2024

Women's Kite Final | Sailing | Olympic Games Paris 2024

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Men's Dinghy Medal Race | Sailing | Olympic Games Paris 2024

Paris 2024 had it all: Sporting drama, revered venues, singalongs... and Snoop Dogg

Austria’s Valentin Bontus takes men’s kite gold; first medal for Singapore at Paris 2024

Eleanor Aldridge of Great Britain wins historic first Olympic gold medal in women’s kite

Italy sail to back-to-back Olympic mixed multihull gold

Austria takes mixed dinghy sailing gold

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Published on September 17th, 2024 | by Editor

America’s Cup: Challenger series update

Published on September 17th, 2024 by Editor -->

by Craig Leweck, Scuttlebutt Sailing News The Louis Vuitton Cup will select the challenger to face the defender in the 37th America’s Cup, and each of the four remaining teams has two goals during the series: improve and advance.

When the British team earned the right to select their semi-final opponent, they decided that advancing was more important, and selected the Swiss team which had been most vulnerable in the qualifying round robin stage. But would the Brits be pushed hard enough to improve?

The British had little trouble beating the Swiss on Day One and Day Two , scoring four wins in the best of 9 semi-final match. Needing one more win, the light winds of Barcelona returned for Day Three , and when the Brits fell off the foils in the only race of the day, the Swiss scored a win to stay alive.

In the other semi final match, the racing was closer between Italy and USA, but in the four races held on Day One and Day Two , the Italians found a way to win when USA couldn’t. However, similar to the Brits on Day Three , Italy made a mess of the only race to give USA their first win.

With all four teams getting a day off before the series resumes on September 18, can the teams sitting at 1-4 win four straight races to advance? The Swiss have appeared out of their element too often, and the USA admits their AC75 has handling problems. Can it all be fixed in a day? Standing by.

Viewing details – Race information – Results – Weather forecast

Following the publication of the AC37 Protocol and AC75 Class Rule on November 17, 2021 , the AC75 Class Rule and AC Technical Regulations were finalized on March 17, 2022 . The entry period was from December 1, 2021 until July 31, 2022, but late entries for the 37th America’s Cup could be accepted until May 31, 2023. The Defender was to announce the Match Venue on September 17, 2021 but postponed the reveal, finally confirming Barcelona on March 30, 2022 . The 37th America’s Cup begins October 12, 2024.

Teams revealed to challenge defender Emirates Team New Zealand (NZL): • INEOS Britannia (GBR) • Alinghi Red Bull Racing (SUI) • Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team (ITA) • NYYC American Magic (USA) • Orient Express Racing Team (FRA)

2023-24 Preliminary Regattas September 14-17, 2023 (AC40): Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain November 30-December 2 (AC40): Jeddah, Saudi Arabia August 22-25, 2024 (AC75): Barcelona, Spain

2024 Louis Vuitton Cup Challenger Selection Series* August 29-September 9: Double Round Robin September 14-19: Semi Finals (Best of 9) September 26-October 7: Finals (Best of 13)

*Team New Zealand competes in the round robin stage only, but the results of their races were not included in the challenger leaderboard.

2024 America’s Cup October 12-27: 37th Match (Best of 13)

For competition details, click here .

Additionally, 12 teams will compete in the 2024 Youth & Women’s America’s Cup .

Noticeboard: https://ac37noticeboard.acofficials.org/ Event details: www.americascup.com/en/home

Tags: America's Cup , Craig Leweck , LVC37

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LVC37: Fast start for GBR, Italy →

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Alinghi and American Magic Wins Keep Louis Vuitton Cup Semis Alive

• By Dave Reed
• September 17, 2024

With motivational speeches delivered and celebratory send offs from their respective bases in Barcelona’s Port Vell, both American Magic and Alinghi Red Bull Racing stepped back into the ring to fight their campaign-saving match on the third day of racing at the Louis Vuitton Cup Semi Finals. Pick the preferred cliché—do or die, one and done, now or never, fight to live another day—and any one of them would be appropriate for the moment.

And as it was in the beginning of the Louis Vuitton Cup, the forecast for winds teasing the bottom of the raceable wind range elevated stress levels even more so for the American and Swiss camps. Neither had been particularly strong in the light-wind races earlier in the Louis Vuitton Cup series, and the potential for mistakes and displacement sailing was extremely high, inviting another and new cliché: fly or die.

Into the first pre-start of the day was Alinghi Red Bull Racing entering on time on port as INEOS Britannia was in the water struggling to get foiling, a sign of more to come. The Brits entered slightly late, circled high and came back trailing Alinghi from above the line. Jibing back to start early allowed Alinghi Red Bull Racing to push the British to the end of the line, dipped and turned up to start a fraction early, picking up an OCS penalty by the length of its long foil arm.

A prompt tack away cleared the penalty but sent the Swiss to the right side of the course, where the wind was notably lighter. INEOS Britannia owned the cross by a good 50 meters, controlled the first leg without pressure from the Swiss. Clean turns in conservative sailing kept the British comfortably out front, seeing them through the first gate with a 40-meter and 17-second lead.

With slightly better pace downwind, INEOS was through the next gates with a 400-meter lead. Their runaway advantage evaporated immediately, however, when they reached the left course boundary and failed to foil through the tack. With INEOS Britannia stuck in the water and unable to accelerate, the Swiss rounded through the gate with just enough speed to pull off a foiling tack at the boundary. And in a blink, Alinghi was in charge of the race on Leg 3, establishing a lead that carried them through the finish with a win—with both boats in displacement mode and finishing just inside the race-time limit, thanks to a shortened course by the race committee.

Then came the match that American Magic was desperate to win to turn their fortunes around. With just enough wind to start the race, American Magic entered on port at 34 knots. Luna Rossa circled back from the left side of the starting box and American Magic’s Tom Slingsby, in the starboard cockpit, took one attempt at hunting the Italians with a port-starboard cross. Luna Rossa got past without issue, which allowed them to set up high and the Americans well ahead of their timing.  To leeward and a good 2-knots slower, American Magic was pinned and Luna Rossa simply climbed over the top of the Americans.

With simultaneous tacks at the boundary American Magic attempted to sail low and fast to leeward of the Italians silver boat. Luna Rossa played a tight cover until American Magic was able to break the cover and get to the middle of the course and a cross-course split. Still Luna Rossa nailed its first layline and was through the gate with a 17-second lead, splitting sides again. Luna Rossa owned the first downwind cross and a 190-meter lead and was clinical with its jibes.

Through the next gate, Luna Rossa had a clean rounding to the left and American Magic right by 17 seconds still. American Magic came back from the right and jumped into the lead, with a tight cross and the Italians picking up a penalty while ducking Patriot. The Italians easily burned off the penalty and reclaimed the lead on the next cross, but when they met again, Luna Rossa, on port, tried a close cross and the umpires had their finger on the penalty button with an easy call. The boats met again at the get with American Magic with a 20-meter lead and only 2 seconds between them and another split.

From opposite sides of the course, American Magic owned the cross by 27 meters and even speeds on the run. At the next intersection American Magic had an easy cross, sailing their best light-air race of the series. At the first downwind gate, American Magic, on starboard, had a straight shot at the right-hand gate mark (looking downwind) and were clean through. 

Luna Rossa entered the zone first and tried to force a penalty on the Americans but Slingsby knew exactly what to do, giving the Italians plenty of berth and cruising through to leeward. The hairpin turn for the Italians was too much for their foils to handle, and they were off the foils and stuck at the bottom corner of the course, unable to build enough speed to tack at the boundary.

With a course all their own, American Magic stretched their lead to a leg and a mile and ultimately a 2-mile win, keeping the series alive and ready to fight another day.  

“It was a good race,” said Slingsby after the only race of the day—the second being postponed when the wind dropped below the limit. “The start was close. The boat felt really good. We have been making some changes, and in those light conditions that were kind of a weak spot for us a week ago, the boat feels as good as it ever has in those conditions. That’s exciting, and we are going to be faster again on Wednesday. I think the hardest win is the first one and now we are off and running. If you look at the four races they have beaten us, it’s by a total of 50 seconds over them all – and we just beat them by a lap. So, yes, we are confident.”

• More: America's Cup , America's Cup 37
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Tudor’s Pelagos FXD Sailing Edition Watches Will Have You Yacht-Race Ready

I f you’ve ever been aboard a racing yacht and experienced the wind and spray stinging your face as you reach speeds that make the water feel like concrete, you’ll know this is a sport in which every second gained is a hard-won victory. Much like Formula 1 , it’s also a sport in which the choices made concerning materials and design—along with the craftsmanship that harnesses them—are every bit as important as the skill of the crew when race day finally arrives. To put it plainly, precision and planning are essential for elevating performance. 

For this reason, Tudor and its pair of Pelagos FXD Sailing Edition models—one a chronograph, the other time-only—share much of the spirit of yacht racing, in particular drawing inspiration from and embodying the hard-bitten determination of Alinghi Red Bull Racing. Like that elite team of designers, engineers, and athletes with whom the brand has partnered since 2022, Tudor puts in the work beforehand, deploying only the best materials and designs to ensure its watches can be relied upon when the time comes. Read on to discover more.

Every Moment Counts

Recognising the importance of instant legibility for those hammering across the water at in excess of 60 knots, Tudor has developed matte dials for its Pelagos FXD models that not only match the blue hull of the AC75—America’s Cup 75, Alinghi Red Bull Racing’s envelope-pushing hydrofoil racing yacht—but also aid in reading at a glance. Further to this end, Tudor’s signature square hour markers and “Snowflake” hands are here crafted from luminescent ceramic, resulting in large luminous surfaces that contrast starkly against the surrounding blue for maximum legibility in even the most challenging conditions. 

Both watches also feature a red-tipped second hand that nods to the stripes on the AC75’s hull, while the chronograph model features additional red accents around its counters. For more evidence of the connection to the yacht-racing powerhouse, “Alinghi Red Bull Racing” is subtly printed on each model between 10 and 2 on their 45-degree-angled rehaut.

Further integration of racing functionality comes in the form of the Pelagos FXD references’ case design. First developed for French Navy combat divers, each boasts a bidirectional 120-notch rotatable bezel that is graduated from 60 to 0, allowing for easy tracking of countdowns, an essential element of racing. 

As for construction, Tudor further embraced the AC75 connection by deploying the same high-tech carbon composite made of titanium and stainless steel used to create Alinghi Red Bull Racing’s incredible vessel. Here, Tudor has undoubtedly crafted twin high-tech sports timepieces with yacht racing in their very DNA, as demonstrated by the Alinghi Red Bull Racing logo engraved on their casebacks.

Fluid Movement

Powering this pair of stunning watches is an equally stunning pair of in-house movements. The first of these is the MT5813, which drives the Pelagos FXD Chrono’s hours, minutes, seconds, chronograph, and date functions. It sports the matte finish that has become a calling card of Tudor’s own movements and comes complete with a signature tungsten openwork monobloc rotor. This movement is also certified by the Official Swiss Chronometer Testing Institute (COSC) as offering performance that exceeds that independent body’s required standards.

The second movement is the MT5602, which powers the Pelagos FXD and displays hour, minute and seconds functions. It also features a tungsten openwork monobloc rotor, while its bridges and mainplate have alternate sand-blasted and polished surfaces topped with laser decorations for the ultimate finishing touch. 

Both of these watches are what Tudor describes as “weekend-proof”, meaning their movements boast a 70-hour reserve. However, we imagine that once you have one of these impressive timepieces in your possession, it’s unlikely you’ll want to put it down long enough for this to become a real factor. 

A Firm Grip

Both a signature of Tudor and a practical choice for any seafaring timepiece, the single-piece fabric strap offered with both of these watches will ensure that once attached your watch isn’t going anywhere. Woven in France’s St-Etienne region on 19th century Jacquard looms by the Julien Faure company, Tudor partnered with this 160-year-old brand to develop a highly technical strap construction for these Pelagos FXD models. 

Featuring a 22 mm “Team Blue” jacquard-woven ribbon with red accents and a titanium “D” buckle with a self-gripping fastening system, it offers the perfect fit every time, ensuring maximum comfort and security, whether you’re thundering across the water at maximum speed or leisurely spectating from the shoreline. 

The Hour Glass’ Tudor Boutiques

If you want to get your hands on one of these outstanding timepieces, your first port of call simply has to be one of The Hour Glass’ three Tudor boutiques, located in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. As the only retailer to have Tudor boutiques in Australia, there’s no better way to get a closer look at these very special watches in person. In the meantime, discover more via the link below.

America’s Cup: American Magic, Alinghi Red Bull Racing avoid elimination as light winds see racing end early

Alinghi Red Bull Racing and American Magic live to fight another day.

With their America’s Cup journeys on the line, both the Swiss and American challengers avoided elimination from the Louis Vuitton Cup semifinals this morning.

On a day where light winds wreaked havoc on racing, both best-of-nine semifinal series only completed one of two scheduled races.

For Alinghi, they took advantage of an error from British challenger Ineos Britannia on the third leg of their race, before also beating the clock in a match that was completed in displacement mode.

“It was quite an interesting race,” Alinghi starboard helmsman Arnaud Psarofaghis said on the broadcast.

“The guys did a good job fighting all the way and then we got lucky on one puff. It was really nice. Of course, we want to cross the finish line at 45 knots, but we will take eight knots as well if it’s a win.”

The wind showed up in a more meaningful way for American Magic’s race against Italy’s Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli, and the Americans prevailed in an exciting match with multiple lead changes.

Racing was called off for the day following that contest, after several delays in trying to get Alinghi’s second race of the day against Ineos Britannia under way.

There was hope that the wind would fill in again, but that didn’t happen so Ineos Britannia and Luna Rossa will have to wait until Wednesday to have another chance to close out their series.

The British looked well-positioned to sweep their series against Alinghi at the start of their race. Despite struggling to stay on the foils as they made their way into the starting box, the Brits got off to a good start – helped by Alinghi being penalised for getting their timing wrong and crossing the starting line early which meant they had to start behind Ineos Britannia.

The British held a solid lead through the opening couple of legs, but came off the foils when trying to sail out of a tack at the bottom end of the course on leg three.

That opened the door for Alinghi to catch up, and with the Swiss successfully staying on their foils they charged past the British.

As Ineos Britannia tried to find some breeze, Alinghi built their lead before they too came off the foils. With a big enough lead and both boats stuck with their hulls in the water, it became a case of whether or not they could get over the finish line within the 45-minute time limit.

It was touch and go, but a small puff came through just at the right time to help the Swiss put their first semifinal point on the board.

In the other race of the day, an aggressive all-or-nothing move from Luna Rossa when rounding the fourth gate saw them hand the win to American Magic in a race that had been highly competitive to that point.

While Luna Rossa went into the contest 4-0 up on the scoreboard, American Magic have been right with them the whole way.

Today, the Americans finally got their reward with a come-from-behind win. They edged into the lead on the fourth leg, and kicked on when Luna Rossa tried to draw a penalty against them for not allowing enough room for the Italians to get around the marker.

The aggressive move not only didn’t draw the penalty – the race umpires deeming American Magic gave Luna Rossa all the room they needed – it also saw the Italians come off their foils.

From there, American Magic were able to sail on to an important win.

The teams will have tomorrow off, with racing resuming early Thursday NZT. Instead, the Youth America’s Cup begins tomorrow, with New Zealand among the nations back in action.

Alinghi Red Bull Racing (Switzerland) beat Ineos Britannia (UK) who did not finish

American Magic (United States) beat Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli (Italy) who did not finish

Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli and Ineos Britannia lead their respective series’ 4-1

Christopher Reive joined the Herald sports team in 2017, bringing the same versatility to his coverage as he does to his sports viewing habits.

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