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Demystifying yacht classification A, B, C, D

N.B. For your information, a more recent article was published on 24 Oct 2022 on the same subject, click here for direct access.

Demystifying yacht classification :  Class A, B, C and D

Since 1998, CE certification is required for all recreational boats entering or being sold in Europe obliging boat manufacturers to respect certain building and security standards.  Therefore, yachts ( boats ) are classified into four categories depending on their aptitude to confront navigational conditions taking into account both force of the wind and height of the waves.  The categories are not to limit the area and distance of navigation (that is defined by security equipement onboard) but  to  sensitize the owner and/or captain of the boats capacities to navigate in complete security.

Let us start with the Beaufort Scale.   A scale for classifying the force of the wind ranging from 0 (calm) to 12 (hurricane).   It was devised by an admiral in the British Navy, Francis Beaufort, to uniform the description of the effect of different winds at sea.

There is a direct link between the Beaufort scale and boat classification.   For discussion purposes, we will use only the 6, 7 and 8 forces.

A Class A yacht ( boat ) is a vessel that is built to navigate the open ocean and surpass a force 8 on the Beaufort scale and surpass waves higher that 4 meters.   These yachts are constructed to be self sufficient in hostile seas.

A Class B yacht ( boat ) is a vessel built to navigate on the offshore waters (200 miles and less) and can substain UP TO force 8 and waves UP TO 4 meters.

A Class C boat is a vessel built to navigate inshore such as lakes, rivers, bays and close to the shore and can sustain UP TO force 6 and waves UP TO 2 meters.

A Class D boat is built for protected or sheltered waters such as canals, rivers, small lakes and sustain a force 4 and waves UP TO .3 meters (less that 1 ft).

With this said, you can understand that the Class A yacht ( boat ) respects a rigorous building code more so than a Class B and so forth.    But regardless of the class, it is strongly discouraged to navigate in a force 7 for the reasons of safety and comfort as « pleasure » should always be on the agenda.  Always consult the weather forecast prior to leaving any port and check hourly the weather situation.

Classification is very important and should be on your question list before purchasing any boat or yacht.

Classification rules are developed to assess the structural strength and integrity of the essential parts of the hull, the reliability and function of the propulsion, steering systems, power generation and all the other features installed on board which contribute to guarantee the main essential services of yacht.

Also for a class A, the portholes will be more resistant against a sustained wave, the drains to evacuate the water more abundant and of good size, the joints of the hull more hermetic, in short everything is in place to prevent water from s’ infiltrate on board.

By way of information, let us quote for example all the Ferretti yachts (60 to 96 feet), Pershing (60 to 115), the Riva (44 to 122) are all of class A just like the Magellano range at Azimut including also the 66 Flybridge.

Ferretti yachts (500, 550, 670 fly and over), Pershing (7X and over), Azimut Yachts (62, 64, 66, 68 Fly and over, the Sport Series 7X and over, all Magellano) are Class A.  There are also other classifications such as RINA and American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Det Norske Veritas, Germanischer Lloyd, Lloyd Register, that are more precise regulations and we will cover this later in another article.

Below is the graph of the Beaufort Scale along with photos.

Do not hesitate to contact us for any additional information, team Ita Yachts Canada is at your disposal.

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BTC-22: Half the size, double the fun

• David Harding
• June 12, 2020

As the first sporty 22-footer we have seen from a British builder in a long time, the BTC-22 is set to fill a significant gap in the market, as David Harding found out

For 22ft, the BTC has a generous cockpit and a pleasing turn of speed to rival larger boats. Credit: David Harding

Product Overview

• Sprightly performance
• Surprisingly roomy accommodation
• Good range 
of options
• Some production details still 
being refined
• Footbrace needed in cockpit for crew
• Keel winch needs lower gearing

Time was when anyone wanting a lively 22ft (6.7m) family cruiser with a lifting keel was almost spoiled for choice.

Popular home-produced examples included the E-Boat, Evolution 22, Seal 22, Anderson 22, Atlanta Catch 22, Fox Terrier, Eclipse, Limbo 6.6, Timpenny 670 and Skipper 700.

Then there were alternatives such as the Jaguar 21, Parker 21 and Parker 235, not to mention European offerings such as the Etap 22.

The chines are softer than on the wooden prototype but the hull shape still provides a degree of form stability. Credit: David Harding

So what happened? Well, for some time now, would-be buyers in the UK in search of a trailable boat of this size have had a choice between a European lake-sailer and something that strikes a rather more traditional note.

Modern trailable all-rounders suited to British coastal waters have been few and far between, leaving those in search of one to find and import a boat themselves and then face the possibility of having the only one in 
the country.

Given the versatility of a good 22-footer – capable of crossing the Atlantic, as the Anderson and E-Boat did, yet small enough to trail to new cruising grounds – it’s refreshing that, at long last, a British builder has introduced a new one.

Below decks the cabin is simply but neatly finished, the flow-coasted inside to the hull and deck allowing easy access to fittings and fastenings. Credit: David Harding

It comes in the form of the BTC-22, designed by Buckley Yacht Design and built in Southampton by Composite Mouldings (CML), which is also run by the Buckley family.

Although CML might be an unfamiliar name to many, it was born out of Blondecell (Tradewinds, Cromarty 36 et al) and has built over 400 Hawk 20s for Reid Marine.

Supplying composite mouldings to builders such as Oyster, CML is experienced in resin infusion, structural analysis and the use of carbon- fibre and aramids.

Jib sheets can be cross sheeted for single-handing sailing. Credit: David Harding

With this sort of experience to draw on, as well as involvement in the design of Alex Thompson’s Hugo Boss, the combined forces of CML and Buckley Yacht Design should be more than capable of producing a trailable 22.

But what sort of boat is the BTC?

I sailed the first production version to find out.

Despite having only recently appeared in production form, the BTC-22 has been in development for some time.

I sailed her when she was first launched in 2016 as the RTC-22, and again two years later following refinements in several areas.

THE TEST VERDICT

We have needed something like the BTC-22 for a long time.

The demise of the earlier British-built 22s and, more recently, the discontinuation of boats such as the Elan 210, has left a gap in the market for a wholesome, versatile, trailable boat of this size that offers space, pace, economy and simplicity.

Despite a north-westerly wind, gusting 30 knots at times, the swing-keeler coped well. Credit: David Harding

Many of the European lake-sailers I have tested have lacked stiffness and felt uncomfortable in lively conditions, especially at sea, while the alternative ‘trad and tan’ approach doesn’t appeal to everyone.

After several years of development, the BTC is still a ‘work in progress’ because CML and Buckley Yacht Design have been working on her alongside other projects.

At long last, however, it looks as though she’s nearly there and I’m sure plenty of people will be ready 
for a boat like this.

WOULD SHE SUIT YOU AND YOUR CREW?

With the choice of options and keels the BTC has the potential to appeal to a wide audience.

I would like to sail a production version in choppier waters to see how snugly the swing keel fits in its case, because keel ‘judder’ when you bounce over a wave, 
and banging when the pressure comes off downwind, 
are sometimes mildly disconcerting features of swing-keelers.

CML has the experience and technical know-how to cope with such challenges and, on the whole, construction looks reassuring.

The BTC is undoubtedly the epitome of the trailable 22, and a reminder of why boats of this type were once so popular. Credit: David Harding

The core in the hull and deck incorporates PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) derived from 1,400 recycled plastic bottles, so you 
can even put a tick in the ‘green’ box.

Chosen for its structural qualities quite apart from any environmental considerations, PET is also used in the resin in the 
deck, while the hull laminate incorporates vinylester 
and E-Glass.

All told, there’s a lot to like about the BTC-22. Most of the bits that matter look and feel robust and solidly engineered. As she’s also roomy, well mannered, pretty quick and sensibly priced, I see little to hold her back.

FACTS AND FIGURES

Price as tested: £47,940 LOA: 6.81m (22ft 4in) Hull Length: 
6.81m (22ft 4in) LWL: 6.50m (21ft 5in) Beam: 2.50m (8ft 2in) Draught: 
(swing keel up) 0.71m (2ft 4in) 
(swing keel down) 1.40m (4ft 7in) Displacement : (lightship) 950kg (2,094lb) Ballast: 
325kg (716lb) Ballast ratio: 34% Displacement / Length: 95 Sail area: 
301sq ft (28.0sq m) SA/D ratio: 29.4 Water: 20 litres (4.4gal) Engine: 2.5-5hp Transmission: Outboard RCD category: C Designer: Buckley Yacht Design Builder: Composite Mouldings Ltd Tel: 02380 660770 Website: 
www.buckley yachtdesign.com

EC-12 Class

​description.

East Coast 12-Meter Class

Class contact information.

Click below

Class Email

Class Website

One-Design Class Type: Radio Control

Was this boat built to be sailed by youth or adults? Both

Approximately how many class members do you have? 578

Photo Credit:Paul Figura

Photo Credit: Paul Figura

Photo Credit:

About East Coast 12-Meter Class

The EC12 is a one-design radio controlled yacht about 59 inches in length, a mast standing 72 inches above the deck, supporting about 1300 square inches of sail and weighing around 24 pounds. The class is one of the premier R/C Yachts in the American Model Yachting Association. The Class is well organized energetic and active with over 500 members hosting over 20 two-day sailing regattas throughout the East Coast and the Midwest. The posted sailing schedule is 12 months a year. Local clubs offer additional weekly and monthly club events. The group is eager and quick to share building tips, resources and help.

Boats Produced: Over 3,000 boats have been built since the class was formed 50 years ago.

Class boat builder(s):

Brewhouse Boat Works, Peach Tree City, GA [email protected] Chesapeake Performance Models, Stevensville, MD [email protected] Blue Crab Model Yachts, Cambridge, MD [email protected]

Approximately how many boats are in the USA/North America? 90% of the boats are in the USA and Canada. 8% are in Australia and New Zealand. The remaining 2% are in Enagland and Europe.

Where is your One-Design class typically sailed in the USA? List regions of the country:

The class is most active from Florida to the New England states all the way along the East Coast. The Midwest Region is also active and is growing. Texas is starting to grow some fleets as well.

Does this class have a spinnaker or gennaker? No

How many people sail as a crew including the helm?  one

Ideal combined weight of range of crew:  N/A

Portsmouth Yardstick Rating:   N/A

Boat Designed in  The EC12 was designed by Charlie Morgan. It boat was build from a tank test model Charlie was working on for the America’s Cup in the early 60s. The first EC12 hit the water in 1970.

Length (feet/inches): 59″

Beam: 11.5″

Weight of rigged boat without sails: 22-24 lbs

Draft: 7.875″

Mast Height: 72″ above the deck

Class Rules (PDF Doc)

Back to One-Design Central

Copyright ©2018-2024 United States Sailing Association. All rights reserved. US Sailing is a 501(c)3 organization. Website designed & developed by Design Principles, Inc. -->

EC 12 RC Sailboat for Sale: Where to Find and How to Choose Your Perfect One

• By - Kyle Hilson
• Posted on November 14, 2023 November 15, 2023
• Posted in RC Boats

The EC 12 RC sailboat is a popular choice for radio-controlled sailing enthusiasts. This one-design class yacht offers a thrilling experience for hobbyists who love to sail and compete. Measuring 59 inches in length and weighing around 32 pounds, the EC 12 RC sailboat is built for long-distance racing while still being easily handled by a single person. It also carries a classic design with a sleek hull and towering mast that delivers a traditional sailing experience. The EC 12 RC sailboat is suitable for both beginners who want to learn about the basics of sailing and more seasoned sailors who want to showcase their skills in local and regional regattas. The yacht is officially recognized in many countries, which has led to the establishment of National and International EC 12 Class associations. These associations organize local racing, national championships, and even world championships for die-hard EC 12 RC sailboat enthusiasts. In this article, we will explore where to find the best EC 12 RC sailboats for sale, their benefits, essential factors to consider when purchasing one, and tips for maintaining it to ensure a longer lifespan.

Description of the EC 12 RC Sailboat

The EC 12 RC sailboat is a beautifully designed racing yacht equipped with state-of-the-art equipment that makes it one of the most popular models in the world of radio-controlled sailing. Here are some more details about the EC 12 RC sailboat:

• It features a main and jib sail that are fully adjustable and controlled by a sophisticated radio system.
• The hull of the yacht is made from fiberglass, and the rigging is made of stainless steel, ensuring that it is sturdy and robust while still being lightweight and easy to handle.
• The yacht is powered by a rechargeable battery pack that provides enough power for an extended period of sailing without compromising its speed or agility.
• The EC 12 RC sailboat is designed to be a one-design class , which means that all yachts used in racing are built to the same specifications, ensuring a level playing field.
• The yacht typically comes with a set of accessories, including a stand , sail bags , and a rigging kit , making it easy to transport and maintain.

The EC 12 RC sailboat is an excellent choice for anyone who wants to experience the thrill of competitive sailing without having to invest in a full-sized sailing yacht. Its compact size does not diminish its ability to maneuver through the water and provide a more realistic sailing experience. In addition, many specialty sailing equipment retailers offer upgrades and customization options that enable sailors to enhance their yacht’s performance and appearance.

If you are interested in purchasing an EC 12 RC sailboat, there are many options available for EC 12 RC sailboat for sale from online retailers and hobby shops. One such option is https://www.ec12.org/, the official website of the EC 12 National Association, which provides information on where to buy an EC 12 RC sailboat and how to get involved in the EC 12 racing community. Other websites and retailers that offer EC 12 RC sailboat for sale include https://www.sailrc.com/ and https://www.offshoreelectrics.com/ .

How much does a new Melges 24 cost?

If you’re in the market for a Melges 24, you’re in luck! Melges is a well-respected brand in the sailing community, and their boats are known for their speed and performance. When it comes to purchasing a new Melges 24, you have a few options to consider.

First, you can purchase a brand new Melges 24 directly from the manufacturer. This is a great option if you want the peace of mind that comes with a new boat and the latest features. According to our research, a new Melges 24 typically starts in the $70,000 range, which includes a trailer, covers, and an upgraded line package. This is definitely an investment, but for serious racers, it may be worth it.

However, if you’re on a tighter budget, you may want to consider purchasing a used Melges 24. There are many used boats available on the market, and you may be able to find one that fits your needs and budget. Of course, you’ll want to do your due diligence when purchasing a used boat to ensure that it’s in good condition and has been well-maintained.

Ultimately, the decision to purchase a new or used Melges 24 will depend on your individual preferences and budget. With either option, you’ll be getting a high-quality boat that is sure to give you hours of fun on the water.

Benefits of Owning an EC 12 RC Sailboat

There are many benefits to owning an EC 12 RC sailboat for sale , including:

• Exhilaration and excitement as you race against other sailors in one-design regattas.
• Opportunities to develop your technical sailing skills, such as tactician strategy and racecourse tactics.
• Valuable networking experiences as you meet and socialize with other sailors who share similar interests.
• Improved mental and physical health as you engage in healthy competition and spend time outdoors in nature.
• Low maintenance costs and easy storage, making it an ideal hobby for those who might not have the space or resources for larger sailing yachts.

Interestingly, the EC 12 RC sailboat is also a popular choice for yacht clubs and maritime schools as it provides a viable option for sailors of all ages and levels of experience to hone their skills on the racecourse. Its affordability and durability make it an excellent investment for anyone who wants to enjoy the sport of sailing without breaking the bank.

To purchase an EC 12 RC sailboat for sale , check out websites like RC Sailboat Guide which provide information on where to find the boats and how to purchase them. You can also check out online marketplaces like eBay and Amazon where they may be listed for sale. With its many benefits and affordability, owning an EC 12 RC sailboat is a great investment for anyone who loves the sport of sailing or wants to learn how to sail.

How can I improve my sailing skills?

Sailing is a beautiful sport that requires a lot of practice before you can master it. The more you sail, the better you become, and the more proficient you are with your techniques. Here are some helpful tips that can assist you in improving your sailing skills.

1. Join a Sailing Club: Joining a sailing club is an excellent way to learn from experienced sailors who can teach you valuable information about sailing. The club provides a great atmosphere for you to meet and network with other sailors who are passionate about the same sport.

2. Take Sailing Lessons: Sailing lessons provide you with the theoretical knowledge needed to sail safely and efficiently. It also allows you to practice your skills under the supervision of an experienced instructor.

3. Practice Frequently: The best way to improve your sailing skills is to practice as often as possible. Sailing as often as you can helps you to develop your techniques and improve your familiarity with the boat.

4. Study Weather Conditions: Studying weather patterns and conditions can help you plan your sailing trip more accurately, avoid potential hazards, and sail safely.

5. Enhance Your Navigation Skills: Navigation skills are crucial in sailing, as they help you to determine your location, stay on course, and avoid dangers. You can enhance your navigation skills by reading nautical charts, using GPS, and knowing how to use traditional navigation techniques like sextants.

6. Stay Physically Fit: Sailing requires a lot of physical activity, and being in good physical shape makes the sport much more comfortable and enjoyable. Regular exercise can improve your strength, balance and coordination.

In conclusion, if you want to improve your sailing skills, you need to practice frequently, join a sailing club, take sailing lessons, study weather conditions, enhance your navigation skills and stay physically fit. By following these tips, you can become a more competent sailor and enjoy the beautiful sport of sailing even more.

Where to Find EC 12 RC Sailboats for Sale

When looking to purchase an EC 12 RC sailboat , there are a few places to look:

• Specialty Stores: Check with sailing specialty stores in your area to see if they stock or can order EC 12 RC sailboats. These shops can also provide assistance with selecting the appropriate extras and accessories.
• Online Retailers: Numerous online retailers specialize in selling sailboats, including EC 12 RC sailboats. Online retailers offer a wider selection than local stores, making it easier to find the right boat at the right price. Check out websites such as RC Planet or HobbyTown USA.
• Classified Ads: Classified ad websites can offer a variety of previously owned EC 12 RC sailboats. You may be able to find a good deal on this type of boat through classified ad listings such as Craigslist or Kijiji.
• Local Dealerships: Some local dealerships carry EC 12 RC sailboats, including sailing shops and boat dealerships. Make sure to check in with these locations in your area to see whether they have any boats available for sale.

By visiting these shops and websites, you’ll be able to compare prices and find the best deals on EC 12 RC sailboats. It’s important to also consider the reputation of the seller and to factor in shipping costs if purchasing a boat online. Researching multiple options can help ensure you get a high-quality boat that will provide years of enjoyment.

How big is a 12 meter sailboat?

A 12-meter sailboat may not sound like much at first, but in fact, it’s a sizable vessel that’s been around for more than a century. Originally designed for the Olympic games in 1907, the 12 Metre Class sailboats have consistently proven their mettle in competitive sailing. These boats are approximately 70 feet long, and their masts can reach an impressive height of 86 feet. Their massive size means that they weigh in at about thirty-five tons, making them a sight to behold as they glide across the water. With this kind of heft and impressive rigging, it’s easy to see why 12 Meter Class sailboats are such a beloved part of sailing history.

Before purchasing an EC 12 RC sailboat for sale , it’s crucial to consider the following factors:

• Budget: Determine how much you are willing to spend on an EC 12 RC sailboat . New boats can cost anywhere from $1,500 to $3,000, while used boats may be less expensive.
• Condition: If purchasing a previously owned boat, make sure to inspect the boat thoroughly to ensure it is in good condition . Sails, fittings, and other equipment should also be checked to ensure everything is working properly.
• Accessories: Consider whether the boat comes with any accessories, such as a boat stand or carrying bag. Factor in the cost of purchasing these accessories if they are not included with the boat.
• Transportation: If purchasing a boat from a different location, consider transportation costs . Shipping large boats can be expensive, so it’s important to factor in these costs when determining your budget.
• Regatta Eligibility: If you plan on racing your EC 12 RC sailboat in regattas, make sure the boat meets regatta eligibility requirements by consulting with the respective organization that organizes these regattas.

By considering these factors, you can ensure that you select an EC 12 RC sailboat for sale that is within your budget and meets your needs. Whether you’re a seasoned sailor or a beginner, an EC 12 RC sailboat can provide countless hours of enjoyment on the water while giving you a sense of accomplishment.

Looking to buy an EC 12 RC sailboat for sale? Here are some key points to consider before making your purchase.

The EC 12 RC sailboat is a popular one-design class sailboat that is easy to transport and a blast to sail. Ideally suited for one or two people to sail, the EC 12 RC sailboat is perfect for both casual sailors and seasoned racers alike.

When buying an EC 12 RC sailboat, it’s essential to consider the condition of the boat. Look for any signs of wear and tear on the sails, rigging, and hull. If possible, take the boat out for a test sail to see how it performs on the water.

Another critical factor to consider when buying an EC 12 RC sailboat is the cost. Prices for new boats can vary, but there are also many used EC 12 RC sailboats available for sale at affordable prices. Consider your budget when making your selection.

When it comes to purchasing an EC 12 RC sailboat, you have many options. You can buy a new boat directly from the manufacturer or select from a wide range of used boats available from dealers and private sellers. Alternatively, there are several online marketplaces where you can find the right boat for you.

If you’re looking for a reliable, fun, and exciting sailboat, the EC 12 RC sailboat is an excellent choice. With its sleek design, exceptional performance, and ease of use, it’s no wonder the EC 12 RC sailboat is a favorite among sailors worldwide.

For more information on where to buy an EC 12 RC sailboat, check out sailboatlistings.com or ec12.org for a list of dealers and private sellers offering EC 12 RC sailboats for sale.

How long do sails last on a sailboat?

Sailboat owners know that sails are crucial to their vessel’s performance. However, sails can be costly investments. The question of how long they will last is a valid concern that every sailor must be aware of. Sailmaker North Sails conducted a study and found that “charter fleets expect 2-3 years of use from basic woven polyester sails.” This essentially means that the typical lifespan of these sails is about 1,500 to 2,500 sailing hours. After reaching the 2,000-hour threshold, these sails are generally considered worn out.

It is important to note that the longevity of sails depends on various factors. Three primary variables are the sail’s quality, usage frequency, and maintenance. Sails made with high-quality materials tend to last longer than their budget counterparts. If a sailboat spends most of its time docked, then its sails won’t undergo as much wear and tear, contributing to a longer lifespan. Additionally, proper sail maintenance, such as regular cleaning and storage in a dry place, will help extend the life of the sails.

Many sailors will note that their sails can last much longer than the industry-established standards mentioned above. By prioritizing quality, careful usage, and diligent maintenance, some owners have reported keeping their sails for five, ten, or even fifteen years without significant degradation. However, it is crucial to remain vigilant and inspect your sails regularly for signs of wear or damage to minimize the possibility of encountering a costly and inconvenient breakdown at sea.

In conclusion, sailing enthusiasts can expect their basic woven polyester sails to last between 2-3 years before they start to deteriorate. However, how long a sail will last can vary widely based on quality, usage frequency, and maintenance.

In conclusion, the EC 12 RC sailboat is an excellent choice for experienced sailors and beginners looking for an exciting hobby. By owning this one-design class sailboat, people can join regattas and meet new friends from all around the world. There are many online retailers, specialty stores, and classifieds where interested buyers can find EC 12 RC sailboats for sale. Before purchasing a sailboat, buyers should consider its price range, condition, and accessories, and also follow the maintenance tips provided in this article to ensure that their EC 12 RC sailboat remains in great condition.

Sailing an EC 12 RC sailboat brings an incredible experience, relaxation, a sense of freedom and connection with nature. Additionally, improving your sailing skills and participating in races helps build self-confidence and teamwork. The EC 12 RC sailboat is a highly efficient and fun sailboat that’s worth the investment. So, what are you waiting for? Find an EC 12 RC sailboat for sale that fits your budget, learn how to maintain it the proper way, and take it out on the water to experience the thrill of sailing. Bon Voyage!

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We will work with you to resolve your issue.

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This Privacy Policy was last updated on January 28, 2020.

For fifty years the Etchells class has enjoyed solid and steady growth with over fifty active fleets worldwide. Etchells sailors are enthusiastic and loyal supporters of their boat and class association. The Etchells is a big, fast, simple, stable, and sleek racing sloop that can be sailed competitively and in comfort by three or four average sailors. It can tack in 70 degrees and has a low wetted surface hull form that keeps moving in the slightest breeze. In 20+ knots it absolutely flies. The strict one-design principle of the class was established from the outset and is controlled by a strong, established and well-administered class association. Control of construction by the class association and World Sailing ensures quality and uniformity. It's trailerable, easy to maintain and light enough to dry sail; and Etchells hold exceptional resale value.

HISTORY: The Man, The Boat

by Tim Etchells, reprinted with permission of the author and Sailing World Magazine. ©May 2000

Our family mythology includes the story of my taking the helm of a Star boat for the first time at age three. I have vague memories of this event—the wind on my face, a huge white mainsail with a gold star, the feel of the tiller in my hand almost as if it were a living thing. I don't recall the words my dad, Skip Etchells, is alleged to have used in describing the course I was steering, but I'm told it went something like this: "Look at that wake; it'd break a snake's back." With Dad you always knew exactly where you stood.

Dad was just a couple of months shy of 40 when I arrived on the scene. Born in 1911, he'd already lived through two world wars and the Great Depression before I made my debut in 1951. At that time, Dad, a naval architect and boat builder, was building the fastest Star boats in the world at his Old Greenwich Boat Co., hard by Long Island Sound in Old Greenwich, Conn. And as often as work and family allowed, he was sailing those Stars with my mother, Mary, as his crew. They were among the top teams in the class, which was, even then, ultracompetitive. They'd won enough hardware in regattas all over the world to fill our house. In fact, a few months after I arrived on the scene, I was photographed sitting in the Star Worlds trophy, which Dad and Mom had won in 1951 at Gibson Island, Md. Mom remains the only woman to have ever won the Star Worlds.

Growing up in Trenton, N.J., Dad had always been fascinated with boats, and eventually studied engineering and naval architecture at Michigan, where he earned a degree, along with a couple of Big Ten titles in the discus. A big guy, 6'3" in an era when that seemed taller than it does today, he'd gone out for the football team at Michigan as a freshman. He recalled his role in football practices—during which he was sometimes lined up across from Gerald Ford—as "cannon fodder."

The Star class entered Dad's life after a stint working on the West Coast in Navy shipyards during the Second World War. He built his own Star, and when he and Mom moved back East after the war, they took out the boat, called Shillalah in honor of my mother's Irish roots, to try their luck against some local hotshots. Dad would later recall the reaction of one of those sailors, after being thrashed by Dad and his new boat: "That's a nice boat you've got there. You ought to build a class of them."

He did just that. Having worked previously for Sparkman & Stephens in New York, Dad got into the boat-building business full time. He had a gift for taking a one-design class and finding ways to create a superior shape. Working within the tolerances that are part of any class rule, he drew and built boats that were just plain faster. He did it, most notably, with the Star class; the hull shape of the Old Greenwich Star was the model for several generations of boats from the 1940s right into the '70s. He later built some of the fastest Lightnings. And when his first-born (that would be me) needed a Blue Jay for junior sailing on Long Island Sound, he built a small fleet of those, which were quickly acknowledged to be the fastest Blue Jays ever.

Dad's business was still chugging along nicely in 1965. He'd moved to a boatyard in Stamford, Conn., when he took on the challenge of designing the boat that would eventually become the International Etchells Class. Dad's interest was piqued when he read about the International Yacht Racing Union's search for a new three-man keelboat. The design was what Dad would later call "a very simple rule, very good for the imagination: 22 feet on the waterline, 4'6" draft, 3,700 pounds displacement, and only 310 square feet of actual sail area. A wholesome, heavy-weather boat was clearly invited, we thought."

The boat Dad designed, also named Shillalah, was shipped in the late summer of 1966 to Kiel, Germany, for the IYRU's 3MKB trials. Eight boats entered, including two, Thrice and Trial, built to a design by E.G. van der Stadt of The Netherlands; a new boat designed by Britton Chance Jr. called Conqueror; two German boats, Trio and Kobold XXI; and a Soling, an existing class from Norway. All but the Soling were designed and built to fall near the maximum size called for by the IYRU guidelines.

Shillalah won eight of 11 races. Of the other three, Dad said, "We blew one looking for Denmark, set the chute like a sea anchor in another, and went ashore to replace a damaged jumper in the third." Conqueror, sailed by Chance and Olympian George O'Day, won the other three. None of the other boats factored in the racing. One of the German boats, Trio, sank in five minutes after being hit by some heavy puffs on a reach. On that same reach, Shillalah had set its spinnaker and, as Dad said later, "The next three or four minutes to the jibe mark were an almost continuous plane, in spite of the rough water, rather than surfing down waves. We had expected only to surf and had never seen a boat of this size take off in this manner."

In his report on the Committee proceedings, chairman Frank Murdoch wrote, "The consensus was that Shillalah very closely approximated the kind of boat visualized when the proposed class was discussed and the limits determined. Nevertheless, a boat such as the Soling reveals the unexpected possibility of a high performance in all its aspects coupled with low initial cost (The Committee] therefore concludes that at this stage encouragement should be given to both to form a class, establish class associations, and seek to acquire the popularity which could in due course lead to official recognition. It does not feel other trials would further clarify the issue."

Encouraging stuff. But Dad still felt that there was "an air of mystery about just what we'd accomplished." His instincts proved later to be correct. The Committee's recommendations were presented to the Permanent Committee of the IYRU a few months later. Those in attendance now say the Committee came within an eyelash of approving those recommendations, but that one member, who had backed one of the boats in the trials, convinced the rest that the results had been inconclusive. Another set of trials was ordered, this time in Travemunde, Germany.

Dad was disheartened, and wondered whether the decision signaled that "the fix was in," that an American boat couldn't get a fair shake. But the reaction to his boat at the trials, and later back home on Long Island Sound, had convinced Dad that he'd come up with a winner. Bob Bavier, an America's Cup veteran and at the time executive vice president of Yachting magazine, was the lone American member of the 1966 Committee. In a letter to Dad, Bavier said he felt that "if you had a fiberglass boat in the next set of trials and she did just reasonably well she would almost certainly be chosen, because it was not just speed but other desirable features which made the Committee lean in Shillalah's direction."

So Dad spared what time he could from turning out Stars to build a mold and come up with Shillalah II. This boat went to Travemunde in August, 1967. The field of nine boats included Chance's Conqueror, the Soling, and a new van der Stadt boat called Thrial. Also taking part in some of the races were a 5.5 Meter and a very competitive Dragon. Thirteen races were held, with Shillalah winning 10; Conqueror won the other three. The 5.5 proved to be competitive only in the lightest air, and the Dragon finished a distant last in every race it entered.

The conclusions at the end of this series, however, were very different from those of the previous summer. The decision: "The Observation Committee is of the opinion that the Soling fulfills the requirements of the Union for a new three-man keelboat and therefore recommends it to be encouraged by the International Yacht Racing Union. Although the Observation Committee believes that the Soling fulfills all the conditions laid down by the IYRU Permanent Committee for a new three-man-keelboat for the present and especially for the future, it considers that of the larger boats competing in the trials, Thrial with small modifications to her rig, which would not affect the cost of the boat, should be encouraged by the IYRU if a larger boat be required." No mention was made of Shillalah II, which had dominated the racing.

The decision was devastating to Dad, who felt that he'd been blindsided. And if there was one thing Dad couldn't abide, it was what he called BS. There was no doubt in his mind, reading the Committee's decision, that the Soling had been chosen long before the trials began, that the Committee, and the IYRU, had changed what Dad would call "their alleged minds" about the size of the boat they wanted to consider for the next Olympic class, without actually informing the other designers. Nothing had happened during the trials, as far as Dad or many objective observers could determine, that would support the decision. He and many others thought it was hardly coincidental that neither his boat nor Britton Chance's had been mentioned, even though they had won all of the races for two years running.

When Dad pressed for an explanation of what he felt was an indefensible decision, he received a document titled "Some Reasons for Not Considering Shillalah II." In later years, with responses added, he kept it framed on the wall of his office. Here are some excerpts:

"1. She is too expensive. Her cost of $6,000 is double that of the Soling." Dad wrote, "This was the first price tag I had seen. Boats sell by the pound." "2. Due to her great weight, her trailerability is limited in Europe to a very large car." Dad: "With maximums only published, one would suspect what size category the inventors had in mind. All boats built for the trials were maxis." "4. A very ugly boat." Dad: "There is a difference of opinion these days. Of course, one could see no hint of bias." "5. The cockpit was too big, too wide, and too deep. There were no seats and the crew had to sit on the deck at all times or stand." Dad: "Both S-1 and S-2 had built-in thwarts, but no reclining chairs. We were going to the Olympics." "10. The class has no popularity outside the U.S." Dad: "Makes sense. A big class organization before we get off the drawing board."

Despite attempts by some of the American IYRU members to have it reconsidered, the Committee's report was ultimately validated by the IYRU's Permanent Committee. The Soling was chosen shortly thereafter as the 3MKB for the Olympics, replacing the Dragon.

Dad went home with Shillalah II, wondering where he'd gone wrong. Years later, he had it figured out. "Lesson 783," he said, was that "in working on a new one-design, forget experience and the drawing board. Concentrate on political science."

Truth is, there were few people less suited to politics than Dad. He was a charming guy, but let's just say he wasn't always as tactful as he might have been. He could be blunt, and his sarcastic comments were legendary. Just ask Mom. On more than one occasion while crewing for him on a Star, she found herself wondering if the boat's whisker pole would make an effective weapon. And Dad didn't suffer fools gladly. It's not hard to imagine him as his own worst enemy in meetings with IYRU committee members.

Still, when it came to Shillalah, Dad felt that the boat's performance spoke for itself. Back home, the boat soon attracted the attention of sailors on Long Island Sound, and within six months Fleet 1 of the Etchells 22 class (the 22 indicated the waterline length) was in business. The class has grown steadily in the 30 years since. There are now more than 50 fleets worldwide, and the boat's attributes under sail and its strict one-design rules have attracted some of sailing's biggest names. During the recent Cup races, for instance, Team Dennis Conner (Conner is a former Etchells world champ) and at least one other syndicate honed their match-race skills in Etchells. Today more than 1,100 boats have been built, with about 750 racing regularly worldwide.

Dad died in December of 1998. He was 87. At the 1998 Etchells Worlds held in Marblehead, Mass., a few months earlier, there were more than 100 boats on the starting line. While the numbers probably made for a wild regatta, I know they were a source of pride for Dad.

They were for me, too. I was 16 back in 1967, barely old enough to appreciate what Dad was going through. And it was another few years before I realized just what he'd accomplished with the Etchells.

It was 1971 or thereabouts, and dad loaned me his E-22 for the weekend to race with a couple of friends. There was a strong easterly breeze that Saturday, a rarity for western Long Island Sound. Dad's only pre-race advice: "Steer good, Timothy." I remember the sail out to the starting line off American YC, the gray skies and ocean-like rollers sweeping down the Sound. But mostly I remember the feeling of power in the boat. I'd sailed E-22s before, but not in this kind of a breeze. Going to windward, the boat moved like a freight train. We rounded the weather mark, set the chute on a broad reach, and rocketed away. Our wake stretched out behind us like an arrow.

LIFETIME MEMBERS

International Etchells Class Association Lifetime Members:

• John McConnell
• Bill Munster
• Skip Etchells
• Ian Kingsford Smith
• Bill Steele
• Janet Turney
• Denis Heywood
• Gary Gilbert
• Kers Clausen
• Noel Paterson
• David Ritchard

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CE Yacht Compliance Classification

29 March 2016

The CE Yacht Compliance Classification System is the European (CE stands for “ Conformité Européenne ” in French) dictating the standards for CE Certification for construction and sale of boats . Vessels in one of the categories of controlled products cannot be legally sold in the EU unless they have passed the tests to receive the CE Certification. This regulation applies to all yachts for sale and recreational craft from 2.5 to 24 meters, whether they are intended for navigation at sea or in inland waters. New or used boats coming from countries other than the Member States of the European Union are also subject to CE marking.

In 1994, the countries in the European Union adopted the Recreational Craft Directive (RCD), which they amended in 2003. This constitutes a single set of “harmonized” essential requirements for boats sold in any member country.

The compliance with the RCD is required by law in the European Union member countries, and third-party classification societies inspections and their certifications are required as part of the process of CE yacht compliance classification. Boats are given a CE certification at the end of the process, which confirms that they have passed and comply with the technical, construction, safety and legal requirements making them legally valid for sale in the European Union. In Europe, we call them commonly “CE compliant boats” .

CE certification required

Summary of the origin and CE yacht compliant classification and how certification works.

Since 1998, European legislation indicates that pleasure boats must carry the CE certification (or mark), requiring them to meet certain construction and safety standards. For this, the boats are classified into four categories according to their design and skills to face different sailing conditions depending on the wind force and wave height.

Knowing that the weather is a variable phenomenon, these categories are not intended to limit the distance boaters can sail away (this depends on onboard safety equipment), but rather to responsibly inform them about the capabilities of their boat to safely navigate based on the offshore weather conditions. For each vessel, the design category is characterized by a letter between A and D.

BEAUFORT scale

First, let’s start with the BEAUFORT scale. This scale gives you the status of the sea in order to plan your trips. It was the British admiral Francis BEAUFORT who imagined a scale with sufficiently precise criteria to quantify the wind at sea and allow the divulgation of reliable information universally understood. This scale consists of 13 degrees, from 0 to 12, which is remarkable in this scale is that it can assess the effect of wind on the surface of the sea.

We will focus on the scale with the forces of 6, 7 and 8 to our need for explanations. There is indeed a direct link between the Beaufort scale and the certification of yachts (see photo above of the scale to better understand the graduation of wind forces).

• CE CLASS A yachts are designed for large sea voyages (everywhere), in which wind force may exceed 8 on the scale of BEAUFORT and waves can also exceed a significant height of 4 meters. These yachts are designed largely to be self-sufficient in this rather hostile environment. CAREFUL, in most cases, this is only theoretical.
• CE CLASS B yachts are designed to travel off the coast (200 miles or less) in which the winds can be up to force 8 (not exceeding) and waves can reach a height up to 4 meters (not exceeding).
• CE CLASS C boats are designed for travel close to the coasts and in large bays, estuaries, lakes and rivers in which winds can be up to force 6 (not exceeding) and waves may reach a height of 2 meters (not exceeding).
• CE CLASS D boats are designed for cruises in protected waters, like small lakes, rivers and canals in which the winds can be up to force 4 and waves can reach a height up to 0.30 meter (less than 1 foot).

Rules of CE certification

The rules of CE certification for construction and sale of boats are designed to assess the structural strength and integrity of essential parts of the hull, the reliability, and function of propulsion, steering systems, power generation and all other features installed on board to help ensure the key essential services of the yacht.

You understand therefore that a CLASS A yacht respects a much more rigorous construction protocol than a CLASS B yacht and so on… Of course, it is strictly advised not to sail past a force 6 for pleasure yachting and no matter the class A or B. This is a matter of safety, comfort and pleasure being always present in your cruise.

To ensure recreational boating, always check the weather before each ride at sea and especially verify any potential changes every hour. In addition, you must always carry the safety equipment onboard depending on the type of navigation that you practice and the laws and regulations in the countries where you cruise, and feel free to be overcautious.

It is obvious that in case of bad weather, for example, it is better to find yourself onboard a CLASS A yacht, which will necessarily have a better safety margin, regardless of sea conditions… Before buying a new or pre-owned boat , always ask for the classification of your future yacht, this document is required for the new registration (in Europe).

A CE-Type Certificate (or homologation) is generally issued for production vessels manufactured in series by different shipyards , particularly European.

There are several classification societies capable of achieving the CE classification for construction and sale of boats , the main ones are RINA (Registro Italiano Navale), BV (Bureau Veritas), DNV (Det Norske Veritas), Germanischer Lloyd, LR (Lloyd’s Register).

Other societies and certifications

There are also other classification societies for vessels built or sold outside the EU such as ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) and NK (Nippon Kaiji). There are also other types of certifications such as the MCA (UK – Maritime and Coastguard Agency), which however is not a classification organization. We will write more articles on commercial classifications later.

Do not hesitate to contact us for any need for further information on the CE yacht compliance classification , our team at Allied Yachting is at your service.

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Sailboat Keel Types: Illustrated Guide (Bilge, Fin, Full)

The keel type is one of the most important features of your boat. But the different designs can be confusing, so I've set out to create a very clear guide that will help you understand sailboat keels once and for all.

What are the most common sailboat keel types? The most common sailboat keel types are full-length keels, fin keels, bulb keels, wing keels, bilge keels, and lifting keels. Full keels are popular among cruisers, while fin keels are generally used for racing. Bilge keels and lifting keels are typically used in tidal waters, on small fishing boats for example.

In this article, we'll explore the most common keel types together. I'll use diagrams to really hit home the differences of all these keel types, and we'll discuss what keel types are best for liveaboard, ocean cruising, and lake weekend trips. After reading this article, you'll know what to choose - and why.

Sailboat Keels Explained

On this page:, overview of sailboat keel types, keel types: fundamentals, modified full keel, centerboard.

If you just want a quick overview, here's a list with the most common keel types and a short description. More detail will follow below.

The most common keel types

• Full keels run from front to aft and are the most stable keel type, making them the most popular cruising keel.
• Fin keels offer the best performance but are less comfortable. This makes them popular for racing. Fin keels are bolted on to the hull and generally run deep and thin.
• Bulb and wing keels are both variants on the fin keel.
• Bulb keels carry additional ballast in the tip, making them more stable.
• Wing keels have two tips at the end of the keel, which reduces crossflow, improving directional stability.
• Bilge keels are double fin or double full kees, which allows the boat to be beached, making them the most popular keel for tidal waters.
• Lifting keels are moveable keels that can be lowered and raised, allowing the boat to enter shallow waters as well.
• Centerboard keels are a pivoting lifting keel, allowing to sail both coastal and inland waters.
• Leeboards are fins on the sides of flat-bottomed hulls boats, making a keel unnecessary.

Properties of each keel type

What does a keel do?

What does the keel do? A keel is a vertical blade running down from the hull. It is weighted and acts as a ballast, countering the boat's tendency to heel and preventing it from tipping over. The wetted surface under the waterline reduces slippage to leeward by creating a track, which counters the sideway force of the wind on the sails.

The reason sailboats don't tip over is that the weight of the keel counters the buoyancy of the hull, which means it will pull the boat downward. This downward force reduces heel and prevents the boat from rolling.

A canoe doesn't have a keel. Try stepping into that: it will want to roll.

It counters the horizontal force the wind puts on the sails. Whenever the force on the sails increases, the resistance of the water on the keel increases proportionally.

The heavier the keel, the less heel you'll get.

A keel reduces slippage to leeward. Slippage is simply the amount you fall off course because of the direction of the wind and current. Leeward is the side of the boat behind the wind.

So if you don't have a keel, you will fall off course quite a lot because the wind will push you over the water surface.

You will also heel quite a lot since there is nothing beneath the water surface to counter the force of the wind high up in your sails.

A keel fixes both of these issues and makes sailboats one of the most reliable boats in heavy winds and storms.

You can read on about how keels work here.

Keels can be classified by multiple dimensions. You can look at them from the side or the front. You can also classify them based on properties.

Before I dive into each keel type in-depth and show examples, let's make sure we have the same starting point.

There are essentially two sorts of keels:

Fixed keels

Movable keels.

Fixed keels are keels that are integrated into the hull or bolted on. They can't be moved or lifted.

When looking at fixed keels, you can divide them up further based on the side view. There are three main categories:

Bilge keels

Full keels are more comfortable, provide better stability and protection, but are also slower than fin keels.

Fin keels are less comfortable, provide less stability, are more vulnerable, but they're also a lot faster than full keels.

Bilge keels are double keels: one on each side of the hull. This allows them to be beached, which comes in handy in tidal waters. They are generally a lot slower and less maneuverable compared to fin keels.

Movable keels can be lifted from the water, creating a shoal (shallow) draft, allowing the boat to enter both shallow waters and coastal waters. This makes it a very versatile keel type. There are two main designs:

Lifting keels

Lifting keels can be lowered and raised through a slit in the hull. Examples of lifting keels are the daggerboard and centerboard.

Leeboards are wooden swords attached to the side of the hull and prevent slippage to leeward, but they don't stabilize the boat, nor counter heel by adding ballast.

With fin keels, there are different tip designs available. The most common two tip designs are:

These are both variants of the fin keel. Generally, these keel designs are mentioned in one breath with full keels and fin keels, creating confusion on what kind of keel they are. But it's important to understand that they are a sub-category of fin keels.

Rudder design

As with the tip of the fin, there are different rudder designs that may apply to both fin and full keels. The two most common rudder designs are:

Skeg rudder

Spade rudder.

A skeg is a structural part of the keel in front of the rudder that protects the rudder. The keel encompasses the rudder, preventing any rogue ropes, weeds, or rocks from damaging the rudder.

A spade rudder is an unprotected rudder: it doesn't have any structural protection from the keel design. It is simply attached to the hull. This design is very common.

Alright, we understand the big picture. Let's dive into more detail for each keel type and discuss the pros and cons.

Fixed keel Good for cruising and liveaboards Comfortable

What is a full keel? A full keel runs from front to aft for at least 50% of the hull and is fully integrated into the hull. It has the largest wetted surface of any keel type, and it is also the heaviest. This results in directional stability and reduced heeling, providing the most comfortable ride, but also the slowest.

The wetted surface simply means the amount of water contact area. With such a large wetted surface, it decreases slippage to leeward the most of all keel types, while it counters heeling the most as well.

The full keel is the most comfortable and stable keel type available. However, comfort comes at a price. It delivers the worst performance due to this large wetted area. It is the slowest of the keel types, and it has the worst windward performance.

This makes full keels particularly great for longtime cruisers or liveaboards who prefer comfort over speed, but less ideal for daysailers who need to navigate in and out of slips regularly.

Since it runs for at least 50% of the hull, it doesn't need to run as deep as a fin keel, resulting in a more shoal draft.

Heavier keels result in increased displacement, so a full keel boat will need a larger sail area to compensate for its weight.

For a more detailed discussion on full keel advantages, I recommend reading William's excellent article 5 Surprising Advantages of a Full Keel Sailboat here.

Example sailboats with a full keel:

• Nicholson 22
• Island Packet 380
• Beneteau Oceanis 411 Clipper
• Beneteau First 50
• Jeanneau Sun Shine 38
• Dufour 455 Grand Large

There are a lot of great cruising boats with full keel designs , some of them considered classics.

Full Keel with skeg rudder

Full keels with a skeg rudder design have a protected rudder, thanks to putting a structural part of the keel directly in front of the rudder. This helps with fending off any hazards to the rudder, like floating pieces of rope, rocks, or garbage, and protects it in case of running aground. The skeg design ensures the rudder is nearly impossible to break off.

Fixed keel Good for cruising and liveaboards Faster than a regular full keel

What is a modified full keel? A modified full keel is a full keel with a cutout at the front, reducing the wetted surface slightly, which increases performance without sacrificing too much comfort and stability. After the full keel, it has the best directional stability and the least amount of heel.

The modified full keel is popular among (bluewater) cruisers, thanks to its increased handling and performance. Most modified full keels have a skeg rudder, ensuring it is well-protected.

The slightly reduced weight and wetted surface improve windward performance quite a lot, but it is still one of the most stable keel designs out there.

Example sailboats with a modified full keel:

• Hallberg-Rassy HR 40
• Dufour Arpege 30
• Beneteau Oceanis Clipper 281
• Jeanneau Sun Odyssey 37.2

Fixed keel Good for racing Fast

What is a fin keel? A fin keel is a long, weighted blade attached to the bottom of the hull. It is lighter, faster, and more maneuverable than a full keel, but also more vulnerable. The increased distance between ballast and sails provides a lever, reducing the need for a large wetted surface or additional ballast.

Fin keels are generally bolted onto the hull and run deeper and thinner than a full keel. They are also lighter. This helps increasing performance (a lot), making fin keels a lot faster in all situations.

There are some major disadvantages to fin keels, however. Fin keels are a lot less comfortable than full keels and allow for more heel and a less solid track, so less directional stability. Fin keels are also a lot more vulnerable than full keels. They can break off when running aground, or get damaged.

They are very popular among racers and perform better when maneuvering in tight spots, like getting in and out of slips.

Example sailboats with a fin keel:

• Catalina 30
• Jeanneau Sun Odyssey 36.2

Fin keel with skeg rudder

Fin keels with a skeg rudder use a small structural part in front of the rudder to protect it. This design is mostly integrated into the hull, making it less vulnerable, and a great compromise between speed and safety.

Fin keel with spade rudder

Fin keels with a spade rudder have a completely exposed rudder, and typically a fin that is simply bolted on. The keel isn't integrated into the hull, making it more vulnerable and less comfortable.

Fin keel variant Good for cruising Less crossflow

What is a wing keel? A wing keel is a fin keel with a horizontal foil at the tip, which is wing-shaped and generally weighted. Its shape reduces crossflow, improving directional stability, and its ballast decreases heel, resulting in a more comfortable ride. The addition of a wingtip allows for a shorter fin, reducing draft.

Wing keels are good for cruising since this design improves directional stability compared to a regular fin keel or a bulb keel.

We'll discuss the wing keel's advantages and disadvantages in more detail in this article.

Fin keel variant Good for cruising Stability

What is a bulb keel? A bulb keel is a high-aspect-ratio fin keel with additional ballast at the end, which generally has a bulb or teardrop shape. This ballast improves stability and utilizes the distance between force and counterforce as a lever. This design reduces the need for a deep fin, resulting in a shoal draft.

By placing the weight at the largest possible distance from the force on the sails, you need relatively little extra weight for the same reduction in heel, making bulb keels very effective for cruising.

This design reduces the wetted area while increasing the weight of the keel just slightly, which increases sailing comfort big time.

Example sailboats with a bulb keel:

• Bavaria B/One
• Beneteau First 24

Fixed keel Good for racing Can be beached

What is a bilge keel? A bilge keel is a twin keel which uses double fins, allowing the boat to be beached and rest on its keel upright. Bilge keels have double the wetted surface, which increases comfort and directional stability while decreasing heel. Modern bilge keels often provide decent windward performance, thanks to better design.

The bilge keel does sacrifice speed compared to the fin keel but doesn't necessarily offer worse performance overall. Older designs performed considerably worse than other keels and were especially slow.

Bilge keels have some major advantages over full keels and fin keels. The most important is that the boat can be beached, making it a popular design in tidal waters. Bilge keels are especially common along the British coastline, where fishermen keep their boats in tidal harbors.

Another major advantage is that the boat can be stored resting on its keels, making dry storage and maintenance a lot easier.

Of course, there are many more pros and cons to the bilge keel , which we go into here.

Example sailboats with a bilge keel:

• Dufour Dynamique 62
• Hunter Duette
• Patagonia Patago 39
• Macwester 27

Lifting keel Good for daysailers Versatile

What is a centerboard? A centerboard is a type of retractable keel that rests on a hinge and can be lowered through a slot in the hull. It folds out like a pocket knife and allows you to increase or reduce the draft of the boat. Centerboards are mostly used on small fishing boats.

The centerboard is a very versatile keel type, allowing you to have both a very shoal draft for inland waters, as well as steadying the boat and reducing heel for larger bodies of water, or even oceans.

I've sailed a Cornish Crabber with a centerboard for a week, and while we stayed inland, having the option to increase the keel depth really came in handy when crossing the IJsselmeer (a former sea in The Netherlands).

There's more to the center

Olaf Roethele

https://www.theyachtmarket.com/en/new-boats/cornish-crabbers/adventure-17/218/

My name is Olaf and I am the owner of a Cornish Crabber 17 Adventure boat.

I would like to ask you if you can imagine to install on this boat a Torqeedo 2.0 Pod motor? Therefore i guess a modification of the keel/skeg is necessary ?!

Best regards from Uruguay,

You completely missed the hybrid planing/water-ballast keel of the Macgregor range

Thanks a lot for this explanation

Roger Bannon

Very well written article which provides an excellent guide for us small wooden boat builders. Thanks.

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East Coast 12 Meter (EC12)

The East Coast 12 Meter is based on a 1962-63 vintage design for a full-size International 12 Meter. This medium-sized yacht's hull must be initially purchased from a licensed builder. Decks and sails are strictly controlled, but may be purchased or made from scratch. Almost all other equipment is up to the owner.

Approx 58" long.

Class rules  (PDF),  Measurement Form  (PDF)

EC12s Are Sailed At...

East Coast Sailing Association

Southern cross model yacht club, lastest ec12 news & results....

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