seafair mega yacht

A Closer Look at David and Victoria Beckham’s Yacht SeaFair

For years, David and Victoria Beckham have been photographed visiting their celebrity friends’ luxury yacht boats and renting a luxury yacht for various trips. In fact, the Beckhams are often seen hanging out on yachts with their children in Miami, the Mediterranean, and even as far as Bali.

It’s not unusual to see people like David and Victoria Beckham hanging out on their celebrity friends’ yachts, particularly if they can’t afford their own yachts. However, the former Posh Spice and MLS team player definitely make a high-earning pair among their social group.

Perhaps that’s why it’s not surprising that the Beckhams aren’t content to play on other people’s boats – and who can blame them? They finally purchased a SeaFair yacht of their own, and it’s a doozy. This commercial yacht can transform a life and is the kind of boat you’d love to see on a photo shoot.

Here’s a look at David and Victoria Beckham’s yacht SeaFair , and the other yachts they’ve vacationed on. The Beckhams are known as doting parents, so do they spend a lot of quality time on their yachts with their little ones? Let’s take a quick look at David & Victoria Beckham’s yacht SeaFair to learn more.

Our Methodology

When examining David and Victoria Beckham’s yacht, we made sure to do a lot of research. We firmly believe that great research helps transform articles into works of art, and whether you’re a fan of the Spice Girls, Posh Spice, Beckham’s MLS team years, or simply want to see them photographed visiting various areas, it’s important to get the information you want. Here’s how we write our articles:

Check out our previous articles on a subject to see if they’re still accurate
Carefully read through each for common grammar and spelling problems
Add new information based on our in-depth research and fix any errors
Examine more sources and integrate them into the article when possible
Continually update the article to make it more fascinating and interesting

Examining the Beckhams SeaFair Yacht

No matter why you’re interested in this subject, we can provide you with in-depth information about Victoria and David Beckham’s SeaFair yacht. It’s the kind of topic that provides a fun and engaging read to certain people. For instance, it’s common to see people interested in lifestyle topics browsing through articles like these to learn more about how the richest people in the world live.

Who are David & Victoria Beckham?

David and Victoria Beckham have amassed an estimated net worth of $1 billion and have no problem spending money on their family, their friends, and themselves. When the couple isn’t running their fashion and other brand companies, they’re vacationing with their children and celebrity friends, often on a yacht. But who exactly are these people? Let’s start by talking about David Beckham.

Let’s Check Out David Beckham

David Beckham is a former soccer player who’s competed in many leagues. Throughout the 2000s, he was the standard bearer for British football and the kind of person you just knew would buy a yacht one day. David retired from the Manchester United Football team in 2013.

Since then, he’s had many different roles. He is a UNICEF Ambassador and is co-owner of a new MLS team based in Miami, Florida, as well as an English non-league club. This new MLS team has taken up much of his time, but he’s also become something of a fashion designer in recent years.

In fact, David Beckham has his own fashion and footwear lines and is a co-owner of several companies. Though perhaps not a fashion designer in and of himself, he has hired some of the best in the world to maintain an attractive and appealing look that makes David Beckham popular even now.

The Inside Scoop on Victoria Beckham

Victoria Beckham is primarily known as a member of the former 1990s band the Spice Girls. Victoria Beckham was one of the most popular of these singers and was known as a sophisticated lady. In fact, this sophisticated lady was named “Posh Spice” while she performed with the band.

Victoria Beckham earned the nickname for her sophisticated style with the band. Since then, Posh Spice has kept up with that reputation and become a fashion designer of note. In fact, Victoria Beckham owns her own fashion line and is a constant figure in the fashion world.

David and Victoria Beckham, Power Couple

David Beckham and Victoria Beckham both have several endorsement deals. For David Beckham, these include a lot of soccer endorsements , as well as fashionable lines. We already know he works with UNICEF, though he already provides support for other charitable organizations.

Victoria Beckham has multiple endorsements, including Armani, Estee Lauder, and Dolce. She has capitalized on her time as Posh Spice with the Spice Girls to cultivate an image of a cultured and sophisticated lady. It’s helped them stay financially solvent and worth a lot of money.

What makes them so interesting is that they’ve stayed together for over 20 years. In fact, they celebrated their 24th anniversary while on vacation with their four children, Brooklyn, Romeo, Cruz, and Harper. They’ve been seen traveling throughout the Mediterranean and other areas for years.

Furthermore, the Beckhams have homes in Beverly Hills and London. They split their time between these houses, focusing on things like their photoshoot gigs and their appearances elsewhere to stay current and exciting. But what exactly is the deal with their SeaFair yacht?

The SeaFair Yacht

David and Victoria Beckham have enjoyed vacation time with friends and family on so many luxury yachts that they decided to purchase their own rather than renting. Victoria and her husband David wanted to find luxury yachts that they could show off to their friends rather than always renting.

Apparently inspired by the SeaFair Miami mega yacht that they’ve partied on and David shot a commercial on in 2016, the Beckhams purchased a smaller SeaFair yach t. Victoria and her hubby showed it off to their friends for over a week, renting out visits with friends and family members .

The yacht is nicknamed “The Sophisticated Lady,” no doubt in reference to Victoria, formerly known as “Posh Spice” when she performed with the Spice Girls in the 1990s. We love that nickname because it highlights the fun atmosphere that Victoria Beckham and her hubby David like showing off.

The yacht was purchased for a reported $4 million and is similar in design to the SeaFair Miami. It features plenty of deck space and a roomy interior. There is a gym, galley, and salon. Like many a luxury yacht on the market, it provides more than enough room for friends and family members.

Furthermore, there is plenty of room to host up to eight guests in four guest suites. There are also two cabins for crew members. “The Sophisticated Lady” is 94 feet long and cruises up to 40 mph.

As Victoria Beckham and her husband David tour the world in their luxury yacht, they often spend more than a week with each group, including friends and their children. The Beckhams are known as doting parents who decided to provide their children with a fancy life they didn’t have growing up.

When examining a photo of this large commercial yacht, you’ll see a few things right away. First, it matches the physical beauty this power pair poses: it simply looks fantastic. Furthermore, this popular pair has been seen on their luxury yacht in London, Florida, Paris, and many other parts of the world.

The SeaFair Miami

No doubt the Beckhams were inspired to purchase their SeaFair yacht when David Beckham chartered the SeaFair mega yacht in Miami in 2016 to shoot a commercial for his company Haig Club Whiskey. This beautiful yacht made Victoria’s hubby jealous and clearly excited.

Beckham chartered the yacht in 2016 to film the commercial, which showcased the epitome of luxury with a party aboard the SeaFair Yacht with beautiful guests. Since then, he and Victoria enjoyed it before and after their wedding and explored the coast of many parts of the world.

Each of their trip destinations included summer fun along various coast areas, including their amazing, record-breaking wedding . Obviously, the two eventually decided to cut out the middle person and buy a yacht so that they could handle each trip themselves. In this way, they could get lots of sunshine.

Furthermore, David and Victoria took their youngest children out on this yacht regularly, getting them used to spending time on a lavish yacht. But what exactly makes the SeaFair such a lavish yacht? Let’s take a deep look at this amazing yacht to get an idea of why David and Victoria loved it.

Amazing Amenities The Beckhams Couldn’t Forget

The Beckhams not only got a lot of sunshine while on this boat. They also spent time with their family, including Brooklyn, Harper, and Cruz. David and his wife Victoria loved taking their family out to Italy, Florida, Spain, and other parts of the world while booking the biggest SeaFair lavish yacht .

If you’ve ever been on the SeaFair mega yacht, you’d understand why. It is a charter yacht that can be used as a luxury venue for multiple occasions and events, from business conferences to parties. The supersized yacht was designed by Luiz de Basto and underwent a multi-million dollar makeover.

It received this makeover just before former soccer player David Beckham used it as a venue to film his Haig Club Whiskey ad. After he visited it, he told his wife all about it and told him that they had to get their family on it, even if they wouldn’t be buying it. After all, the yacht is worth $40 million.

Think about that for a minute: a power couple that has over $1 billion to their name couldn’t afford this yacht but had to rent it instead. It’s not just a boat; it’s an adventure. The SeaFair has a unique design and plenty of room to party, especially if you have lots of friends you want to hang out with on the water.

The SeaFair is 228 feet long and features four deck floors, including a sky deck. There are 11,000 square feet of conference space and $10,000 square feet of entertainment space. Let’s face it: there’s so much to do that you and your 300 best friends probably couldn’t get enough.

In fact, the SeaFair mega yacht can accommodate up to 600 guests in two dining rooms and seven bars. The huge yacht is mainly docked at the InterContinental Hotel in Miami but travels up the coast of Florida to host events. It’s no wonder that David Beckham chose SeaFair for his hit commercial.

Recent Trip to Miami

The Beckham family recently took a much-needed break vacationing in Miami, Florida, and enjoying time on their yacht. While not quite as big as the massive SeaFair, their smaller version is definitely perfect for Cruz, Harper, Romeo, and Brooklyn. It’s a fun and unforgettable way to vacation.

While in Miami, the family was invited to stay at singer Marc Anthony’s estate. Anthony is a good friend of the couple and lives in a posh Coral Gables neighborhood of the city. While here, Victoria and David spent time swimming, exercising, and enjoying Marc Anthony’s outgoing personality.

For example, they spent time in Anthony’s 12-bedroom Mediterranean estate, as well as enjoying time on their yacht , cruising Biscayne Bay, and spending time in the Everglades. Exploring this exciting city has always been something they’ve enjoyed doing, including spending time with Lionel Messi .

Clearly, the two love their yacht and plan on spending as much time on it as possible. Wouldn’t you? Along with Cruz, Brooklyn, Romeo, and Harper, it seems like they’re poised to travel the world. And with their children getting old enough to get married (Brooklyn specifically), it’s likely even more members will join them on their big yacht.

Easter Celebration with Marc Anthony

Their most recent trip isn’t the first or last time they’ve visited Anthony in Miami. For example, they visited Anthony in Miami in the spring of 2018 to celebrate Easter. They brought along their children (as usual) and had a lot of fun on their yacht with the Latin American singer.

For example, they enjoyed the break relaxing and playing on a yacht. There is plenty of space to relax and play on the 120-foot yacht. The interior features natural wood and white and blue accents. That natural beauty creates an attractive style that makes it an appealing and modern boat.

Within its expansive interior, there is a salon, galley, and dining room, as well as two full bars and five guest suites. There’s also plenty of deck space with a wide swim platform, lounging areas, and a Jacuzzi. All these amenities make it very comfortable and enjoyable for visitors.

This trip is also not the first time that the Beckhams celebrated Easter together . They often post pictures of their kids, including Cruz, Brooklyn, Romeo, and Harper, highlighting their growth and development. Their children seem well-adjusted and not at all spoiled by their parents’ wealth.

Other Yacht Excursions

The Beckhams are no strangers to spending vacations on yachts. Back in 2009, they were spotted on fashion designer Roberto Cavalli’s yacht, Freedom. Obviously, their time on Cavalli’s yacht must have worn off, and the two are now enjoying their own yachting experience with their family.

Furthermore, during one long summer, the Beckhams visited the south of France and were invited to join good friend Elton John , his husband David Furnish, and their children on their 164-ft mega yacht Wabi Sabi. John is well known for his warmth and generosity with people he loves.

As a result, the families had a great time exploring the Côte d’Azur. They checked out plenty of shore destinations, had some fun at various concerts, and spent time exploring the region together. Like all doting parents, they even brought along their kids to make the experience even more enjoyable.

Will there be even more reports of these two enjoying their boat together with friends? Well, the celebrity world is a small one and famous people often spend lots of time together on vacations and beyond. Clearly, it’s likely that we haven’t seen the last of Victoria or David Beckham and their fantastic and unforgettable boat.

You can also read:

17 Most Expensive Yachts in the World
The Top 20 Celebrity Yachts in The World

Dana has extensive professional writing experience including technical and report writing, informational articles, persuasive articles, contrast and comparison, grant applications, and advertisement. She also enjoys creative writing, content writing on nearly any topic (particularly business and lifestyle), because as a lifelong learner, she loves to do research and possess a high skill level in this area. Her academic degrees include AA social Sci/BA English/MEd Adult Ed & Community & Human Resource Development and ABD in PhD studies in Indust & Org Psychology.

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The Seafair

The seafair the only bespoke event mega yacht venue in miami.

Designed by internationally acclaimed designer Luiz de Basto, the $40M, first-of-its-kind event vessel is one of the largest private yachts in America at 222 feet long.

Overall Length 222′ feet

Capacity 30-600

Seating 450+ Guests

Location Miami & Ft Lauderdale

AS FEATURED ON

CORPORATE CLIENTS

ONE OF A KIND YACHT VENUE IN MIAMI

Extraordinary ambiance.

SKY DECK Open air on the top deck Seated Capacity: 200 Reception Capacity: 400

LUXE LOUNGE Outdoor with water views Seated Capacity: 24 Reception Capacity: 40

PLATINUM LOUNGE Seated Capacity: 90 Reception Capacity: 125

DINING ROOM Glass walled with water views Seated Capacity: 130 Reception Capacity: 175

AFT DECK RECEPTION Covered outdoor water views Seated Capacity: 24 Reception Capacity: 30

GARDEN BALLROOMS Two ballrooms Seated Capacity: 220 & 170 Reception Capacity: 275 & 200

CAPTAIN’S LOUNGE Seated Capacity: 80 Reception Capacity: 125

GALLERY LOUNGE Seated Capacity: 80 Reception Capacity: 125

SOME OF OUR CORPORATE CLIENTS

All inclusive rates below include:.

Yacht Venue
4 Hours Charter
Red Carpet Entrance
DJ Service & Equipment
6 Passed Appetizers
4-Course Dinner/Lunch
Premium Open Bar
Crew Salary
Front of the house staff
Modern Decor
Gratuity & Taxes

Up to 100 guests

$750 per person

Up to 200 guests

$700 per person

Up to 300 guests

$650 per person

Up to 450 guests

$600 per person

Up to 600 guests

$550 per person

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Why celebrate with us, turn-key event service.

With city-center boarding facilities in Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, and Boca Raton, the ship hosts elegant and exciting single-user charters not possible aboard other vessels. Our turn-key event services include everything needed for a spectacular event: gourmet catering, staffing, event planning, chic furniture, sophisticated sound and lighting systems, and entertainment.

Gourmet Catering

From a luxurious four-course gourmet meal to delectable passed hors d’oeuvres, our internationally-trained culinary team will create the perfect menus for your event.

SeaFair provides a variety of marine and hospitality staff, from Captain to Hospitality Director to Chef. Our internationally-trained crew will attend to the client’s every need.

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Using our years of event service experience we can help take your event from idea to fully executed once-in-a-lifetime experience.

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Seafair 222′ Luis de Basto

Mega yacht venues.

Description

Multiple decks with reception areas and event spaces. The Seafair is a $40M purpose built yacht which is the largest commercial ship sailing the intra coastal waters. This is an uber-luxury mega yacht offering the ultimate experience for those looking for the best that Miami has to offer in terms of glamour and uniqueness.

View Sky Deck for events up to 300 guests. Can seat 150 or 300 casually. This is an open air sea-view deck with private bar and is great for Weddings and Receptions. It offers a completely open air space.

Forward Sky Deck for events up to 200 guests. For a seated reception up to 120 and for a cocktail reception up to 200. This is an open air space with views of the bow and the water. It offers a lighted LED bar and is perfect for a cocktail reception area.

Aft Reception and Coffee Bar for up to 180 guests. Indoor/outdoor area with a private coffee bar and wet bar. Private bathrooms. This area has panoramic views of the Miami skyline and was designed specifically for this yacht. A great area to use as a welcome area for your guests and comes with white lounge furniture and a built in bar. A great entertaining space.

The Captain’s Lounge for up to 155 guests. This is an ultra plush lounge on the main deck with a private bar and an 80″ flat screen TV. The entire lounge is LED lighted. Can host a seated cocktail event for 155 or a reception for 115.

Aft Ballroom for small events up to 25 guests. A private outdoor lounge with bar and cocktail area.

Aft Ballroom 1 for up to 220 guests. Cocktail event up to 220 and for a Reception up to 165 This ballroom has access to the Luxe Lounge. It has an elevator and the entire room is lit with LED lights.

Aft Ballroom 2 for up to 240 guests Cocktail event up to 240 and for a Reception up to 200

Grand Reception for up to 175 guests Seated event up to 150 and for a cocktail event up to 175 This is an elegant glass walled dining room with a 360 degree views of the water. It has a private bar and private elevator access. This glass walled ballroom has wood accents and is great for a lunch or dinner event. It has a built in bar with LED backdrop and the second section of this ballroom includes white accent walls with LED curtains.

3rd Deck Reception Floor for up to 200 guests. Seated up to 150 guests and for a cocktail event up to 200 guests This area offers access to the bow of the yacht and has a large video screen. It’s a modern twist on a traditional ballroom.

In the interior of this yacht is a Zen inspired garden accented with live green walls and bamboo. A great space for dinners or product launches or group presentations.

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Tax and gratuity not included. Contact our friendly and knowledgeable Boat Miami operators for more details.

Specifications

Make	Luis de Basto designed
Model
Year Built
Year Refit
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Cabins
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Max Guests	600
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Length	222′
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Location/Dock	Miami
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SeaFair Mega Yacht

Miami’s most exclusive and glamorous vessel, the $40m internationally acclaimed seafair mega yacht..

Venue Description

Designed by the internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luis De Basto, the SeaFair Yacht’s multi faceted event spaces make it one of the most sought-after event venues available. So when is the best time to come aboard this mega yacht? That’s a no brainer! The July 4th Party Cruise, Halloween, and New Year’s Eve Fireworks Cruise are all action packed and, moreover, never a disappointment. And if you still have questions; head to our Contact Info to connect with us. We have highly trained Miami Nightlife pros standing by and ready to help you, 24/7. We’d love to hear from you!

When you choose VIP Nightlife to plan a night out; you don’t have to know anything about the SeaFair Miami MEGA Yacht to have the time of your life. With years of experience, our team can take your ideas from an inspiration to a fully executed, once-in-a-lifetime occasion. We will create an event experience for your every need and can service groups of all sizes; up to 1000 or more. So if you are looking to put a nautical spin on your next day or night out in Miami; then let us show you the way! And be sure to Like Us on Facebook so you can keep up with our Upcoming Events and Deals.

Quick Facts

• Panoramic Views of Miami Skyline. • Two-level nightclub and dance floor with Top 40 hits. • Indoor-Outdoor Reception Area with Private Wet Bar and Private Restroom. Set with white lounge furniture and a built-in bar; the ultimate area for entertaining up to 180 guests. • Ultra Plush Captain’s Lounge on Main Deck with Private Bar and 80” Flat-screen, Entire Lounge LED Lit. Accommodates up to 155 persons. • Beautiful private outdoor LUXE lounge with bar and cocktail Area. Largest indoor area offers indoor Zen-inspired garden, accented with live green walls and bamboo. • Bamboo Ballroom with Access to Luxe Lounge and elevator, 1 Video Screen, Entire Room Led Lit. Accommodates up to 220 persons. • Garden Ballroom Reception area for large Groups w/ 2 Video screens, Entire Room LED Lit. Accommodates up to 240 persons. • Elegant glass-walled ballroom with 360° water views, a built-in bar with a LED backdrop, white accent walls with LED curtains and private elevator access.

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• Open Air Sea-View Deck with Private Bar. Spectacular views of Biscayne Bay and Downtown Miami that will WOW guests with an unforgettable experience. • Sky Deck: 4th Deck with 5,300 sq feet. Dance under the stars with 300 people while enjoying best views Miami has to offer. • Forward Sky Deck: Accommodates up to 200 persons. Open Air Sea/Bow View Deck with LED Lit Bar. Cocktail Reception Area. • 3rd Deck Reception Floor: Artistically designed “grand” reception area with video screen and bow access.

Parking Info

The SeaFair Miami is docked at the Bayfront Park South Dock at Chopin Plaza in downtown Miami adjacent to the InterContinental Hotel. Convenient self parking is available along Chopin Plaza, Biscayne Boulevard, and in multiple parking garages. Downtown Metromover is within walking distance.

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Seafair Mega Yacht Naples Marco Island

There is a new $40 million super mega yacht event venue harboring in marco naples, the seafair, designed for any occasion special events..

Seafair Yachts Marco Island Naples Yacht

Venue Description

SeaFair Yacht – groundbreaking in scale and ingenuity, SeaFair is the first mega yacht venue designed for any occasion special events. While already successfully established in Miami, the launch of our Marco Island / Naples Florida SeaFair Yacht will be November 2022! With 12,000 sq. ft. of glass-walled event, dining, and entertainment space, this highly flexible multiple level yacht is perfect for unparalleled sophisticated events.

So when is the best time to come aboard this mega yacht? That’s a no brainer! New Year’s Eve; of course! And if you still have questions; head to our Contact Info to connect with us. We have highly trained Miami Nightlife pros standing by and ready to help you, 24/7. We’d love to hear from you!

When you choose VIP Nightlife to plan a night out; you don’t have to know anything about the SeaFair Yacht to have the time of your life. With years of experience, our team can take your ideas from an inspiration to a fully executed, once-in-a-lifetime occasion. We will create an event experience for your every need and can service groups of all sizes; up to 1000 or more. So if you are looking to put a nautical spin on your next day or night out in Naples; then let us show you the way! And be sure to Like Us on Facebook so you can keep up with our Upcoming Events and Deals.

The Super Deluxe MEGA Yacht Amenities

• Full Bar/Lounge • Fully Equipped Kitchen • Handicapped Accessible • On-Site Catering Service • Outdoor Function Area • Waterfront • Waterview • Wireless Internet/Wi-Fi

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Coming Soon …

Parking Info

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Private Yacht Charter Updates & Safety Information

We are excited to get back to cruising and helping you plan an unforgettable private event on the water in Miami! As we resume rentals for all luxury vessels, please know that the health and well-being of our guests and crew members is our number one priority. We are closely monitoring the guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as our local health departments and authorities on the best practices while operating. Our ample yachts feature multiple decks with indoor and outdoor spaces. We will continue to assess, refine, and update our standards to keep you safe as new information is available.

COVID-19 Safety Measures

Social distancing.

Per current guidelines, our 60” round tables will be set six feet apart for six guests, as opposed to our previous ten, which will offer ample room and additional space between guests.
Our flow-through dining arrangement will allow us to control the number of guests in the dining area at any one time, as well as the flow to stations, which will limit lines and guest contact.

Employee Requirements

All employees are required to do a self-check prior to the start of their shift. All staff uniforms will adhere to CDC guidelines. This will include masks constantly and gloves while handling food that will be disinfected/changed for every event.

Cleaning & Sanitation

We will be providing hand sanitizing stations throughout the vessel, at boarding on the dock, on every deck, as well as near food and beverage areas.
We will have a specialized team thoroughly clean and disinfect key surfaces and areas before and after each event, with two hours specifically designated to ensure that this task is prioritized.
To maintain cleanliness throughout the event, cleaning specialists will be tasked with ongoing cleaning and disinfecting of high-touch and common areas, which include but are not limited to handrails, backs of chairs, doorknobs, bars, counters, high tops, low cocktail tables, coffee tables, bathroom sinks, toilet handles, etc. These tasks will be completed per the CDC and Miami-Dade County guidelines.
Our bathrooms feature ample individual stalls. These areas will fall into our 30-minute cleaning guidelines and will be maintained and serviced by our cleaning specialists. Bathrooms are equipped with disinfectant soap, hand sanitizers, and disposable hand towels.

Serving Procedures

Glassware, flatware, and tableware will be washed, disinfected, and steam cleaned before and throughout the event. Rolled up flatware and water glasses will be provided for each guest and presented individually at each place setting.
Welcome drinks are freshly poured upon boarding in sanitized glassware. To curb the need for congregating at the bar or making long lines, our staff will be providing cocktail service to all guests, as well as handing out welcome drinks.
All food and drinks will be handled, presented, and served to guests to minimize cross-contamination. Butler-passed hors d’oeuvres will no longer be passed. Instead they will be arranged as a station. All platters and food stations will be staffed with an attendant behind plexiglass who will be responsible for personally serving each guest.
Our new and improved buffet techniques will feature plexiglass to protect the food while guests are served by a gloved attendant. Tables will be called one at a time to prevent crowding. Our existing procedures will ensure that our buffet is staffed to serve guests individually and erase the need for self-service. This measure will prevent serving utensils from coming into contact with any guests.
Our bread, salad, coffee, and dessert will be served tableside, eliminating the need for self-service. Salt, pepper, and condiments will be individually packaged for each guest.
If additional steps are required, we are happy to provide them as requested.

SAIL IN STYLE

The Seafair luxury yacht offers the best in Miami high life, capturing all the glitz and glamour you’re looking for for your next private event or party. Nothing says, “Miami style” quite like red-carpet boarding on to this sleek and elegant luxury yacht. Designed by internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luis De Basto, this 222 ft., uber-lux mega yacht offers the ultimate excursion experience where sea and sky converge with iconic Miami’s unique glamour. Its multi-faceted event spaces make Seafair one of the most sought-after event venues available in Miami.

With over 25 years of event experience, SeaFair’s extremely talented team provides clients with on-going support throughout the event-planning process. Exceeding their expectations by making their unique visions into one-of-a-kind realities. With a sky deck that can hold 300 people and grand reception hall that accommodates 175 guests, the SeaFair is the perfect event space for large gatherings of any kind. For the ultimate “Miami style” party on the water, the SeaFair is the private yacht to charter.

YACHT GALLERY

PLAN YOUR EVENT

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SeaFair Mega Yacht

Miami’s most exclusive and glamorous vessel, the $40m internationally acclaimed seafair mega yacht..

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New Year's Eve 2022 Miami Fireworks Party Cruise - Seafair Mega Yacht

VIP Nightlife & Miami Nightlife

present...

The Ultimate Miami NYE 2022

Gatsby's yacht, midnight fireworks viewing party.

New Year's Eve on the Bay!

Miami’s most exclusive and glamorous New Year’s event is aboard the internationally acclaimed SeaFair. The best view of the midnight Miami Orange rise and spectacular fireworks awaits on the Seafair SkyDeck.

Why settle for an average party boat, when you can live it up on a luxury mega yacht? After all, it's New Year's Eve; and you deserve only the best!

Celebrate 2022 in style aboard the SeaFair Miami ; a 222-foot, $40M uber lux mega yacht designed by the internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luis De Basto.

Times are subject to change pending Miami Curfews. Please make sure Eventbrite is marked as safe sender, you'll only be contacted via email.

Current Schedule & Perks are as follows:

Early Check-in: 8:45 PM
Platinum Admiral VIP Boarding: 9:00PM
Golden GA Boarding: 9:15 PM
Gate Closes at 10:15 PM (Do Not Be Late - No Refunds)
Cruise: 10:30 PM - 2:00 AM
Bayfront Fireworks Show at Midnight
Disembark: 1:45 AM - 2:00 AM
Premium Open Bar
Premium Brands for ALL
Top Shelf Cocktails for VIPs
Multiple Elegant Bars on Every Deck
Welcome Bubbles and New Years Toast

LIMITED RESERVED VIP TABLES

INCLUDE EXCLUSIVE AREAS WITH RESERVED SEATING
WITH 3 BOTTLES OF DOM PERIGNON TO TOAST AT MIDNIGHT
PRIVATE SERVERS & SECURITY

Delicious Gourmet Food

Festive hors d'oeuvres
Raw seafood bar
A culinary array of global cuisine

Dazzling Entertainment

Live DJ entertainment on multiple levels
Spectacular Skydeck fireworks

Some Info to Know

Dress Code: Strict dress code enforced. Upscale, semi-formal, cocktail attire required for entrance. Men will not be allowed to wear ball caps, plain t-shirts, hi-tops or tennis shoes. If you do not meet the dress code, you may NOT be allowed to board and no refund will be given.

Parking: The SeaFair Miami is docked at Bayfront Park South Dock at Chopin Plaza in downtown Miami adjacent to the InterContinental Hotel. Convenient self parking is available along Chopin Plaza, Biscayne Boulevard, and in multiple parking garages. Downtown Metromover is within walking distance.

Please Note: This party cruise is expected to follow CDC Guidelines with social distancing and masks if & when necessary. All our staff will have necessary PPE for excellent clean service. If this event is canceled due to Covid-19, you will be refunded.

Fireworks may be canceled as well. There will be no refunds if fireworks are not held due to Covid-19. Times may change as well. You'll be notified if the cruise is earlier and no refunds will be granted unless event is canceled.

Disclaimer: If there are incremental weather conditions that cause the ship to not be able to sail safely, the party will still be held on the indoor levels dockside and the event will not be canceled. There will be no refunds unless event is canceled entirely.

Please let me know: https://www.seafairmiami.com/terms-of-service/

Questions? Please email: [email protected] . We look forward to celebrating with you responsibly.

VIP Nightlife New Year's Eve Menu

TRAY PASSED HORS D’OEUVRES

• Vegetable Spring Roll

• Broccoli Quiche

• Chicken Sate

• Beef Churrasco

• Scallops in Bacon

• Coconut Shrimp

GA & VIP APP STATIONS

CHEESE DISPLAY

International Artisanal Cheese Display:

Triple Crème French Brie, Herbed Boursin, Porter Cheese, Spanish Manchego, Maytag Blue, Humboldt Fog

Fresh and Dried Fruits, House made Chutney

Served w/ Assortment of Breads

BRUSCHETTA BAR

Prosciutto, Pear and Asiago Salad, Herb Crostini Tuna Tartare, Mustard, Caper and Lemon Maine Lobster, Citrus Tarragon Mayonnaise, Fennel Pollen

THE TASTE OF ASIA DIM SUM BAR

Beef and Shitake Shumai, Shanghai Pot sticker and Chicken Dumpling, Shrimp Hargow, Fresh Vietnamese Vegetable Spring Roll Accompaniments: Chili Sauce, Soy Vinaigrette

VIP-ONLY APP STATIONS (Placement / 3rd Deck ONLY)

SERRANO FERMIN DE BELLOTA

Alberca, Salamanca, Spain |Using Corta Fiambre from ITALY

Olive Oil Roasted garlic, Marinated smear ripe tomato

Sea Salt, Spiced Olives, Shaved Manchego Cheese Rustic Breads, Crisp Baguette, Grissini. include Antipasti Display Olive Oil, Roasted Peppers, Citrus Artichokes, Spiced Olives, Grilled Asparagus Boursin, Manchego, Drunken Goat Cheeses Parma Ham, Cured Chorizo Sopressata, Duck Prosciutto Rustic Breads, Crisp Baguette, Grissini, Olive Rolls

GRAND LUXE RAW BAR

Chilled Jumbo Prawns, Jack Daniels Cocktail Sauce

Crab Claws, Cold Water Oysters, Tuna tartar with seaweed salad martini and ceviche (Mustard Sauce Mignonette, cocktail sauce, lemon garnish)

GA & VIP CARVING STATIONS W/ ATTENDANTS

Will be duplicated on multiple levels for all guests.

DELUXE BREAD & SALAD STATION

Champagne vinaigrette

Farm Greens Salad, Honey-Caraway Root vegetables, almond truffle Dressing

Artisan Market Bread Station

CARVING OF ROASTED NY STRIPLOIN

Marinated in Garlic & Herbs

Red Wine Demi-Glace & Creole Mustard

SOUTH EAST STYLE ROASTED WHOLE CHICKEN

Mojo Whole Chicken marinade, Stuffed w/ lemon grass, cumin, onion & fresh garlic

BANANA LEAF WRAPPED SALMON

Cream of Coconut scented lemon grass, kafir lime leaves and Cilantro, Mango salsa

VEGETABLE NAPOLEON MEDLEY

Yellow squash, Zucchini, Roasted carrot, Piquillo peppers, eggplant, fresh herbs & olive oil

MUSHROOM RAVIOLI

Truffle Scented mushroom stuffed ravioli w/ cream sauce

GOURMET DESSERTS

Parisian Macaroons

classical French tradition, sandwiching two petite cookies together with a flavored filling

Exotic Assorted Pastries Bites

Key lime Tart, Mango Opera, Passion Flan, Carrot Spice Cake, Vanilla Bean Cheesecake, Red Berry Opera, Pistachio Cremux Tart & Coconut Tart

PURCHASE POLICY

NO REFUNDS OR EXCHANGES. ALL SALES FINAL: There are NO REFUNDS, NO CANCELLATIONS, no credits, no exchanges, and no transfers after the order has been made.

Credit Card & ID:

You must present the original credit card used to purchase the ticket and a valid Government Issued Photo Identification (along with your e-tickets that have been emailed to you via Eventbrite when your order was placed): the name on both the credit card and ID match the name on your purchased tickets, in order to gain entry to the event. If the name on the Credit Card and/or ID does not match the tickets, or if you do not have both the credit card used to make the purchase and government issued identification, you will be denied entry to event without a refund.

If you encounter a problem at the event, you must file a complaint with Promoter within 5 calendar days following the date of the event; failure to contact Promoter within the 5-day period will be a complete waiver of your right to request compensation whether monetary or otherwise. If you need customer support, Promoter’s email is [email protected] .

Purchase Policy:

By placing an order, you are confirming that you received this policy and are agreeing to abide by the clauses within. This Purchase Policy is a binding contract between you and event Promoter.

Event Booking:

By purchasing a ticket, package or reservation you're entitled to entry to event you're purchasing it for. At the time of your order, Eventbrite will place an order for your ticket(s) in the Promoter’s ticketing system, reducing the number of tickets available for the chosen event. Before purchasing your ticket(s) we urge you to confirm the title, time and location of the event(s) you wish to attend, as there are no refunds. Each event has a definitive date, start time and end time. If you do not show up to the event, you understand that you are forfeiting your ticket(s) and therefore your ticketing fee (the entirety of what you paid) will not be returned to you. If you do not attend your event, you're still 100% financially liable for your purchase. If you cannot attend event, you will not receive refund.

Alcohol, Seating, Food:

There is no seating or food; unless otherwise stated in event listing. If food is provided; then it is a ‘first come, first served basis,’ unless the event listing or ticket description clearly states that it is available for a specific time period or for entire event duration. If the event description states there is food for any period during the event, and there is no food available when you choose to eat, please know that the venue is replenishing the food. If you have waited for an extended period of time and the food has not been replenished, please contact venue management at the event for an estimated time that the food will be ready for you. If there are periods of time when food is not available for you due to the venue replenishing said food, no matter how long the wait(s), such is not grounds for a refund. Please contact us with any questions.

Event Cancellations:

If the event is canceled you will receive a refund for the face value of the ticket.

No Refunds:

Unforeseen circumstances beyond promoter’s control will not be grounds for a refund, including but not limited to the following: local or national weather conditions, natural disasters, waiting in lines, extended waits in lines, family emergencies, medical emergencies, employment issues including layoffs, traffic, parking, public or private transportation issues, etc. If you purchased for the incorrect date, location, event, etc, promoter is not obligated to provide a refund, credit, exchange or transfer. If cancellation or transfer request is approved, promoter reserves the right to charge a $10 administrative fee for its time, in addition to charging a $10 restocking fee per ticket if tickets are placed back on sale. Promoters, Venue Owners, Venue Management, Security, Event Staff, and other agents of the event, have the right to refuse entry to any ticket-holder, without a refund, for any reason at their discretion , including but not limited to: disorderly behavior, failing to comply with the rules of the venue, incorrect attire, intoxication, venue capacity, breach of security, and other restrictions. Ticket-holder is aware that the Venue and Talent are subject to change without notice, which are not grounds for a refund. Ticket-holder is aware that amenities promised by Promoter are not guaranteed, and are not grounds for a refund, including but not limited to: VIP amenities, drink specials, drink tickets, gifts, express entry, special areas, celebrity guests, etc. Dissatisfaction with any aspect of the event is not grounds for a refund, including but not limited to: music, DJ(s), decorations or lack thereof, party favors or lack thereof, beverages or lack thereof, alcohol selection, bar staff, food availability and selection, fellow patrons/attendees, venue staff, event staff, security, performances, ambiance, amenities, venue, check-in process, seating or lack of seating, wait in lines, emergency closures of event, emergency return of boats or yachts, delayed commencing of events, early ending of events, public amenities such as fireworks or public performances or the lack thereof, line of sight of public amenities such as fireworks or public performances being blocked by trees, buildings, boats, people, and/or other things, etc.

Release of Liability:

By purchasing the tickets through Eventbrite, you hereby release and forever discharge Promoter from any liability or claims for damages that may arise as a result of your attendance at, and voluntary participation in, the event(s), including claims for personal injury, or damage to personal property, or any other claims for negligence on the part of the event’s Promoter. By purchasing the tickets through Eventbrite for this event, you hereby release and forever discharge event Promoter, and their officers and agents, from any liability or claims for damages that may arise as a result of your attendance and participation at the event(s). It is hereby understood that the purchase of tickets by you and your participation in the events shall not be construed as an assumption on the part of Promoter of responsibility, liability, or control of the events.

By Purchasing tickets for this event, ticket purchaser agrees to indemnify and hold harmless event Promoter, said entities officers, owners, employees, and agents, from and against all claims, damages, losses and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees arising out of or by reason of complying with this Indemnity Clause. Ticket purchaser, their heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns, hereby release, remise, and forever discharge event Promoter and its entities owners, officers, employees and agents, from all manner of actions, causes of actions, suits, debts, judgments, executions, claims, demands whatsoever, known or unknown, in law or equity, which ticket-holder has ever had, now have, may have, or claim against event Promoter.

Collections & Legal Action Against Debt:

Once you make a purchase, if those funds are removed from the Promoter's account and given back to you, you owe the Promoter that money back, plus applicable fees as outlined below. If you owe money to Promoter, Promoter reserves the right to take legal action against you and/or send you to collections for the recovery of said debt. If you are sent to collection or there is legal action taken against you, you are fiscally responsible for any and all legal costs and fees, directly associated and/or indirectly associated, with recovering the debt owed by you. Promoter's collection’s agencies reserve the right to negatively affect your personal credit score until your debt is paid. Once an account has been placed in collections, the only way to get yourself out of Collections is to pay the debt owed by you to the collections agency.

Arbitration Agreement:

In the event there are any legal disputes against Promoter, by agreeing to this Purchase Policy, you agree that such disputes will be arbitrated. You further agree that the location of arbitration will be set in Los Angeles County, California.

Severability:

If any clause, aspect, part or provisions of this Purchase Policy is found to be null, void, illegal or otherwise unenforceable, the rest of this Purchase Policy remains in full binding effect, and the unenforceable provision(s) shall be deemed modified to the limited extent required to permit the enforcement of said clause that required modification and of the agreement as a whole.

Thank you for your purchase!

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The Seafair

The seafair the only bespoke event mega yacht venue in miami.

Designed by internationally acclaimed designer Luiz de Basto, the $40M, first-of-its-kind event vessel is one of the largest private yachts in America at 222 feet long.

Overall Length 222′ feet

Capacity 30-600

Seating 450+ Guests

Location Miami & Ft Lauderdale

AS FEATURED ON

CORPORATE CLIENTS

ONE OF A KIND YACHT VENUE IN MIAMI

Extraordinary ambiance.

SKY DECK Open air on the top deck Seated Capacity: 200 Reception Capacity: 400

LUXE LOUNGE Outdoor with water views Seated Capacity: 24 Reception Capacity: 40

PLATINUM LOUNGE Seated Capacity: 90 Reception Capacity: 125

DINING ROOM Glass walled with water views Seated Capacity: 130 Reception Capacity: 175

AFT DECK RECEPTION Covered outdoor water views Seated Capacity: 24 Reception Capacity: 30

GARDEN BALLROOMS Two ballrooms Seated Capacity: 220 & 170 Reception Capacity: 275 & 200

CAPTAIN’S LOUNGE Seated Capacity: 80 Reception Capacity: 125

GALLERY LOUNGE Seated Capacity: 80 Reception Capacity: 125

SOME OF OUR CORPORATE CLIENTS

All inclusive rates below include:.

Yacht Venue
4 Hours Charter
Red Carpet Entrance
DJ Service & Equipment
6 Passed Appetizers
4-Course Dinner/Lunch
Crew Salary
Front of the house staff
Modern Decor
Gratuity & Taxes

Up to 100 guests

$750 per person

Up to 200 guests

$700 per person

Up to 300 guests

$650 per person

Up to 450 guests

$600 per person

Up to 600 guests

$550 per person

OUR MOST POPULAR EVENTS

GET A QUOTE

First name *

Last name *

Company name

Event Details

YACHT VENUE

Experience enhancers.

DJ MUSIC

LIVE BANDS

LIVE SAXOPHONIST

CASINO TABLES

FIREWORKS

CIGAR ROLLER

VIDEO & PHOTOGRAPHY

AUDIO VISUALS

TRANSPORTATION

CORPORATE COLLABORATIONS

Why celebrate with us, turn-key event service.

Gourmet Catering

From a luxurious four-course gourmet meal to delectable passed hors d’oeuvres, our internationally-trained culinary team will create the perfect menus for your event.

SeaFair provides a variety of marine and hospitality staff, from Captain to Hospitality Director to Chef. Our internationally-trained crew will attend to the client’s every need.

Event Planning

Using our years of event service experience we can help take your event from idea to fully executed once-in-a-lifetime experience.

OUR PROMISE TO EXCELLENCE

What clients say.

Experiences
Become a Partner

Contact Us:

Add ons & Packages
Miami Yacht Tour
Cartagena Yacht Options
Client Reviews
Bachelorette
Family Trip
Funday at Sea
Caribbean Trips
Cartagena Experience
Cruise to Wellness Experience
Miami Yacht Hotel Experience
The Prime Brunch Experience
Corporate Venue Events
Social Venue Events
Wedding Venue Events
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JOIN & GET $100 OFF
Customer Service
305-892-3573

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Photo by Frank Steiger.

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Photos by Don Manley

Photos by Val Simon |

Christine Joo, Business Development Manager-Hospitality Director for the Seafair Miami Mega Yacht.

Photos by Val Simon | Andrei Gatea, bosun for the SeaFair Miami Mega Yacht.

Seductively sleek and stylish from stem to stern, the SeaFair is remarkable in all ways sumptuous, and richly deserving of being described in the most laudatory of terms. See the full article here.

Exceptional SeaFair From Stem to Stern

Oct 8, 2020

Seductively sleek and stylish from stem to stern, the SeaFair is remarkable in all ways sumptuous, and richly deserving of being described in the most laudatory of terms. It’s also eye-catching, as is the case with any 228-foot long, 50-foot high, 2,800 ton, 22,000 square-foot vessel found in the waters of Marco.

The imposing, $40 million, “mega-yacht” captured a lot of attention during its recent five-day stay on the island. While here, it provided a glimpse into the services that will be available in Collier County when the vision of its owners becomes a reality in just a few years.

Based in downtown Miami, SeaFair is unique in the rarified world of “mega-yachts;” loosely defined as privately owned, luxurious vessels at least 200 feet in length. No mere pleasure craft for the ultra-well-to-do, SeaFair instead serves as a venue for corporate events, weddings, holiday parties and other posh gatherings of up to 600 people.

The owners, David and Lee Ann Lester of Naples, intend to bring that same ultra-upscale, mega-yacht experience to this area. The setting will be a similarly sized, glass vessel they’re having built that’s projected to begin serving the high-end hotels of Naples and Marco in July of 2022. A home berth in Collier County has not been decided.

“I think this will be an asset for the community because the hotels here have to bid against the Miami hotels for groups (group business), and other cities,” he explained. “In Miami, if they want to have an opportunity for an off-property night, they have a lot of choices. Here and in Naples, if you have a group of 400-to-600, where can you go? That’s a problem. So, the ability to give them a spectacular night on the water helps attract groups to a hotel and bring more business to the city.”

He offered those comments at an evening cocktail party he and his wife held on SeaFair, during its recent stay at Rose Marina, where it naturally dwarfed all nearby vessels. The guest list of 89 included wedding-event planners and hospitality industry leaders from throughout Southwest Florida. Aside from hors d’oeuvres, there was a buffet, a short cruise on local waterways and the opportunity to tour the opulent craft.

“We’re here for a site visit with the Marriott and some of the local hotels,” said David Lester. “We also did a site visit for a client who’ll be coming to the Marriott in 2023 that will need both ships.”

The yacht’s three decks are served by multiple elevators providing access to two ballrooms, a glass-walled dining room among the multiple dining settings, an indoor Zen-inspired garden and multiple lounges, all crowned by an expansive open-air sky deck.

Customers can avail themselves of SeaFair’s one-stop-shop to event services which include gourmet catering, staffing, entertainment, top-notch sound and lighting, and even event planning.

This was SeaFair’s second visit to Marco, the first was a two-night stay in 2018 to thrill members of the Verizon Corporation’s President’s Club, as part of the company’s conference at the JW Marriott Marco Island Beach Resort.

Springing from the imagination of internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luiz De Basto, the craft was built 12 years ago as a venue for art fairs. The Lesters are the founders of International Fine Art Expositions and such events as Art Miami, the American International Fine Art Fair, Art Palm Beach, and the Naples International Art and Antique Fair and Art Naples.

Unforeseen events forced the couple to alter their plans for the vessel.

“The yard that was building it went bankrupt, so it came out 2 years late,” said David Lester. “We started business as an art fair the day Lehman Brothers—the investment bank—went down. So, our timing was not the best for selling multi-million-dollar paintings. So, we reconfigured it for corporate use and it’s been a home run. It’s been absolutely terrific.”

Pamela Player, the owner of Honey I Doula of Tampa, was joined by her life partner and coworker James Hogan, in enjoying the cocktail party. Her company provides wedding, pregnancy and end-of-life doula—a professional provider of support and assistance to individuals or families—planning services.

She was thoroughly impressed by SeaFair and its offerings.

“I only refer companies that I consider to be exceptional,” remarked Player. “We came down this afternoon and toured the ship. We’re here for the cocktail hour to see what the food and service are like so that when couples and families have large events, I can refer them to this ship. It’s really beautiful, and the service is impeccable. I’m impressed.”

For more information about SeaFair, visit www.SeaFairmiami.com .

Andrei Gatea
Christine Joo
Coastal Breeze News
Collier County
Collier County News
David Ann Lester
Frank Steiger
Lee Ann Lester
Marco Island

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Where Sea & Sky emerge

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EVENTS ON THE MEGAYACHT

December 25, 2024

Christmas celebration aboard seafair, the only 5-star megayacht in miami, view the performance, view the gourmet presentation, enjoy a gourmet dinner while cruising through miami, taking in breathtaking vistas along the way..

Celebrate Christmas in style aboard Miami's iconic megayacht for those who demand the very best for the holiday season.

Everyone is a vip aboard seafair's christmas celebration. special upgrades and festive treats are available on the ship..

The Grand Luxe is Florida's only 5-star event vessel. Comparable in size to a small cruise ship, it is four times larger than any other holiday vessel but strictly limits capacity to ensure a spacious, elegant guest experience. Its 2800 IT size allows a completely stable cruise and infinitely more space for passengers to explore and enjoy.

Unlike other party vessels, Seafair welcomes families, couples, and children of all ages, enabling everyone to celebrate Christmas together.

Seafair Miami features passenger elevators, marble floors throughout, private lounges, a new jazz club, multiple restrooms, and the largest sky deck of any vessel for viewing the spectacular holiday lights and fireworks display.

While other boats offer a party cruise, nightclub, or bottle service experience, Seafair creates an environment akin to the most prestigious hotels but enhances it with the ability to cruise on Biscayne Bay with Miami's skyline and holiday fireworks display.

True gourmet food prepared onboard enhances the special evening. Creative contemporary hors d'oeuvres begin the evening. All beef is prime or wagyu, and seafood from around the world is part of an array of dining choices. Many of Seafair's food resources also supply Michelin-starred restaurants globally.

Two convenient cruise options this Christmas:

11 am - 3 pm
6 pm - 10 pm

All Christmas event prices include a broad array of alcoholic beverages, including quality wines and French champagne. Super premium wines, champagne, and a range of caviar are available at an extra charge.

Entertainment is more extensive than on other vessels. Not just a DJ or multiple DJs, Seafair offers a spectacular live carnival show with amazing costumed performers, jazz in our new club, steel bands for a Caribbean flavor, as well as DJs for a contemporary vibe. No other venue offers this array of entertainment. Of course, the annual fireworks display is best visible from our sky deck and highlights the event.

For those who demand elegance, sophistication, the best in food and beverage, and an array of entertainment, Seafair is clearly the premier choice for Christmas.

Join us at Miami's most prestigious Christmas event and celebrate the holiday season in style!

REMEMBER: Be at the venue 20 minutes before the event time, as the boat will leave the dock on time for an amazing cruise along Biscayne Bay to celebrate Christmas.

Seafair Mega Yacht | 100 Chopin Plz, Miami, FL 33131

Seafair 5-Star General Admission Gourmet Presentation

Hors D”oeuvres (Tray Passed)

Assorted Dim Sum: Traditional Chinese dumplings are steamed or fried to perfection with a variety of pork, chicken, shrimp, or vegetables.

Main Course Action Stations

Morgan Ranch Nebraska Prime Steak: Grill Flank Steak marinated with herbs and spices for 12 hours. Sliced and served to order with fresh Chimimichuri

Roasted Chicken with Mango Salsa: Roasted Chicken marinated for 24 hours with our dry spice olive oil, garlic, and onion. Carved and served to order with fresh mango salsa.

Honey-glazed salmon with ginger sesame seed Israeli couscous: Salmon filet glazed with honey ginger and sesame seed. Served with Asian slaw and on a bed of Israeli couscous.

Roasted Garlic Mashed Potato: Red potatoes Steamed Mashed with cream, butter, salt, pepper and slow-roasted Garlic

Pasta: Tri-Color cheese Tortellini served with Alfredo sauce and Reggiano parmesan cheese.

Traditional July 4th Fare

Wagyu Hot Dogs: 100% American Wagyu beef combined with a signature blend of spices. Served with fresh brioche buns and condiments.

Wagyu Beef Sliders: Morgan Ranch Wagyu Beef served on a fresh Brioche bun with mayonnaise, ketchup, cheese, caramelized onion, tomatoes, and lettuce.

Truffle Waffle Fries Dusted with Parmesan Cheese

Mini ice cream cones: Individual petit ice cream cone (Chocolate Vanilla and Chocolate Chip)

Beverages Include:

Spirits: Bourbon: Four Roses, Jack Daniel's, Jim Beam White ‍ Gin : Beefeater Gin, Bombay Sapphire, Tanqueray Scotch Whisky : Dewar's White Label, Johnnie Walker Red Label Irish Whiskey: Jameson Tequila: Hornitos Plata, Hornitos Reposado, Jose Cuervo, Jose Cuervo Reposado Vodka: 305 Voli, Absolut, Tito's Vodka Rum: Bacardi Gold, Bacardi Spice, Bacardi Superior White

Beer: Corona Lite, Corona Extra, Heineken, Modello, Stella Artois

Champaigns: Pierre Cuve, Louis Charles Blanc de Blanc Brut Prestige

Seafair Enhanced 5-Star VIP Presentation

Steak Tartare Prime Morgan Ranch Filet Mignon Served on a small spoon with onions, capers, chive, salt, pepper, mustard, and Worcestershire sauce.

Tuna Tartare: Choice raw tuna seasoned with soy sauce, ginger, and sesame oil served on a small spoon

New Zealand Lollipop Lamb Chops: Lamb Chop marinated with olive oil and garlic rosemary thyme seared, cooked, and accompanied with mint chimichurri

Prime Steak From Morgan Ranch, Nebraska: Dry rubs and oven-roasted. Slice and serve to order with fresh Chimimichuri, horseradish, or cabernet sauce

Barbecue Baby Back Ribs: Dry rub slow-cooked baby back ribs with barbecue sauce.

Honey-glazed salmon with ginger sesame seed Israeli couscous: Salmon filet glazed with honey, ginger, and sesame seed. Served with Asian slaw and on a bed of Israeli couscous.

Gratin Dauphinois: Classic French potato gratin cooked in cream season with onion, garlic, and thyme and topped with gruyere cheese is the ultimate comfort food.

Pasta Fioccheti Pasta: Stuffed Pasta with pear and Ricotta cheese in the form of a small purce served with Alfredo sauce and Reggiano parmesan cheese.

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Jazz Performance

VIP Lounge:

DJ Performance

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Mega Millions jackpot worth $535 million: See the winning lottery numbers for August 23, 2024

CLEVELAND — Although nobody hit the $535 million jackpot in the Mega Millions drawing on Friday, August 23, 2024, lottery officials say there were thousands of other winners who hit smaller prizes in Ohio.

Here's a look at all of the winners from Friday night's drawing here in the Buckeye State as listed by the Ohio Lottery:

$10,000 prize: 2 winners
$1,500 prize: 6 winners
$600 prize: 12 winners
$500 prize: 14 winners
$200 prize: 31 winners
$30 prize: 782 winners
$12 prize: 2,712 winners
$10 prize: 1,788 winners
$6 prize: 6,653 winners
$4 prize: 6,559 winners
$2 prize: 16,480 winners

RELATED: WINNER! 1 lucky ticket hits Powerball jackpot worth $44 million: See where the winning ticket was sold

The lucky Mega Millions numbers were 28, 30, 44, 66, 69 and Mega Ball 2. The Megaplier option for this drawing was 3x.

The Mega Millions jackpot now climbs to $575 million with a cash option worth $285.5 million. The next drawing will take place at 11 p.m. on Tuesday, Aug. 27.

Lottery officials say the odds of winning the Mega Millions jackpot are one in 302,575,350.

RELATED: Woman hits $2 million prize on Ohio Lottery scratch-off game: Here's where she bought the winning ticket

Are you feeling lucky? Ohio has recently seen some big winners in previous lottery drawings. Those winners include...

2024 LOTTERY WINNERS

Aug. 6 in Mega Millions: $1 million winner in Mentor
July 9 in Mega Millions: $1 million winner in Springboro
July 3 in Powerball: $139.3 million jackpot winner in Huber Heights
June 22 in Powerball: $1 million winner in Akron
April 20 in Powerball: $1 million winner in Cincinnati
March 26 in Mega Millions: $1 million winner in Toledo
March 9 in Powerball: $2 million winner in Columbus
Feb. 6 in Mega Millions: $1 million ticket sold in Ashland

SUBSCRIBE: Get the day's top headlines sent to your inbox each weekday morning with the free 3News to GO! newsletter

2023 LOTTERY WINNERS

Dec. 30 in Powerball: $1 million ticket sold in Highland Heights
Dec. 25 in Powerball: Two $100,000 prizes sold in Cuyahoga Falls and Wellington, respectively Dec. 18 in The Most Wonderful Time of the Year scratch-off game: $500,000 prize sold in Cuyahoga Falls
Dec. 16 in Powerball: $150,000 prize sold in Mentor
Nov. 14 in Mega Millions: $4 million winning ticket sold in Swanton
Oct. 10 in Powerball: $1 million winning ticket sold in Medina
Oct. 9 in Classic Lotto: $5.5 million winning ticket sold in Parma Heights
Oct. 7 in Powerball: $1 million winning ticket sold in Curtice
July 19 in Powerball: $1 million winning ticket sold in Xenia
July 18 in Mega Millions: $1 million winning ticket sold in Brook Park
June 14 in Powerball: $1 million winning ticket sold in Fairfield
June 9 in Mega Millions: $1 million winning ticket sold in Moraine
May 31 in Powerball: Ticket sold in New Albany hits $1 million prize
April 27 in Make My Year scratch-off game: A winning ticket worth $2.5 million is sold at a GetGo store in Alliance
April 26 drawing in Lucky For Life: A winning ticket sold at an East End Express in Hubbard hit the second-tier prize that pays $25,000 per year for life
April 19 drawing in Powerball: A winning ticket sold at a GetGo in Summit County wins the jackpot worth $252.6 million
April 18 drawing in Mega Millions: One ticket sold at a Circle K in Berea wins a $1 million prize
March 13 drawing in Powerball: A winning ticket sold in southern Ohio hits $2 million
Jan. 10 drawing in Mega Millions: Two $1 million winning tickets sold in Ohio
Jan. 7 drawing in Powerball: Winning ticket worth $2 million sold in Vermilion

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Check your tickets! We have a big lottery winner in Northeast Ohio where one lucky ticket just hit a prize worth $1 million over the weekend.

Lucky Powerball ticket sold in Northeast Ohio hits $1 million prize in Saturday night drawing

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air pollution in haryana essay

Are you breathing in haryana.

Air pollution is a global public health emergency. Currently 25351462 people in Haryana are breathing toxic air that does not meet WHO's clean air guidelines. The district with the worst air pollution in Haryana is Rohtak , where PM2.5 is forecasted to be 154.7 µg/m3 . That's very unhealthy.

BREATHING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH

Air pollution in haryana.

Air pollution varies from one place to another. Select a district below to get a detailed PM2.5 air quality report.

4. Fatehabad

6. gurugram, 11. faridabad, 13. kurukshetra, 16. bhiwani, 19. yamunanagar, 20. panchkula, 21. mahendragarh.

“Air pollution damages every organ and virtually every cell in the human body."

Frequently Asked Questions

Everything you wanted to know about air pollution in Haryana.

What is the most polluted district in Haryana right now?

Currently in Haryana, the most polluted district is Rohtak .

You're likely at high risk to experience adverse health effects due to air pollution. You should try to identify the sources of air pollution around you and try to reduce your exposure to it. It is not usually possible to eliminate air pollution, but proactive measures can help. In the meantime, you can wear a face mask , use an air purifier or get an air quality monitor to track your personal exposure to air pollution. Please consult your physician.

What is the data source for these air quality forecasts?

All the air quality forecasts on AirPollution.io come from Urban Emissions , India's leading source of information, research and analysis about air pollution. It is led by Dr. Sarath Guttikunda .

What city has the worst air pollution in India?

It is tempting to ask this question, but let's first recognize that air pollution is a problem that affects the vast majority of India. Currently Indians across districts are breathing air that does not meet WHO's clean air guidelines. But to answer your question, the residents of Faridkot district in Punjab are breathing the worst air pollution in India right now with µg/m3 of PM2.5 pollution.

I don't have money to buy an expensive face mask and air purifier. What can I do?

I am glad you asked. Many face masks and air purifiers available in the market are quite expensive, but not all of them. A company called Smart Air Filters sells affordable air purifiers and face masks . This is not an ad.

Where are India's most polluted districts ?

The health effects of air pollution are staggering. According to a story in The Guardian , air pollution may damage every organ and virtually every cell in the human body. Yes, air pollution increases the risk of heart attacks, lung cancer, asthma and COPD, but it is also known to exacerbate depression and also increase violent crime in a city.

Faridkot , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 303.4 µg/m3

Moga , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 247.8 µg/m3

Bathinda , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 225.6 µg/m3

Barnala , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 221.2 µg/m3

Firozpur , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 220.2 µg/m3

Mohali , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 213.8 µg/m3

Central Delhi , Delhi

PM2.5 forecast is 208.4 µg/m3

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Tell your friends and family about air pollution in India.

Breathing is injurious to health.

We believe that clean air is a basic human right. Do you?

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Front Public Health

Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review

Ioannis manisalidis.

1 Delphis S.A., Kifisia, Greece

2 Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece

Elisavet Stavropoulou

3 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Médicine Interne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Agathangelos Stavropoulos

4 School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Eugenia Bezirtzoglou

One of our era's greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter (PM), particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Despite the fact that ozone in the stratosphere plays a protective role against ultraviolet irradiation, it is harmful when in high concentration at ground level, also affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are all considered air pollutants that are harmful to humans. Carbon monoxide can even provoke direct poisoning when breathed in at high levels. Heavy metals such as lead, when absorbed into the human body, can lead to direct poisoning or chronic intoxication, depending on exposure. Diseases occurring from the aforementioned substances include principally respiratory problems such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiolitis, and also lung cancer, cardiovascular events, central nervous system dysfunctions, and cutaneous diseases. Last but not least, climate change resulting from environmental pollution affects the geographical distribution of many infectious diseases, as do natural disasters. The only way to tackle this problem is through public awareness coupled with a multidisciplinary approach by scientific experts; national and international organizations must address the emergence of this threat and propose sustainable solutions.

Approach to the Problem

The interactions between humans and their physical surroundings have been extensively studied, as multiple human activities influence the environment. The environment is a coupling of the biotic (living organisms and microorganisms) and the abiotic (hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere).

Pollution is defined as the introduction into the environment of substances harmful to humans and other living organisms. Pollutants are harmful solids, liquids, or gases produced in higher than usual concentrations that reduce the quality of our environment.

Human activities have an adverse effect on the environment by polluting the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the soil in which plants grow. Although the industrial revolution was a great success in terms of technology, society, and the provision of multiple services, it also introduced the production of huge quantities of pollutants emitted into the air that are harmful to human health. Without any doubt, the global environmental pollution is considered an international public health issue with multiple facets. Social, economic, and legislative concerns and lifestyle habits are related to this major problem. Clearly, urbanization and industrialization are reaching unprecedented and upsetting proportions worldwide in our era. Anthropogenic air pollution is one of the biggest public health hazards worldwide, given that it accounts for about 9 million deaths per year ( 1 ).

Without a doubt, all of the aforementioned are closely associated with climate change, and in the event of danger, the consequences can be severe for mankind ( 2 ). Climate changes and the effects of global planetary warming seriously affect multiple ecosystems, causing problems such as food safety issues, ice and iceberg melting, animal extinction, and damage to plants ( 3 , 4 ).

Air pollution has various health effects. The health of susceptible and sensitive individuals can be impacted even on low air pollution days. Short-term exposure to air pollutants is closely related to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, asthma, respiratory disease, and high rates of hospitalization (a measurement of morbidity).

The long-term effects associated with air pollution are chronic asthma, pulmonary insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and cardiovascular mortality. According to a Swedish cohort study, diabetes seems to be induced after long-term air pollution exposure ( 5 ). Moreover, air pollution seems to have various malign health effects in early human life, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal disorders ( 3 ), leading to infant mortality or chronic disease in adult age ( 6 ).

National reports have mentioned the increased risk of morbidity and mortality ( 1 ). These studies were conducted in many places around the world and show a correlation between daily ranges of particulate matter (PM) concentration and daily mortality. Climate shifts and global planetary warming ( 3 ) could aggravate the situation. Besides, increased hospitalization (an index of morbidity) has been registered among the elderly and susceptible individuals for specific reasons. Fine and ultrafine particulate matter seems to be associated with more serious illnesses ( 6 ), as it can invade the deepest parts of the airways and more easily reach the bloodstream.

Air pollution mainly affects those living in large urban areas, where road emissions contribute the most to the degradation of air quality. There is also a danger of industrial accidents, where the spread of a toxic fog can be fatal to the populations of the surrounding areas. The dispersion of pollutants is determined by many parameters, most notably atmospheric stability and wind ( 6 ).

In developing countries ( 7 ), the problem is more serious due to overpopulation and uncontrolled urbanization along with the development of industrialization. This leads to poor air quality, especially in countries with social disparities and a lack of information on sustainable management of the environment. The use of fuels such as wood fuel or solid fuel for domestic needs due to low incomes exposes people to bad-quality, polluted air at home. It is of note that three billion people around the world are using the above sources of energy for their daily heating and cooking needs ( 8 ). In developing countries, the women of the household seem to carry the highest risk for disease development due to their longer duration exposure to the indoor air pollution ( 8 , 9 ). Due to its fast industrial development and overpopulation, China is one of the Asian countries confronting serious air pollution problems ( 10 , 11 ). The lung cancer mortality observed in China is associated with fine particles ( 12 ). As stated already, long-term exposure is associated with deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system ( 3 , 5 ). However, it is interesting to note that cardiovascular diseases have mostly been observed in developed and high-income countries rather than in the developing low-income countries exposed highly to air pollution ( 13 ). Extreme air pollution is recorded in India, where the air quality reaches hazardous levels. New Delhi is one of the more polluted cities in India. Flights in and out of New Delhi International Airport are often canceled due to the reduced visibility associated with air pollution. Pollution is occurring both in urban and rural areas in India due to the fast industrialization, urbanization, and rise in use of motorcycle transportation. Nevertheless, biomass combustion associated with heating and cooking needs and practices is a major source of household air pollution in India and in Nepal ( 14 , 15 ). There is spatial heterogeneity in India, as areas with diverse climatological conditions and population and education levels generate different indoor air qualities, with higher PM 2.5 observed in North Indian states (557–601 μg/m 3 ) compared to the Southern States (183–214 μg/m 3 ) ( 16 , 17 ). The cold climate of the North Indian areas may be the main reason for this, as longer periods at home and more heating are necessary compared to in the tropical climate of Southern India. Household air pollution in India is associated with major health effects, especially in women and young children, who stay indoors for longer periods. Chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD) and lung cancer are mostly observed in women, while acute lower respiratory disease is seen in young children under 5 years of age ( 18 ).

Accumulation of air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide and smoke, reaching 1,500 mg/m3, resulted in an increase in the number of deaths (4,000 deaths) in December 1952 in London and in 1963 in New York City (400 deaths) ( 19 ). An association of pollution with mortality was reported on the basis of monitoring of outdoor pollution in six US metropolitan cities ( 20 ). In every case, it seems that mortality was closely related to the levels of fine, inhalable, and sulfate particles more than with the levels of total particulate pollution, aerosol acidity, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide ( 20 ).

Furthermore, extremely high levels of pollution are reported in Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro, followed by Milan, Ankara, Melbourne, Tokyo, and Moscow ( 19 ).

Based on the magnitude of the public health impact, it is certain that different kinds of interventions should be taken into account. Success and effectiveness in controlling air pollution, specifically at the local level, have been reported. Adequate technological means are applied considering the source and the nature of the emission as well as its impact on health and the environment. The importance of point sources and non-point sources of air pollution control is reported by Schwela and Köth-Jahr ( 21 ). Without a doubt, a detailed emission inventory must record all sources in a given area. Beyond considering the above sources and their nature, topography and meteorology should also be considered, as stated previously. Assessment of the control policies and methods is often extrapolated from the local to the regional and then to the global scale. Air pollution may be dispersed and transported from one region to another area located far away. Air pollution management means the reduction to acceptable levels or possible elimination of air pollutants whose presence in the air affects our health or the environmental ecosystem. Private and governmental entities and authorities implement actions to ensure the air quality ( 22 ). Air quality standards and guidelines were adopted for the different pollutants by the WHO and EPA as a tool for the management of air quality ( 1 , 23 ). These standards have to be compared to the emissions inventory standards by causal analysis and dispersion modeling in order to reveal the problematic areas ( 24 ). Inventories are generally based on a combination of direct measurements and emissions modeling ( 24 ).

As an example, we state here the control measures at the source through the use of catalytic converters in cars. These are devices that turn the pollutants and toxic gases produced from combustion engines into less-toxic pollutants by catalysis through redox reactions ( 25 ). In Greece, the use of private cars was restricted by tracking their license plates in order to reduce traffic congestion during rush hour ( 25 ).

Concerning industrial emissions, collectors and closed systems can keep the air pollution to the minimal standards imposed by legislation ( 26 ).

Current strategies to improve air quality require an estimation of the economic value of the benefits gained from proposed programs. These proposed programs by public authorities, and directives are issued with guidelines to be respected.

In Europe, air quality limit values AQLVs (Air Quality Limit Values) are issued for setting off planning claims ( 27 ). In the USA, the NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) establish the national air quality limit values ( 27 ). While both standards and directives are based on different mechanisms, significant success has been achieved in the reduction of overall emissions and associated health and environmental effects ( 27 ). The European Directive identifies geographical areas of risk exposure as monitoring/assessment zones to record the emission sources and levels of air pollution ( 27 ), whereas the USA establishes global geographical air quality criteria according to the severity of their air quality problem and records all sources of the pollutants and their precursors ( 27 ).

In this vein, funds have been financing, directly or indirectly, projects related to air quality along with the technical infrastructure to maintain good air quality. These plans focus on an inventory of databases from air quality environmental planning awareness campaigns. Moreover, pollution measures of air emissions may be taken for vehicles, machines, and industries in urban areas.

Technological innovation can only be successful if it is able to meet the needs of society. In this sense, technology must reflect the decision-making practices and procedures of those involved in risk assessment and evaluation and act as a facilitator in providing information and assessments to enable decision makers to make the best decisions possible. Summarizing the aforementioned in order to design an effective air quality control strategy, several aspects must be considered: environmental factors and ambient air quality conditions, engineering factors and air pollutant characteristics, and finally, economic operating costs for technological improvement and administrative and legal costs. Considering the economic factor, competitiveness through neoliberal concepts is offering a solution to environmental problems ( 22 ).

The development of environmental governance, along with technological progress, has initiated the deployment of a dialogue. Environmental politics has created objections and points of opposition between different political parties, scientists, media, and governmental and non-governmental organizations ( 22 ). Radical environmental activism actions and movements have been created ( 22 ). The rise of the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) are many times examined as to whether and in which way they have influenced means of communication and social movements such as activism ( 28 ). Since the 1990s, the term “digital activism” has been used increasingly and in many different disciplines ( 29 ). Nowadays, multiple digital technologies can be used to produce a digital activism outcome on environmental issues. More specifically, devices with online capabilities such as computers or mobile phones are being used as a way to pursue change in political and social affairs ( 30 ).

In the present paper, we focus on the sources of environmental pollution in relation to public health and propose some solutions and interventions that may be of interest to environmental legislators and decision makers.

Sources of Exposure

It is known that the majority of environmental pollutants are emitted through large-scale human activities such as the use of industrial machinery, power-producing stations, combustion engines, and cars. Because these activities are performed at such a large scale, they are by far the major contributors to air pollution, with cars estimated to be responsible for approximately 80% of today's pollution ( 31 ). Some other human activities are also influencing our environment to a lesser extent, such as field cultivation techniques, gas stations, fuel tanks heaters, and cleaning procedures ( 32 ), as well as several natural sources, such as volcanic and soil eruptions and forest fires.

The classification of air pollutants is based mainly on the sources producing pollution. Therefore, it is worth mentioning the four main sources, following the classification system: Major sources, Area sources, Mobile sources, and Natural sources.

Major sources include the emission of pollutants from power stations, refineries, and petrochemicals, the chemical and fertilizer industries, metallurgical and other industrial plants, and, finally, municipal incineration.

Indoor area sources include domestic cleaning activities, dry cleaners, printing shops, and petrol stations.

Mobile sources include automobiles, cars, railways, airways, and other types of vehicles.

Finally, natural sources include, as stated previously, physical disasters ( 33 ) such as forest fire, volcanic erosion, dust storms, and agricultural burning.

However, many classification systems have been proposed. Another type of classification is a grouping according to the recipient of the pollution, as follows:

Air pollution is determined as the presence of pollutants in the air in large quantities for long periods. Air pollutants are dispersed particles, hydrocarbons, CO, CO 2 , NO, NO 2 , SO 3 , etc.

Water pollution is organic and inorganic charge and biological charge ( 10 ) at high levels that affect the water quality ( 34 , 35 ).

Soil pollution occurs through the release of chemicals or the disposal of wastes, such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and pesticides.

Air pollution can influence the quality of soil and water bodies by polluting precipitation, falling into water and soil environments ( 34 , 36 ). Notably, the chemistry of the soil can be amended due to acid precipitation by affecting plants, cultures, and water quality ( 37 ). Moreover, movement of heavy metals is favored by soil acidity, and metals are so then moving into the watery environment. It is known that heavy metals such as aluminum are noxious to wildlife and fishes. Soil quality seems to be of importance, as soils with low calcium carbonate levels are at increased jeopardy from acid rain. Over and above rain, snow and particulate matter drip into watery ' bodies ( 36 , 38 ).

Lastly, pollution is classified following type of origin:

Radioactive and nuclear pollution , releasing radioactive and nuclear pollutants into water, air, and soil during nuclear explosions and accidents, from nuclear weapons, and through handling or disposal of radioactive sewage.

Radioactive materials can contaminate surface water bodies and, being noxious to the environment, plants, animals, and humans. It is known that several radioactive substances such as radium and uranium concentrate in the bones and can cause cancers ( 38 , 39 ).

Noise pollution is produced by machines, vehicles, traffic noises, and musical installations that are harmful to our hearing.

The World Health Organization introduced the term DALYs. The DALYs for a disease or health condition is defined as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature mortality in the population and the Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) for people living with the health condition or its consequences ( 39 ). In Europe, air pollution is the main cause of disability-adjusted life years lost (DALYs), followed by noise pollution. The potential relationships of noise and air pollution with health have been studied ( 40 ). The study found that DALYs related to noise were more important than those related to air pollution, as the effects of environmental noise on cardiovascular disease were independent of air pollution ( 40 ). Environmental noise should be counted as an independent public health risk ( 40 ).

Environmental pollution occurs when changes in the physical, chemical, or biological constituents of the environment (air masses, temperature, climate, etc.) are produced.

Pollutants harm our environment either by increasing levels above normal or by introducing harmful toxic substances. Primary pollutants are directly produced from the above sources, and secondary pollutants are emitted as by-products of the primary ones. Pollutants can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable and of natural origin or anthropogenic, as stated previously. Moreover, their origin can be a unique source (point-source) or dispersed sources.

Pollutants have differences in physical and chemical properties, explaining the discrepancy in their capacity for producing toxic effects. As an example, we state here that aerosol compounds ( 41 – 43 ) have a greater toxicity than gaseous compounds due to their tiny size (solid or liquid) in the atmosphere; they have a greater penetration capacity. Gaseous compounds are eliminated more easily by our respiratory system ( 41 ). These particles are able to damage lungs and can even enter the bloodstream ( 41 ), leading to the premature deaths of millions of people yearly. Moreover, the aerosol acidity ([H+]) seems to considerably enhance the production of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), but this last aspect is not supported by other scientific teams ( 38 ).

Climate and Pollution

Air pollution and climate change are closely related. Climate is the other side of the same coin that reduces the quality of our Earth ( 44 ). Pollutants such as black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone, and aerosols affect the amount of incoming sunlight. As a result, the temperature of the Earth is increasing, resulting in the melting of ice, icebergs, and glaciers.

In this vein, climatic changes will affect the incidence and prevalence of both residual and imported infections in Europe. Climate and weather affect the duration, timing, and intensity of outbreaks strongly and change the map of infectious diseases in the globe ( 45 ). Mosquito-transmitted parasitic or viral diseases are extremely climate-sensitive, as warming firstly shortens the pathogen incubation period and secondly shifts the geographic map of the vector. Similarly, water-warming following climate changes leads to a high incidence of waterborne infections. Recently, in Europe, eradicated diseases seem to be emerging due to the migration of population, for example, cholera, poliomyelitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and malaria ( 46 ).

The spread of epidemics is associated with natural climate disasters and storms, which seem to occur more frequently nowadays ( 47 ). Malnutrition and disequilibration of the immune system are also associated with the emerging infections affecting public health ( 48 ).

The Chikungunya virus “took the airplane” from the Indian Ocean to Europe, as outbreaks of the disease were registered in Italy ( 49 ) as well as autochthonous cases in France ( 50 ).

An increase in cryptosporidiosis in the United Kingdom and in the Czech Republic seems to have occurred following flooding ( 36 , 51 ).

As stated previously, aerosols compounds are tiny in size and considerably affect the climate. They are able to dissipate sunlight (the albedo phenomenon) by dispersing a quarter of the sun's rays back to space and have cooled the global temperature over the last 30 years ( 52 ).

Air Pollutants

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports on six major air pollutants, namely particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Air pollution can have a disastrous effect on all components of the environment, including groundwater, soil, and air. Additionally, it poses a serious threat to living organisms. In this vein, our interest is mainly to focus on these pollutants, as they are related to more extensive and severe problems in human health and environmental impact. Acid rain, global warming, the greenhouse effect, and climate changes have an important ecological impact on air pollution ( 53 ).

Particulate Matter (PM) and Health

Studies have shown a relationship between particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects, focusing on either short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) PM exposure.

Particulate matter (PM) is usually formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions between the different pollutants. The penetration of particles is closely dependent on their size ( 53 ). Particulate Matter (PM) was defined as a term for particles by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( 54 ). Particulate matter (PM) pollution includes particles with diameters of 10 micrometers (μm) or smaller, called PM 10 , and extremely fine particles with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers (μm) and smaller.

Particulate matter contains tiny liquid or solid droplets that can be inhaled and cause serious health effects ( 55 ). Particles <10 μm in diameter (PM 10 ) after inhalation can invade the lungs and even reach the bloodstream. Fine particles, PM 2.5 , pose a greater risk to health ( 6 , 56 ) ( Table 1 ).

Penetrability according to particle size.


>11 μm	Passage into nostrils and upper respiratory tract
7–11 μm	Passage into nasal cavity
4.7–7 μm	Passage into larynx
3.3–4.7 μm	Passage into trachea-bronchial area
2.1–3.3 μm	Secondary bronchial area passage
1.1–2.1 μm	Terminal bronchial area passage
0.65–1.1 μm	Bronchioles penetrability
0.43–0.65 μm	Alveolar penetrability

Multiple epidemiological studies have been performed on the health effects of PM. A positive relation was shown between both short-term and long-term exposures of PM 2.5 and acute nasopharyngitis ( 56 ). In addition, long-term exposure to PM for years was found to be related to cardiovascular diseases and infant mortality.

Those studies depend on PM 2.5 monitors and are restricted in terms of study area or city area due to a lack of spatially resolved daily PM 2.5 concentration data and, in this way, are not representative of the entire population. Following a recent epidemiological study by the Department of Environmental Health at Harvard School of Public Health (Boston, MA) ( 57 ), it was reported that, as PM 2.5 concentrations vary spatially, an exposure error (Berkson error) seems to be produced, and the relative magnitudes of the short- and long-term effects are not yet completely elucidated. The team developed a PM 2.5 exposure model based on remote sensing data for assessing short- and long-term human exposures ( 57 ). This model permits spatial resolution in short-term effects plus the assessment of long-term effects in the whole population.

Moreover, respiratory diseases and affection of the immune system are registered as long-term chronic effects ( 58 ). It is worth noting that people with asthma, pneumonia, diabetes, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are especially susceptible and vulnerable to the effects of PM. PM 2.5 , followed by PM 10 , are strongly associated with diverse respiratory system diseases ( 59 ), as their size permits them to pierce interior spaces ( 60 ). The particles produce toxic effects according to their chemical and physical properties. The components of PM 10 and PM 2.5 can be organic (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, benzene, 1-3 butadiene) or inorganic (carbon, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, metals) in nature ( 55 ).

Particulate Matter (PM) is divided into four main categories according to type and size ( 61 ) ( Table 2 ).

Types and sizes of particulate Matter (PM).


Particulate contaminants	Smog	0.01–1
	Soot	0.01–0.8
	Tobacco smoke	0.01–1
	Fly ash	1–100
	Cement Dust	8–100
Biological Contaminants	Bacteria and bacterial spores	0.7–10
	Viruses	0.01–1
	Fungi and molds	2–12
	Allergens (dogs, cats, pollen, household dust)	0.1–100
Types of Dust	Atmospheric dust	0.01–1
	Heavy dust	100–1000
	Settling dust	1–100
Gases	Different gaseous contaminants	0.0001–0.01

Gas contaminants include PM in aerial masses.

Particulate contaminants include contaminants such as smog, soot, tobacco smoke, oil smoke, fly ash, and cement dust.

Biological Contaminants are microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, mold, and bacterial spores), cat allergens, house dust and allergens, and pollen.

Types of Dust include suspended atmospheric dust, settling dust, and heavy dust.

Finally, another fact is that the half-lives of PM 10 and PM 2.5 particles in the atmosphere is extended due to their tiny dimensions; this permits their long-lasting suspension in the atmosphere and even their transfer and spread to distant destinations where people and the environment may be exposed to the same magnitude of pollution ( 53 ). They are able to change the nutrient balance in watery ecosystems, damage forests and crops, and acidify water bodies.

As stated, PM 2.5 , due to their tiny size, are causing more serious health effects. These aforementioned fine particles are the main cause of the “haze” formation in different metropolitan areas ( 12 , 13 , 61 ).

Ozone Impact in the Atmosphere

Ozone (O 3 ) is a gas formed from oxygen under high voltage electric discharge ( 62 ). It is a strong oxidant, 52% stronger than chlorine. It arises in the stratosphere, but it could also arise following chain reactions of photochemical smog in the troposphere ( 63 ).

Ozone can travel to distant areas from its initial source, moving with air masses ( 64 ). It is surprising that ozone levels over cities are low in contrast to the increased amounts occuring in urban areas, which could become harmful for cultures, forests, and vegetation ( 65 ) as it is reducing carbon assimilation ( 66 ). Ozone reduces growth and yield ( 47 , 48 ) and affects the plant microflora due to its antimicrobial capacity ( 67 , 68 ). In this regard, ozone acts upon other natural ecosystems, with microflora ( 69 , 70 ) and animal species changing their species composition ( 71 ). Ozone increases DNA damage in epidermal keratinocytes and leads to impaired cellular function ( 72 ).

Ground-level ozone (GLO) is generated through a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen and VOCs emitted from natural sources and/or following anthropogenic activities.

Ozone uptake usually occurs by inhalation. Ozone affects the upper layers of the skin and the tear ducts ( 73 ). A study of short-term exposure of mice to high levels of ozone showed malondialdehyde formation in the upper skin (epidermis) but also depletion in vitamins C and E. It is likely that ozone levels are not interfering with the skin barrier function and integrity to predispose to skin disease ( 74 ).

Due to the low water-solubility of ozone, inhaled ozone has the capacity to penetrate deeply into the lungs ( 75 ).

Toxic effects induced by ozone are registered in urban areas all over the world, causing biochemical, morphologic, functional, and immunological disorders ( 76 ).

The European project (APHEA2) focuses on the acute effects of ambient ozone concentrations on mortality ( 77 ). Daily ozone concentrations compared to the daily number of deaths were reported from different European cities for a 3-year period. During the warm period of the year, an observed increase in ozone concentration was associated with an increase in the daily number of deaths (0.33%), in the number of respiratory deaths (1.13%), and in the number of cardiovascular deaths (0.45%). No effect was observed during wintertime.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide is produced by fossil fuel when combustion is incomplete. The symptoms of poisoning due to inhaling carbon monoxide include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and, finally, loss of consciousness.

The affinity of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin is much greater than that of oxygen. In this vein, serious poisoning may occur in people exposed to high levels of carbon monoxide for a long period of time. Due to the loss of oxygen as a result of the competitive binding of carbon monoxide, hypoxia, ischemia, and cardiovascular disease are observed.

Carbon monoxide affects the greenhouses gases that are tightly connected to global warming and climate. This should lead to an increase in soil and water temperatures, and extreme weather conditions or storms may occur ( 68 ).

However, in laboratory and field experiments, it has been seen to produce increased plant growth ( 78 ).

Nitrogen Oxide (NO 2 )

Nitrogen oxide is a traffic-related pollutant, as it is emitted from automobile motor engines ( 79 , 80 ). It is an irritant of the respiratory system as it penetrates deep in the lung, inducing respiratory diseases, coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, bronchospasm, and even pulmonary edema when inhaled at high levels. It seems that concentrations over 0.2 ppm produce these adverse effects in humans, while concentrations higher than 2.0 ppm affect T-lymphocytes, particularly the CD8+ cells and NK cells that produce our immune response ( 81 ).It is reported that long-term exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can be responsible for chronic lung disease. Long-term exposure to NO 2 can impair the sense of smell ( 81 ).

However, systems other than respiratory ones can be involved, as symptoms such as eye, throat, and nose irritation have been registered ( 81 ).

High levels of nitrogen dioxide are deleterious to crops and vegetation, as they have been observed to reduce crop yield and plant growth efficiency. Moreover, NO 2 can reduce visibility and discolor fabrics ( 81 ).

Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 )

Sulfur dioxide is a harmful gas that is emitted mainly from fossil fuel consumption or industrial activities. The annual standard for SO 2 is 0.03 ppm ( 82 ). It affects human, animal, and plant life. Susceptible people as those with lung disease, old people, and children, who present a higher risk of damage. The major health problems associated with sulfur dioxide emissions in industrialized areas are respiratory irritation, bronchitis, mucus production, and bronchospasm, as it is a sensory irritant and penetrates deep into the lung converted into bisulfite and interacting with sensory receptors, causing bronchoconstriction. Moreover, skin redness, damage to the eyes (lacrimation and corneal opacity) and mucous membranes, and worsening of pre-existing cardiovascular disease have been observed ( 81 ).

Environmental adverse effects, such as acidification of soil and acid rain, seem to be associated with sulfur dioxide emissions ( 83 ).

Lead is a heavy metal used in different industrial plants and emitted from some petrol motor engines, batteries, radiators, waste incinerators, and waste waters ( 84 ).

Moreover, major sources of lead pollution in the air are metals, ore, and piston-engine aircraft. Lead poisoning is a threat to public health due to its deleterious effects upon humans, animals, and the environment, especially in the developing countries.

Exposure to lead can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Trans- placental transport of lead was also reported, as lead passes through the placenta unencumbered ( 85 ). The younger the fetus is, the more harmful the toxic effects. Lead toxicity affects the fetal nervous system; edema or swelling of the brain is observed ( 86 ). Lead, when inhaled, accumulates in the blood, soft tissue, liver, lung, bones, and cardiovascular, nervous, and reproductive systems. Moreover, loss of concentration and memory, as well as muscle and joint pain, were observed in adults ( 85 , 86 ).

Children and newborns ( 87 ) are extremely susceptible even to minimal doses of lead, as it is a neurotoxicant and causes learning disabilities, impairment of memory, hyperactivity, and even mental retardation.

Elevated amounts of lead in the environment are harmful to plants and crop growth. Neurological effects are observed in vertebrates and animals in association with high lead levels ( 88 ).

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)

The distribution of PAHs is ubiquitous in the environment, as the atmosphere is the most important means of their dispersal. They are found in coal and in tar sediments. Moreover, they are generated through incomplete combustion of organic matter as in the cases of forest fires, incineration, and engines ( 89 ). PAH compounds, such as benzopyrene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, and fluoranthene are recognized as toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic substances. They are an important risk factor for lung cancer ( 89 ).

Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene ( 90 ), have been found to be associated with cancer in humans ( 91 ). The use of new products and materials has actually resulted in increased concentrations of VOCs. VOCs pollute indoor air ( 90 ) and may have adverse effects on human health ( 91 ). Short-term and long-term adverse effects on human health are observed. VOCs are responsible for indoor air smells. Short-term exposure is found to cause irritation of eyes, nose, throat, and mucosal membranes, while those of long duration exposure include toxic reactions ( 92 ). Predictable assessment of the toxic effects of complex VOC mixtures is difficult to estimate, as these pollutants can have synergic, antagonistic, or indifferent effects ( 91 , 93 ).

Dioxins originate from industrial processes but also come from natural processes, such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions. They accumulate in foods such as meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish, and especially in the fatty tissue of animals ( 94 ).

Short-period exhibition to high dioxin concentrations may result in dark spots and lesions on the skin ( 94 ). Long-term exposure to dioxins can cause developmental problems, impairment of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems, reproductive infertility, and cancer ( 94 ).

Without any doubt, fossil fuel consumption is responsible for a sizeable part of air contamination. This contamination may be anthropogenic, as in agricultural and industrial processes or transportation, while contamination from natural sources is also possible. Interestingly, it is of note that the air quality standards established through the European Air Quality Directive are somewhat looser than the WHO guidelines, which are stricter ( 95 ).

Effect of Air Pollution on Health

The most common air pollutants are ground-level ozone and Particulates Matter (PM). Air pollution is distinguished into two main types:

Outdoor pollution is the ambient air pollution.

Indoor pollution is the pollution generated by household combustion of fuels.

People exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants experience disease symptoms and states of greater and lesser seriousness. These effects are grouped into short- and long-term effects affecting health.

Susceptible populations that need to be aware of health protection measures include old people, children, and people with diabetes and predisposing heart or lung disease, especially asthma.

As extensively stated previously, according to a recent epidemiological study from Harvard School of Public Health, the relative magnitudes of the short- and long-term effects have not been completely clarified ( 57 ) due to the different epidemiological methodologies and to the exposure errors. New models are proposed for assessing short- and long-term human exposure data more successfully ( 57 ). Thus, in the present section, we report the more common short- and long-term health effects but also general concerns for both types of effects, as these effects are often dependent on environmental conditions, dose, and individual susceptibility.

Short-term effects are temporary and range from simple discomfort, such as irritation of the eyes, nose, skin, throat, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness, and breathing difficulties, to more serious states, such as asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, and lung and heart problems. Short-term exposure to air pollution can also cause headaches, nausea, and dizziness.

These problems can be aggravated by extended long-term exposure to the pollutants, which is harmful to the neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems and causes cancer and even, rarely, deaths.

The long-term effects are chronic, lasting for years or the whole life and can even lead to death. Furthermore, the toxicity of several air pollutants may also induce a variety of cancers in the long term ( 96 ).

As stated already, respiratory disorders are closely associated with the inhalation of air pollutants. These pollutants will invade through the airways and will accumulate at the cells. Damage to target cells should be related to the pollutant component involved and its source and dose. Health effects are also closely dependent on country, area, season, and time. An extended exposure duration to the pollutant should incline to long-term health effects in relation also to the above factors.

Particulate Matter (PMs), dust, benzene, and O 3 cause serious damage to the respiratory system ( 97 ). Moreover, there is a supplementary risk in case of existing respiratory disease such as asthma ( 98 ). Long-term effects are more frequent in people with a predisposing disease state. When the trachea is contaminated by pollutants, voice alterations may be remarked after acute exposure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be induced following air pollution, increasing morbidity and mortality ( 99 ). Long-term effects from traffic, industrial air pollution, and combustion of fuels are the major factors for COPD risk ( 99 ).

Multiple cardiovascular effects have been observed after exposure to air pollutants ( 100 ). Changes occurred in blood cells after long-term exposure may affect cardiac functionality. Coronary arteriosclerosis was reported following long-term exposure to traffic emissions ( 101 ), while short-term exposure is related to hypertension, stroke, myocardial infracts, and heart insufficiency. Ventricle hypertrophy is reported to occur in humans after long-time exposure to nitrogen oxide (NO 2 ) ( 102 , 103 ).

Neurological effects have been observed in adults and children after extended-term exposure to air pollutants.

Psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight seem to be related to long-term air pollution ( 83 ). The etiologic agent of the neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) is not yet known, although it is believed that extended exposure to air pollution seems to be a factor. Specifically, pesticides and metals are cited as etiological factors, together with diet. The mechanisms in the development of neurodegenerative disease include oxidative stress, protein aggregation, inflammation, and mitochondrial impairment in neurons ( 104 ) ( Figure 1 ).

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Object name is fpubh-08-00014-g0001.jpg

Impact of air pollutants on the brain.

Brain inflammation was observed in dogs living in a highly polluted area in Mexico for a long period ( 105 ). In human adults, markers of systemic inflammation (IL-6 and fibrinogen) were found to be increased as an immediate response to PNC on the IL-6 level, possibly leading to the production of acute-phase proteins ( 106 ). The progression of atherosclerosis and oxidative stress seem to be the mechanisms involved in the neurological disturbances caused by long-term air pollution. Inflammation comes secondary to the oxidative stress and seems to be involved in the impairment of developmental maturation, affecting multiple organs ( 105 , 107 ). Similarly, other factors seem to be involved in the developmental maturation, which define the vulnerability to long-term air pollution. These include birthweight, maternal smoking, genetic background and socioeconomic environment, as well as education level.

However, diet, starting from breast-feeding, is another determinant factor. Diet is the main source of antioxidants, which play a key role in our protection against air pollutants ( 108 ). Antioxidants are free radical scavengers and limit the interaction of free radicals in the brain ( 108 ). Similarly, genetic background may result in a differential susceptibility toward the oxidative stress pathway ( 60 ). For example, antioxidant supplementation with vitamins C and E appears to modulate the effect of ozone in asthmatic children homozygous for the GSTM1 null allele ( 61 ). Inflammatory cytokines released in the periphery (e.g., respiratory epithelia) upregulate the innate immune Toll-like receptor 2. Such activation and the subsequent events leading to neurodegeneration have recently been observed in lung lavage in mice exposed to ambient Los Angeles (CA, USA) particulate matter ( 61 ). In children, neurodevelopmental morbidities were observed after lead exposure. These children developed aggressive and delinquent behavior, reduced intelligence, learning difficulties, and hyperactivity ( 109 ). No level of lead exposure seems to be “safe,” and the scientific community has asked the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce the current screening guideline of 10 μg/dl ( 109 ).

It is important to state that impact on the immune system, causing dysfunction and neuroinflammation ( 104 ), is related to poor air quality. Yet, increases in serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM) and the complement component C3 are observed ( 106 ). Another issue is that antigen presentation is affected by air pollutants, as there is an upregulation of costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 on macrophages ( 110 ).

As is known, skin is our shield against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and other pollutants, as it is the most exterior layer of our body. Traffic-related pollutants, such as PAHs, VOCs, oxides, and PM, may cause pigmented spots on our skin ( 111 ). On the one hand, as already stated, when pollutants penetrate through the skin or are inhaled, damage to the organs is observed, as some of these pollutants are mutagenic and carcinogenic, and, specifically, they affect the liver and lung. On the other hand, air pollutants (and those in the troposphere) reduce the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation UVR in polluted urban areas ( 111 ). Air pollutants absorbed by the human skin may contribute to skin aging, psoriasis, acne, urticaria, eczema, and atopic dermatitis ( 111 ), usually caused by exposure to oxides and photochemical smoke ( 111 ). Exposure to PM and cigarette smoking act as skin-aging agents, causing spots, dyschromia, and wrinkles. Lastly, pollutants have been associated with skin cancer ( 111 ).

Higher morbidity is reported to fetuses and children when exposed to the above dangers. Impairment in fetal growth, low birth weight, and autism have been reported ( 112 ).

Another exterior organ that may be affected is the eye. Contamination usually comes from suspended pollutants and may result in asymptomatic eye outcomes, irritation ( 112 ), retinopathy, or dry eye syndrome ( 113 , 114 ).

Environmental Impact of Air Pollution

Air pollution is harming not only human health but also the environment ( 115 ) in which we live. The most important environmental effects are as follows.

Acid rain is wet (rain, fog, snow) or dry (particulates and gas) precipitation containing toxic amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. They are able to acidify the water and soil environments, damage trees and plantations, and even damage buildings and outdoor sculptures, constructions, and statues.

Haze is produced when fine particles are dispersed in the air and reduce the transparency of the atmosphere. It is caused by gas emissions in the air coming from industrial facilities, power plants, automobiles, and trucks.

Ozone , as discussed previously, occurs both at ground level and in the upper level (stratosphere) of the Earth's atmosphere. Stratospheric ozone is protecting us from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. In contrast, ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and is a pollutant. Unfortunately, stratospheric ozone is gradually damaged by ozone-depleting substances (i.e., chemicals, pesticides, and aerosols). If this protecting stratospheric ozone layer is thinned, then UV radiation can reach our Earth, with harmful effects for human life (skin cancer) ( 116 ) and crops ( 117 ). In plants, ozone penetrates through the stomata, inducing them to close, which blocks CO 2 transfer and induces a reduction in photosynthesis ( 118 ).

Global climate change is an important issue that concerns mankind. As is known, the “greenhouse effect” keeps the Earth's temperature stable. Unhappily, anthropogenic activities have destroyed this protecting temperature effect by producing large amounts of greenhouse gases, and global warming is mounting, with harmful effects on human health, animals, forests, wildlife, agriculture, and the water environment. A report states that global warming is adding to the health risks of poor people ( 119 ).

People living in poorly constructed buildings in warm-climate countries are at high risk for heat-related health problems as temperatures mount ( 119 ).

Wildlife is burdened by toxic pollutants coming from the air, soil, or the water ecosystem and, in this way, animals can develop health problems when exposed to high levels of pollutants. Reproductive failure and birth effects have been reported.

Eutrophication is occurring when elevated concentrations of nutrients (especially nitrogen) stimulate the blooming of aquatic algae, which can cause a disequilibration in the diversity of fish and their deaths.

Without a doubt, there is a critical concentration of pollution that an ecosystem can tolerate without being destroyed, which is associated with the ecosystem's capacity to neutralize acidity. The Canada Acid Rain Program established this load at 20 kg/ha/yr ( 120 ).

Hence, air pollution has deleterious effects on both soil and water ( 121 ). Concerning PM as an air pollutant, its impact on crop yield and food productivity has been reported. Its impact on watery bodies is associated with the survival of living organisms and fishes and their productivity potential ( 121 ).

An impairment in photosynthetic rhythm and metabolism is observed in plants exposed to the effects of ozone ( 121 ).

Sulfur and nitrogen oxides are involved in the formation of acid rain and are harmful to plants and marine organisms.

Last but not least, as mentioned above, the toxicity associated with lead and other metals is the main threat to our ecosystems (air, water, and soil) and living creatures ( 121 ).

In 2018, during the first WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health, the WHO's General Director, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, called air pollution a “silent public health emergency” and “the new tobacco” ( 122 ).

Undoubtedly, children are particularly vulnerable to air pollution, especially during their development. Air pollution has adverse effects on our lives in many different respects.

Diseases associated with air pollution have not only an important economic impact but also a societal impact due to absences from productive work and school.

Despite the difficulty of eradicating the problem of anthropogenic environmental pollution, a successful solution could be envisaged as a tight collaboration of authorities, bodies, and doctors to regularize the situation. Governments should spread sufficient information and educate people and should involve professionals in these issues so as to control the emergence of the problem successfully.

Technologies to reduce air pollution at the source must be established and should be used in all industries and power plants. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 set as a major target the reduction of GHG emissions to below 5% by 2012 ( 123 ). This was followed by the Copenhagen summit, 2009 ( 124 ), and then the Durban summit of 2011 ( 125 ), where it was decided to keep to the same line of action. The Kyoto protocol and the subsequent ones were ratified by many countries. Among the pioneers who adopted this important protocol for the world's environmental and climate “health” was China ( 3 ). As is known, China is a fast-developing economy and its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is expected to be very high by 2050, which is defined as the year of dissolution of the protocol for the decrease in gas emissions.

A more recent international agreement of crucial importance for climate change is the Paris Agreement of 2015, issued by the UNFCCC (United Nations Climate Change Committee). This latest agreement was ratified by a plethora of UN (United Nations) countries as well as the countries of the European Union ( 126 ). In this vein, parties should promote actions and measures to enhance numerous aspects around the subject. Boosting education, training, public awareness, and public participation are some of the relevant actions for maximizing the opportunities to achieve the targets and goals on the crucial matter of climate change and environmental pollution ( 126 ). Without any doubt, technological improvements makes our world easier and it seems difficult to reduce the harmful impact caused by gas emissions, we could limit its use by seeking reliable approaches.

Synopsizing, a global prevention policy should be designed in order to combat anthropogenic air pollution as a complement to the correct handling of the adverse health effects associated with air pollution. Sustainable development practices should be applied, together with information coming from research in order to handle the problem effectively.

At this point, international cooperation in terms of research, development, administration policy, monitoring, and politics is vital for effective pollution control. Legislation concerning air pollution must be aligned and updated, and policy makers should propose the design of a powerful tool of environmental and health protection. As a result, the main proposal of this essay is that we should focus on fostering local structures to promote experience and practice and extrapolate these to the international level through developing effective policies for sustainable management of ecosystems.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

IM is employed by the company Delphis S.A. The remaining authors declare that the present review paper was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Air Pollution

aggravated because of four developments:

Increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid economic development, and industrialization

contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances

Major air pollutants and their sources

Carbon monoxide (CO)
It is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon – based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood.
It is also produced from the combustion of natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes.
It lowers the amount of oxygen that enters our blood. It can slow our reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)

principle greenhouse gas

Chloroflorocarbons (CFC)
gases that are released mainly fromair-conditioning systems and refrigeration.
When released into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere, where they come in contact with few other gases, which lead to a reduction of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc.

affects children in particular. cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in some cases, cause cancer.

occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
at-the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects.
Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-level ozone emissions.
Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to cold and pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (Nox)
causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal.
Nitrogen oxide can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods
The finer of these particles when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulphur dioxide (S02)
a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants.
Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide.
a major contributor to smog and acid rain.
Sulphur dioxide can lead to lung diseases
a combination of the words fog and smoke. Smog is a condition of fog that had soot or smoke in it.
interaction of sunlight with certain chemicals in the atmosphere.
primary components of photochemical smog is ozone.
Ozone is formed through a complex reaction involving hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sunlight. It is formed when pollutants released from gasoline, diesel- powered vehicles and oil-based solvents react with heat and sunlight from biofuels, the four most serious pollutants are particulates, carbon monoxide, polycyclic organic matter, and formaldehyde
i) Volatile organic compounds

The main indoor sources are perfumes, hair sprays, furniture polish, glues, air

fresheners, moth repellents, wood preservatives, and other products.

ii) Biological pollutants

It includes pollen from plants, mite, and hair from pets, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria.

iii) Formaldehyde

Mainly from carpets, particle boards, and insulation foam. It causes irritation to the eyes and nose and allergies.

It is a gas that is emitted naturally by the soil. Due to modern houses having poor ventilation, it is confined inside the house and causes lung cancers.

Ash is produced whenever combustion of solid material takes place.

Composition

Aluminium silicate (in.large amounts)
silicon dioxide (Si02) and
Calcium oxide (Ca0).

Fly ash particles are oxide rich and consist of silica, alumina, oxides of iron, calcium, and magnesium and toxic heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cobalt, and coppers

Policy measures of MoEF:

The Ministry of Environment and Forests vide its notification in 2009, has made it mandatory to use Fly Ash based products in all construction projects, road embankment works and low lying land filling works within 100 kms radius of Thermal Power Station.
To use Fly Ash in mine filling activities within 50 kms radius of Thermal Power Stations.
Arresters: These are used to separate particulate matters from contaminated air.
Scrubbers: These are used to clean air for both dusts and gases by passing it through a dry or wet packing material.

Government Initiatives

(1) National Air Quality Monitoring Programme

In India, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has been executing a nationwide programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring

Programme (NAMP).

The National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) is undertaken in India

(i) to determine status and trends of ambient air quality;

(ii) to ascertain the compliance of NAAQS;

(iii) to identify non-attainment cities;

(iv) to understand the natural process of cleaning in the atmosphere; and

(v) to undertake preventive and corrective measures.

Annual average concentration of SOx levels are within the prescribed National Ambient

Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) were notified in the year 1982, duly revised in 1994 based on health criteria and land uses .

The NAAQS have been revisited and revised in November 2009 for 12 pollutants, which include. sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter having size less than 10 micron

(PM10),particulate matter having size less than 2.5micron (PM2.5), ozone, lead, carbon monoxide (CO), arsenic, nickel, benzene, ammonia, and. Benzopyrene.

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Published: 14 November 2022

Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives

Ruoyu Lan 1 , 2 ,
Sebastian D. Eastham ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2476-4801 1 , 3 ,
Tianjia Liu ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-0154 4 ,
Leslie K. Norford 2 &
Steven R. H. Barrett ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-9545 1 , 3

Nature Communications volume 13 , Article number: 6537 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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Agriculture
Environmental impact
Sustainability

Crop residue burning contributes to poor air quality and imposes a health burden on India. Despite government bans and other interventions, this practice remains widespread. Here we estimate the impact of changes in agricultural emissions on air quality across India and quantify the potential benefit of district-level actions using an adjoint modeling approach. From 2003 to 2019, we find that agricultural residue burning caused 44,000–98,000 particulate matter exposure-related premature deaths annually, of which Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh contribute 67–90%. Due to a combination of relatively high downwind population density, agricultural output, and cultivation of residue-intensive crops, six districts in Punjab alone contribute to 40% of India-wide annual air quality impacts from residue burning. Burning two hours earlier in Punjab alone could avert premature deaths up to 9600 (95% CI: 8000–11,000) each year, valued at 3.2 (95% CI: 0.49–7.3) billion US dollars. Our findings support the use of targeted and potentially low-cost interventions to mitigate crop residue burning in India, pending further research regarding cost-effectiveness and feasibility.

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Introduction.

Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is associated with elevated health risks such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, resulting in more than four million premature deaths globally each year 1 , 2 , 3 . Of these, 10–25% are estimated to occur in India 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . One source of direct PM 2.5 emissions responsible for Indian public health impacts is crop residue burning 2 , 3 , 4 . As the second largest worldwide crop producer (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), India generates ~500 million metric tonnes (MT) of crop residue annually, of which 100 MT is burned (Fig. 1a ). The practice of residue burning primarily occurs following the wheat harvest in April-May (pre-monsoon) and the rice harvest in October–November (post-monsoon), and mostly in northwestern India 7 , 8 . Densely populated areas located downwind of agricultural fires in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), such as New Delhi, typically experience an annual mean of ambient PM 2.5 concentration of 50–200 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 and episodic spikes reaching 200–1200 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 during burning seasons, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) PM 2.5 guidelines by an order of magnitude (5 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 annual mean; 15 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 24-hour mean) 9 (Supplementary Fig. 14 ). Ambient PM 2.5 exposure due to crop residue burning is specifically associated with a three-fold greater risk of acute respiratory infection in the general Indian population 10 . Recent studies at local, urban and regional scales have shown that PM 2.5 emitted from crop residue burning affects air quality not only in India but also across South Asia, including Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh, due to the transport by the predominantly northwesterly winds 7 , 9 , 11 .

a Annual total crop production (blue), utilized residue (yellow), and residue burned (red) in million metric tonnes in India from 2003 to 2016; ( b ) Annual crop production (blue) including crop for food and fiber, utilized residue (yellow) and residue burned (red) by crop type in India, averaged from 2003 to 2016 in million metric tonnes.

Current regulations by the Indian government intended to reduce agricultural fires, including crop residue management, burning bans, and fines, have had limited efficacy 12 , 13 . Unlike other crop residue, the low protein content (e.g. N, P, K) and poor digestibility (e.g. high silicone and ash) of rice and wheat residue have limited their potential for use in biofuel, animal fodder, fertilizer and paper production (Fig. 1b , Supplementary Data 1 ). In addition, the tight schedule of the harvest-to-sowing transition under the predominant rice-wheat rotation cropping system in northwestern India have limited the rate of adoption of alternatives 12 , 13 . Crop residue burning allows cheap and fast disposal of crop residue and therefore remains a recurring issue, as revealed by a ~60% increase in the number of agricultural fires detected by NASA’s Aqua satellite from 2002 to 2016 9 , 14 .

Studies which can attribute air quality impacts to specific burning instances therefore help to inform targeted mitigation strategies and optimize resources for effective action on burning with minimal disruption to farmers 15 . Substantial work has been done on air pollution from fire emissions in individual, heavily polluted locations such as Delhi 7 , 9 , 11 , 14 , 16 . However, no work to date has related burning in each individual district to the eventual premature mortality risk and associated cost across India, where a large population experiences increased levels of pollution from fires. In addition, efforts to identify alternatives to burning have typically been qualitative or focused on national or regional measures such as adopting mechanized approaches and alternative crops 12 , 17 , 18 . This neglects the possibility that targeted changes in the timing and location of residue burning may be able to yield significant improvements, and that there might be large differences in the downwind health impacts resulting from the same amount of residue burning from specific locations. Such information is needed to support decision-making which can place public benefits such as health costs alongside the potential private costs to farmers 13 .

Here we aim to inform efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of crop residue burning by quantifying how small-scale and targeted changes could affect the air pollution and health risks of the entire Indian population. We use the Global Fire Emissions Database v4.1s (GFEDv4.1s) to provide an estimate of emissions from open burning of crop residue, combined with district-level crop production data for India, to obtain a comprehensive map of the time and location of crop production and residue burning. We then use a regional atmospheric chemistry and transport model (GEOS-Chem adjoint) to perform inverse (receptor-oriented) simulations, computing the sensitivity of a given population’s exposure to PM 2.5 with respect to emissions in any location at any time, and date. In combination with an Integrated Exposure Response (IER) function 3 and an India-specific Value of Statistical Life (VSL) 19 , we use this data to estimate which burning events, in what locations, and at what times are responsible for the greatest increases in population exposure, premature mortality, and monetary societal cost during the period 2003–2019.

Results and discussion

We use an adjoint modeling approach (GEOS-Chem adjoint) as our primary tool for air quality impact attribution. We first perform three sets of adjoint runs from which we obtain sensitivities that quantify the effect of emissions on population exposure for the whole Indian population (cost function $J$ ). Each set of runs represents one typical rainfall condition for a year (i.e. “flood” (2007), “drought” (2009), or “normal” (2012) year), but all three use the same population distribution. We combine this sensitivity data with fire emissions for each year from 2003 to 2019 to estimate the impact of agricultural residue burning on India-wide population exposure. Modifying the emissions dataset allows us to quantify the benefit of different targeted mitigation strategies, while using each of the three sensitivity datasets allows us to quantify the role of meteorological variability. For each year from 2003 to 2019, one of the three sensitivity datasets is chosen based on monsoon rainfall record in India (see Methods).

Two additional sets of adjoint simulations are performed for the “normal” meteorological year, in which the cost function $J$ is modified to include only either urban or highly populated areas. Comparison of results using these datasets to those using the full India-wide population allows us to evaluate the distribution of impacts between urban and rural areas.

For additional context, we perform 23 pairs of forward simulations with the conventional GEOS-Chem Classic model. Each pair simulates the post-monsoon burning season with and without India agricultural emissions, and the 23 pairs collectively cover the period from 1997 to 2019. This allows us to evaluate the impacts of Indian residue burning on surrounding countries, and to gain a more complete understanding of the interaction between population growth, meteorological variability, and historical changes in fire emissions. See Methods for a detailed description.

Air quality impacts resulting from agricultural burning

We define air quality impacts due to crop residue burning in terms of the premature deaths attributable to PM 2.5 exposure and the associated monetized cost. Figure 2 shows how crop residue burning on each day contributed to the national mean PM 2.5 exposure. From 2003 to 2019 we estimate that the annual mean population-weighted PM 2.5 exposure due to burning activities in India averaged 6.7 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 . Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon residue burning contribute 28% and 64% of this total, respectively. Geographically, more than 90% of the India-wide fire-related exposure increase is due to agricultural fire emissions from the northwest states, with 64% from Punjab, 11% from Haryana, and 5.7% from Uttar Pradesh. It is consistent throughout 17 years that the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon fire seasons are responsible for 90% of PM 2.5 exposure from residue burning, and that Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh together contribute over two thirds of the nation-wide exposure burden (see Supplementary Data 2 and 3 for a breakdown by state and season). Demographically, urban and densely populated areas, defined by regions with a population density above 400 and 1,000 people per km 2 , respectively, are exposed to 2.0 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 (31%) and 4.8 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 (73%) greater annual PM 2.5 concentrations than the national average due to residue burning (Supplementary Figs. 1, 31). This is supported by observations of elevated PM 2.5 levels during burning seasons in large cities downwind of agricultural fires 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 .

Contributions are broken out for Uttar Pradesh (yellow bars), Haryana (red bars), Punjab (blue bars) and the rest of India (grey bars) by date, averaged over 2003–2019. The shaded area (light rose) in April-May and October–November denotes the dominant contribution from pre-monsoon fire season (wheat residue burning) and post-monsoon fire season (rice residue burning), respectively.

By applying the IER and India-specific population distribution, we estimate 69,000 (95% CI: 57,000–80,000) total premature mortalities on average across India resulting from ambient PM 2.5 exposure due to crop residue burning (Supplementary Data 4 ). Our estimate for 2015 (60,000, 95% CI: 50,000–70,000) is consistent with Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2018 India Special Report’s estimate of premature mortality (66,000, 95 CI%: 57,000–79,000) attributable to agricultural fires in India for the same year 23 . Our estimate for the same period is 4.7–14% of premature mortality attributable to total ambient PM 2.5 presented by earlier studies covering 2010-2019 4 , 5 , 6 , 15 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 . This fraction is consistent with findings from GBD 2018, where 6.1% of premature deaths in India due to ambient PM 2.5 are attributed to agricultural fires 23 . The central estimates of early deaths as well as confidence intervals (CI) depend on the choice of relative risk function 29 . While the IER the has been applied worldwide, including India, to quantify attributable deaths due to biomass burning episodes 3 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , we compare the IER-based results to those using other methods in the Methods and Supplemental Information.

Using a VSL adjusted for India, we estimate the annual, monetized cost of premature mortality due to crop residue burning as 23 (95% CI: 3.5–53) billion USD. This is equivalent to 38% of the total health expenditure, or 7.8% of the gross value added from agricultural activity on average (Supplementary Data 4 ). These two ratios have increased from 29% to 40%, and from 6.1% to 9.2%, respectively between 2003 and 2019 (Supplementary Data 4 ). We find that for any year in this period, the three largest contributors to these impacts are consistently Punjab (48–75%), Haryana (7.8–14%), and Uttar Pradesh (3.7–9.5%) (Supplementary Data 2 - 4 ).

Contributions by district

Figure 3 shows the premature deaths per unit of emissions from burning (vertical axis) against the emissions per unit of crop production (horizontal axis) for each district in Punjab and Haryana. The contribution to premature mortalities per crop produced for these two states is larger than for the rest of India combined (Supplementary Figs. 2, 3). Variations between these districts are due not only to different crop production quantities but also different meteorology, population distributions, and agricultural practices. For the 43 districts in the two states, we use the two dimensions (emissions per unit production and mortalities per unit emission) shown in Fig. 3 to define four categories (C1–C4). Punjab and Haryana, under the rice-wheat rotation system, are collectively responsible for 60% of all rice and 30% of all wheat entering the central grain pool in India 12 . This results in a large amount of residue being burned per unit of crop production, as these two crops produce relatively high quantities of residue per unit of product compared to crops such as oilseed and sugarcane (Fig. 1b ).

Districts are categorized by agricultural PM 2.5 emissions per unit of crop production (kilo tonnes per million metric ton, or KT MT −1 ) on the x-axis, and premature deaths per unit of agricultural PM 2.5 emissions (thousands KT −1 ) in y-axis, averaged over 2003–2019. The size (radius) of the dots indicates the gross crop production in MT of each district. The contribution to India-wide premature deaths from residue burning in each district is the product of emissions per unit of crop production ( x axis value), mortalities per unit of emissions (y-axis value) and crop production (size of the dot) (Supplementary Figs. 2, 3).

The contribution of crop residue burning in each district to total premature mortality in India is a product of three factors: first, premature deaths per unit of agricultural burning emissions (meteorology and population); second, agricultural burning emissions per unit of crop production (choice of crops/varieties); and third, the total crop production (Fig. 3 ). Districts in C1 rank high in the first two factors, partly because they grow coarse varieties of rice that generate more residue to be burned for the same amount of crop production 32 and are mostly upwind of densely populated regions. As a result, they are on average responsible for 40% (27,000 deaths, valued at 9.0 billion USD) of the total air quality impacts in India due to burning, with Patiala and Sangrur alone contributing 20%. Compared to C1, districts in C2 and C3 have lower emissions per unit of crop production (<1.3 KT MT −1 ) and fewer premature deaths per unit of emissions (<1000 premature deaths KT −1 ), respectively. The contribution to the total air quality impact of residue burning is therefore 11% and 14% for districts in C2 and C3, respectively. The remaining districts (C4) are minor contributors to the total impacts, among which Kaithal has the largest contribution (2.4%) due to its cultivation of coarse rice (lower emissions per unit of production), lower sensitivity (fewer premature deaths per unit of emissions) and lower overall crop production (Supplementary Fig. 3 ). All Haryana districts fall in C2 and C4, whereas districts in C1 and C3 are all from Punjab, distinguished by the first factor (x-axis). Although both states are large rice producers, Haryana mainly grows basmati rice, the residue of which is used as animal feed. Punjab instead mainly grows non-basmati rice, the residue of which is not fed to livestock because of its high silica content and which is thus more often burned in-field 18 , 32 .

Sensitivity of air quality impacts to spatial and temporal changes in emissions

Figure 4 shows the percentage change in annual air quality impacts due to burning achieved by a 1% reduction in emissions from burning (hereafter the efficacy of reducing burning) in each state or district during two burning seasons averaged over 2003–2019. Specifically, during post-monsoon season, the efficacy of reducing burning is greatest in Punjab and Haryana, with a 0.57% and 0.065% reduction respectively in total India-wide impacts from crop residue burning per 1% reduction in burning emissions. This means 380 (95% CI: 320–450) and 45 (95% CI: 37–52) averted premature deaths, valued at 130 (95% CI: 20−300) and 15 (95% CI: 2.3−34) million USD, respectively, averaged across 17 years. Considering only burning emissions from Punjab, two thirds of the achievable benefit comes from reductions in burning in Sangrur, Patiala, and Ludhiana, where a 1% reduction in emissions from post-monsoon residue burning would result in a 0.18%, 0.05%, and 0.068% reduction, respectively, in India-wide burning-related air quality impacts.

a Percent reduction in contribution to air quality impacts per 1% reduction in agricultural burning emissions in wheat residue burning season (April-May) in different states. b Zoom-in of a, i.e. districts in northwestern India. c , d are same as a and b but for rice residue burning season (October–November), hence the greater color bar limits as shown in d compared to b. India administrative maps are obtained from the Database of Global Administrative Areas, Version 4.1 50 . Coast outlines are plotted based on data in Python Matplotlib Basemap Toolkit, Version 1.2.1.

One reason that farmers choose to burn agricultural residue rather than adopting (e.g.) mechanized alternatives is that there is a limited window of time, around two to three weeks, to manage crop residue between harvesting and sowing 9 , 13 , 16 . A water table preservation policy instituted in Punjab and Haryana in 2009 to align rice irrigation with the summer monsoon further shortened this window, which may have further intensified burning activities as farmers seek to ensure timely sowing for the next planting season 17 , 22 . This suggests that promoting burning earlier or later in the season may be unattractive or unachievable 10 , 13 , 17 .

It may instead be possible to burn earlier or later within a given day without incurring the same difficulties for farmers, but no study to date has quantified the potential benefits of such a change. We therefore quantify the air quality impacts of shifting burning within the day by applying different local time (LT) diurnal cycles of emissions (Supplementary Fig. 4 ). Figure 5 shows the changes in attributable air quality impacts resulting from shifts ranging from six hours earlier to one hour later.

Solid bars show the percentage change in contribution to annual residue burning-related air quality impacts in India achieved by shifting the burning peak from one hour earlier to six hours earlier, as well as one hour later, in different months, averaged over 2003–2019. The error bars depict the maximum and minimum percentage change for any single year in the period 2003–2019. The original peak of burning is set at 14:30 local time (LT) for both wheat and rice residue burning seasons. Diurnal cycles of emissions are based on MODIS satellite fire counts in the morning and afternoon (Supplementary Fig. 4 ).

Averaged over the period 2003–2019, burning earlier by one to four hours could reduce the total air quality impacts of crop residue burning by 0.5–19%, while burning too early or burning later could instead increase the impacts by 2−30%. For any individual year in that period, burning two to three hours earlier in November reduces the total, annual, residue burning-related contribution to India-wide air quality impacts by 15–23% (Fig. 5 ). If the target region is restricted to Punjab only, burning earlier by two hours in November yields an average (over 17 years) 14% reduction in air quality impacts resulting from that region’s residue burning (Supplementary Fig. 5 ). This means 9600 (95% CI: 8000–11,000) averted early deaths annually, valued at 3.2 (95% CI: 0.49–7.3) billion USD. This is greater than the sum from all other states if the same timing shift were applied. Although these improvements could be subject to the specific diurnal cycles we use, our assumptions of diurnal fire activity agree with previous findings that fires are typically set during early to mid-day (07:00–11:00 LT) and burn out by the evening (17:00–20:00 LT), lasting 13–15 hours 20 , 21 , 22 , 33 , and that fire activity generally peaks in the afternoon 22 , 32 . Liu et al. 2020 collected survey data from households in India, finding that despite regional variations, 97% of burning activities happen between 10:00 and 23:00 LT, nearly 30% of which happen in late evening (18:00–23:00 LT) 22 . While we do not have district-level information about hourly diurnal cycles of fire activities due to a lack of comprehensive in-field studies, our broad conclusion is that there may be significant benefits yielded by encouraging fires to be set earlier (10:00–13:00 LT) in the day rather than later (14:00–17:00 LT).

One contributing factor to these changes could be natural, diurnal changes in the depth of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The PBL height (PBLH) typically peaks at 13:00–14:00 LT and decreases rapidly afterwards (Supplementary Fig. 6 ). It is a key meteorological parameter in pollutant dispersion 34 , 35 , 36 because a higher PBLH favors dispersion and reduces aerosol accumulation 34 , 36 (see Supplementary Information for a detailed discussion). However, the PBLH is also directly affected by aerosol loading meaning that the concentration of pollution can itself affect dispersion 35 . The PBLH decreases with increasing aerosol concentration, which enhances atmospheric stability and in turn favors even higher pollutant concentrations––a positive feedback loop 35 . However, the diurnal variations of PBLH do not change significantly on heavily polluted days compared to clean days 34 , 37 . Supplementary Fig. 6 also shows similar diurnal cycles of PBLH in polluted and less polluted areas. Therefore, despite local aerosol-PBL interactions, a shifted burning cycle on an hourly basis is not likely to significantly affect the broad patterns of PBLH and the timing effects of emissions. However, further investigation will be needed to evaluate how a shift in the diurnal pattern of burning (i.e. aerosol emissions) might in turn modify the diurnal pattern of PBLH––and therefore pollution dispersion––compared to the effects observed to date for existing emission patterns.

Other meteorological parameters including relative humidity (RH), temperature, and wind speed also vary diurnally and may affect the benefits of burning earlier 34 , 38 . Studies in India found higher pollutant concentrations with higher RH due to incomplete combustion, causing more secondary aerosol formation 38 . Supplementary Fig. 6 shows that, on average, RH is roughly constant from 11:30 to 15:30 local time. Our proposed shift moves the peak burning time from 14:30 to 13:30, suggesting that the RH effect is not significant. In addition, lower temperature and lower wind speed could trap more aerosols within the PBL 34 , 38 . This is consistent with our finding of decreased air quality benefits when the burning peak is too early or late (Fig. 5 ). Changes in wind speed due to high aerosol loading should also be considered in future online studies of specific interventions.

These findings suggest that aerosol-meteorology interactions are unlikely to eliminate the benefit of a shift in the diurnal pattern of burning. We recognize however that further studies involving sensitivity experiments will be needed to evaluate the degree to which these feedbacks suppress or enhance the benefit. In general, for any intervention our approach is a first-order tool, and more modeling, experiments and observations would be warranted before advancing any policy recommendation. However, our broad explanation is that the aerosols emitted when meteorology favors dispersion are more diluted and less harmful as they travel downwind (Supplementary Figs. 6, 30).

This work focuses on how India-wide air quality impacts are affected by any conceivable change in fire emissions using an “adjoint” modeling approach. Rather than tracking the transport of pollution and the distribution of air quality impacts for a single scenario, the adjoint model tracks the sensitivity of exposure over a disperse population with respect to changes in emissions sources. This is essential for efficiently evaluating different cost-effective pollution-abatement policies. We therefore do not calculate the local effects of shifting the timing of burning, e.g. the evolution of air pollution to downwind areas such as New Delhi.

Inter-annual variations in the air quality impacts of residue burning

To provide context to the sensitivity-based results above, we use forward modeling to simulate the post-monsoon residue burning season over a 23-year period (Supplementary Figs. 8, 9). We first quantify population exposure to BC and OC (carbonaceous PM 2.5 ) from all sources. For these simulations we include changes in residue burning emissions, population (total), and meteorology (see Methods). We find that, while the daily-mean population exposure varies, the geographical distribution of exposure and meteorological context (wind fields) remain similar. From 1997 to 2019, the national average population-weighted PM 2.5 exposure has increased from 54 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 to 75 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 , possibly due to increasing crop production (Supplementary Figs. 7, 8). Northwest India (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi) is the most polluted region during post-monsoon burning season, and the daily-mean population-weighted PM 2.5 exposure in these areas is consistently higher than the national average. For every year from 1997 to 2019, we estimate that Delhi’s air consistently had levels of (carbonaceous) PM 2.5 exceeding 120 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 when averaged over the two-month post-monsoon burning period.

We also perform 23 counterfactual simulations, covering the same period, in which emissions from residue burning in India are not included. While our sensitivity simulations show that our broad conclusions (e.g. contribution by state, season) are consistent throughout 17 years of differing fire emissions and three different meteorological conditions (Supplementary Data), our extended set of forward simulations show that the average air quality impacts attributable to agricultural fires is 2.4% lower in drought years (e.g. 2009, 2015) and 4.8% higher in flood years (e.g. 2007, 2019). For years with normal rainfall (e.g. 2012, 2018), close (−0.8%) to the 17-year average, we estimate the annual fire-related premature deaths at 68,000 (95% CI: 57,000–79,000), valued at 22 (95% CI: 3.2–50) billion USD. Specifically, crop residue burning in 2016 contributes to the largest enhancement of nationwide PM 2.5 exposure (9.6 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 ), resulting in the most premature deaths 98,000 (95% CI: 82,000-110,000). This is consistent with the large number of agricultural fires observed by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument in that year, and the unprecedented enhancement in PM 2.5 levels observed in Delhi (648 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m -3 ) 16 , 38 .

These results only include the post-monsoon burning season, and rely on monthly emissions data. Using our sensitivity data with daily emissions data and assigning each year from 2003 to 2019 an appropriate meteorological condition (flood year, drought year, normal year), we can quantify the impacts of each full year’s residue burning. From 2003 to 2019, along with an increase of food grain production from 210 MT to 300 MT (Supplementary Fig. 7 ), the monetized cost associated with burning increases from 7.2 (95% CI:1.1–17) to 44 (95% CI:6.7–100) billion USD (Supplementary Data 4 ).

A point of interest is the impacts in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, a subsidy was introduced to encourage mechanization as an alternative to burning 13 . Despite this policy change, we find air quality impacts attributable to crop residue burning to be similar between 2018 and 2019 at 86,000 premature deaths each year. To understand this, we re-derived impacts for 2015-2019 using fixed meteorological data. Under these conditions, mortalities in 2018 and 2019 are 4.2% and 11% lower than the previous three-year average, but 15% and 6.9% greater than for 2017, respectively (Supplementary Data 9 ). For just Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, the average exposure resulting from burning (assuming fixed meteorology) in 2018 and 2019 was 16% lower than the 2015–2017 average, but still 18% greater than the 2017 value alone (Supplementary Data 9 ).

This does not necessarily imply that the initiative was unsuccessful. Prior work has suggested that overall post-monsoon residue burning was decreased, showing a 18% reduction in fire counts observed by the MODIS satellite in northwest India in 2019 compared to the previous year (Supplementary Data 10 ). The GFEDv4.1s dataset suggests that the total dry matter burned in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh in 2018 and 2019 was only 9 and 3% less than the 2015–2017 average (Supplementary Data 11 ), respectively––but this masks two compensating changes. Focusing on the post-monsoon period only, the total dry matter burned in the three states in 2018 and 2019 was 36% below the 2015–2017 average, and only 1% greater than the 2017 value. Dry matter burned during the pre-monsoon period, however, was 52% and 130% greater in 2018 and 2019 respectively than the 2015–2017 average (Supplementary Data 11 ). With fixed meteorology, pre-monsoon residue burning contributed 38% of the total premature mortality resulting from fire emissions in these three states in 2019, compared to 9% in 2015 (Supplementary Data 9 ).

Although more data are needed to determine the significance of this trend, our results suggest that health benefits due to a reduction in emissions during the post-monsoon period in 2017-2019 have been offset by an increase in emissions during the pre-monsoon period and that the effectiveness of interventions should be considered across both seasons.

Impacts of Indian agricultural residue burning on neighboring countries

The IGP is home to millions of people residing in not only northern India but also Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Agricultural fires in India are not subject to political borders and may have air quality impacts on neighboring countries as well. Using data from 23 years of forward simulations we find that PM 2.5 exposure in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan resulting from Indian crop residue burning is 0.24–12% of that in India (Supplementary Figs. 9, 10). Of these countries, impacts are lower in Bangladesh and Nepal (1.3–2.2%), whereas Pakistan’s PM 2.5 enhancement averages 6.9% of that in India. We show that over 23 years, annual mean total increase in population exposure due to Indian crop residue burning is 4.5 $\times {10}^{9}$ people $\bullet {{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 in India, 2.6 $\times {10}^{8}$ people $\bullet {{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 in Pakistan, 7.8 $\times {10}^{7}$ people $\bullet {{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 in Bangladesh and 4.2 $\times {10}^{7}$ people $\bullet {{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 in Nepal. Therefore, the majority (88–95%) of burning-related population exposure is experienced by the Indian population. This is partly due to large-scale meteorological winds that carry pollution into, rather than away from, India (as shown in Supplementary Figs. 8, 9) as well as the high population density in this region.

Implications of targeted interventions

In India, the total amount of crop residue (dry matter) generation has increased from 80 MT in 1950–1951 to 520 MT in 2017-2018 (Economic Survey of India, 2020). In recent years, crop residue burning has contributed to levels of PM 2.5 concentrations that are 15–45 times higher than the WHO safety guidelines in northern India 9 , 16 , 21 . Our results suggest that this burning has a monetized annual cost of 23 billion USD averaged from 2003 to 2019, which has grown by a factor of six over the same period. Existing governmental efforts, including the National Policy for Management of Crop Residues, the National Green Tribunal Act, and the Straw Management System, are in place to reduce the practice of burning 12 . However, in-field burning remains prevalent, especially in the states of Punjab and Haryana 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 . The results of our work have several implications on mitigation strategies.

First, we find that under similar meteorology and rice-wheat cropping system, the attributable air quality impacts from Punjab are six times as much as those from Haryana, partly because Haryana districts mainly grow basmati rice, which is more utilizable than non-basmati rice cultivated in Punjab (Fig. 3 ) 18 . Therefore, in addition to diversifying rice with crops that produce less residue such as pulses and oilseeds (Fig. 1b ), adopting rice varieties that are less burning-intensive could also reduce the amount of burned residue and eventual attributable fire-related impacts. Second, current regulations, including bans and fines, are mainly implemented at national or state levels, which may overlook the possibilities that local-scale actions can bring significant benefit. Our study shows that a small number of administrative areas may be prioritized for interventions to effectively reduce the attributable impacts from fires (Fig. 4 ), with burning in six districts in Punjab responsible for 40% of India-wide exposure to fire related PM 2.5 . Such information is helpful for spatially targeted decision-making. Third, we also find that burning earlier by a few hours within a day could avert up to 14% of the air quality impacts resulting from residue burning, over 90% of which is borne by Indians. Such temporally targeted interventions may therefore allow effective and potentially low-cost reductions in harm while local effects on pollution distribution can be further investigated. In addition, a combination of targeted decision-making and more permanent solutions, such as mechanization, may help to optimize resources and minimize disruption to farmers.

While this study implies that significant societal benefits can potentially be achieved by small-scale actions, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis and consideration of extra incentives for farmers is needed for actionable planning and wide adoption of alternatives. Our hope is that work such as ours can provide quantitative data for near-term measures to effectively reduce the harms of agricultural residue burning while more holistic solutions can be pursued.

Comparison with other approaches and studies

In the case of crop residue burning, most existing work focuses on air pollution at local and urban scales, highlighting the influence of agricultural fires on regional air quality 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 20 , 21 . However, impacts of fire emissions are likely to extend over a much larger area due to dispersion and transport 1 , 4 , 11 , 16 . Epidemiological studies show that any additional exposure to PM 2.5 causes an increased mortality risk even when baseline exposure is very low 3 , 39 . This means that small exposure increases over large regions should be considered equally with focused increases over smaller regions 39 . Our study equitably evaluates the impacts on everyone who is subject to fire-related air pollution in India, not just those in a typical pollution hot-spot.

In addition, while severe air pollution has been observed in cities such as Delhi 7 , 9 , 16 , 22 , we acknowledge that crop residue burning is one of several factors in urban air pollution, rather than necessarily the dominant factor. For example, although agricultural emissions can contribute up to 50% of PM 2.5 in Delhi during post-monsoon fire season, the dominant (70%) emission sources of year-round PM 2.5 are vehicle, industrial and energy emissions 5 , 23 . For population in suburbs or rural areas, crop residue burning is a greater year-round contributor in absolute or relative terms. By using an adjoint modeling approach, our study relates the eventual impacts across the country back to burning in each hour and individual district, and shows that crop residue burning can be controlled independently to achieve the greatest reduction of aggregate exposure at the lowest cost.

The main contribution of this work is the quantification and disaggregation of air quality impacts across India due to agricultural emissions, and the identification of a potential new form of impact mitigation. However, our baseline estimates of attributable premature deaths in India also compare well with existing health impact assessment studies. GBD MAPS Working Group attributed 66,200 (6.1%) ambient PM 2.5 -related premature deaths to open burning of agricultural residue in 2015 23 , which is similar to our calculations for 2015 (60,000, 95% CI: 50,000–70,000). The total premature deaths attributable to ambient PM 2.5 exposure in India range from 570,000 to 1,450,000 in previous studies covering years from 2010 and 2019 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 15 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , with which our estimate is consistent (assuming a ~6% contribution from agriculture fires).

Sources of uncertainty

Although we include an uncertainty analysis in the Supplementary Discussion (e.g. inventory uncertainty), our study is subject to several other sources of uncertainty that we do not quantify. First, we focus on premature mortality risk changes resulting from changes in exposure to primary PM 2.5 released from residue burning and do not quantify exposure to other species such as ozone 29 . Second, the IER function used in this study assumes equal toxicity for all PM 2.5 species and ignores differences in composition, which still requires further investigation 3 . We also recognize that the IERs, as with other commonly used concentration response functions, were not developed specifically for India. However, without comprehensive epidemiological studies and available established models for India, the IER function is still a practical solution to represent our best at-present understanding of relative risks attributable to PM 2.5 exposure (see Methods). As Indian epidemiological evidence grows and concentration response function models are being developed and improved, future work may benefit from the adoption of a new method. Third, we assume a single diurnal cycle for burning emissions based on satellite information due to limited data of hourly burning activities from local sources (Supplementary Discussion, Supplementary Figs. 4, 28, 29). Lastly, since this study focuses on the broader air quality impacts over a large dispersion population, we do not specifically look at individual pollution hot-spots such as Delhi. We do however provide additional assessments for densely populated (urban) areas, where Delhi is a main recipient of pollution from agricultural fires (Supplementary Fig. 1 ).

Future research

Our approach allows any proposed emissions change to be related to the eventual air quality impacts for the Indian population and sets the stage for future research into crop residue burning. Since we have focused most of our analysis on a single intervention, it would be a natural next step to examine the effects of such interventions in downwind locations (e.g. the spread of pollutants in New Delhi) using conventional forward modeling techniques. Online modeling considering aerosol-meteorology interactions (e.g. aerosol effects on PBL variations) is also needed to better understand whether these feedbacks would suppress or enhance reductions in exposure. Furthermore, since our assumed diurnal pattern of burning may not reflect true fire activities, focused observational work on burning practices is needed to verify that these benefits are realizable. In addition, a deep assessment (e.g. cost-benefit analysis) of any single alternative is needed to determine how plausible such an intervention would be in practice.

Our study estimates the total annual premature deaths and the value of mortality risk reduction attributable to PM 2.5 exposure from crop residue burning in India over 2003–2019. We also estimate the efficacy of marginal changes to reduce these impacts at the district level, finding that a small number of administrative regions could be prioritized to provide the maximum air quality improvement. We find that six districts in Punjab are responsible for 40% of the nationwide air quality impacts as a result of meteorological factors, the size of the downwind population, and the use of residue-intensive crops. Our work provides additional insights into potentially low-cost interventions that may significantly reduce the air quality impacts, such as shifting to burning in the morning rather than afternoon and promoting less residue-intensive crops (e.g. basmati rice instead of non-basmati rice). These findings provide a quantitative basis for the design and optimization of mitigation strategies for crop residue burning on a broad scale, as well as providing new opportunities for future regional and local studies on agricultural fires in India.

Agricultural residue burning emissions

Consistent with GBD 2018 India Special Report, we calculate emissions from agricultural residue burning using the Global Fire Emissions Database v4.1s (GFEDv4.1s) from 2003 to 2019 (daily emissions for adjoint simulations) and from 1997 to 2019 (monthly emissions for forward simulations) 24 , 39 . GFEDv4.1s is a hybrid emissions inventory that incorporates satellite and ground-based measurements to estimate fire emissions of various types (including open burning of agricultural residue). In particular, it includes a small fire boost based on active fire detections outside the burned area extent, which improves estimation of emissions from frequent and/or short-lived burning events (e.g. agricultural fires) 40 , 41 . A comparison using alternative fire emissions inventories is provided in the Supplemental Information. Similar to Koplitz et al. 2016, we define burning-attributable PM 2.5 as the sum of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC), the primary components of fire smoke-related PM 2.5 31 .

The diurnal pattern of fire activity in the standard GFEDv4.1s product is estimated using an emissions redistribution approach. The diurnal cycles of burning are estimated based on observational data from geostationary satellites over the Americas, which are then applied to other parts of the world by matching three broad fuel types (crop/grass, shrub/savanna, and forest) 40 , 42 . While appropriate for many applications over North and South America, this method is not likely to accurately reflect agricultural residue burning in India because the crops grown, crop cycles, field size, and crop practices are different 40 . We therefore apply an alternative diurnal cycle for agricultural residue burning in India based on satellite information from prior literature. The fire activity in sub-tropical areas is typically more intense in the early- to late-afternoon 33 , 42 . Over India, the fire counts from MODIS Aqua (13:30 LT) are three to four times greater than those from Terra (10:30 LT) during periods of crop residue burning 14 , 17 , 22 , 42 . Based on this information, and in the absence of more reliable and/or accurate observational data specific to agricultural burning, we assume that agricultural burning emissions have a triangular profile (Supplementary Fig. 4 ), where 95% of emissions occur between 06:30 LT and 19:30 LT, with a peak at 14:30 LT. Sensitivity to this assumption is explored in Supplementary Discussion.

Air quality modeling with the adjoint model

We use the adjoint (version 35) of the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model to quantify the sensitivity of annual mean population exposure to PM 2.5 in India with respect to emissions sources in the extended Asia domain (70 °E – 150 °E, 15 °S-55 °N) 43 . Adjoint simulations are performed at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.667° (latitude × longitude), with 47 uneven vertical layers from the surface up to 80 km altitude. Boundary conditions are saved from global runs at a resolution of 2° × 2.5°. The adjoint model quantifies the effect of changes in any emissions species (e.g. BC) at any time and any grid cell in India on a scalar quantity (cost function) $J$ . In our case, the cost function is the India-wide population-weighted exposure to PM 2.5 . The adjoint approach has been widely applied in inverse (receptor-oriented) problems such as air quality impact attribution, which suits the need of this study 29 , 43 . We use GEOS-5 meteorological fields from the Goddard Earth Observing System of the NASA Global Modeling Assimilation Office and non-fire anthropogenic emissions from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research v4.3.2 44 . Each adjoint simulation first requires a conventional, forward simulation to be performed; the data from these forward simulations is compared against observational data in our model validation (below).

Two sets of simulations are run with the GEOS-Chem adjoint model. First, we perform three sets of simulations for three full years (2007, 2009, 2012) which respectively represent a typical rainfall condition for a “flood”, “drought” and “normal” year, based on 20-year monsoon rainfall data in India (Supplementary Fig. 7 ). Each set includes an adjoint run and a forward run (necessary for adjoint simulations). For each year we calculate the sensitivity of annual population-weighted exposure to PM 2.5 across all of India (cost function $J$ ) with respect to emissions from December 1 st the previous year to January 31 st the year after. The first and the last month are discarded due to model spin-up and down, such that data for the whole year are used in the analysis. We then classify 2003–2019, where daily fire emissions are available, into three categories by meteorology type (Supplementary Fig. 7 ). By applying adjoint sensitivities with gridded agricultural fire emissions corresponding to their rainfall (meteorology) condition, we estimate the total change in population-weighted exposure for the entire Indian population due to emissions from crop residue burning for each year.

Second, we perform two other full-year adjoint simulations, where the cost function is modified to annual population-weighted PM 2.5 exposure for population in urban areas and highly populated areas, for a typical “normal” year (Supplementary Fig. 1 ). We define urban and densely populated areas as locations in which the population density exceeds 400 and 1,000 people per km 2 , respectively. Besides estimating impacts on India as a whole, this allows us to separately quantify the impact of residue burning on different population groups, as people living in densely populated areas (e.g. IGP) may be exposed to different exposure levels than those living in rural areas (e.g. southern India).

Air quality modeling with the forward model

To inform estimates of long-term trends in exposure and the spatial distribution of impacts, we use the “forward” model GEOS-Chem Classic (version 13.0.2) and perform 23 sets of conventional, forward-running simulations for September 1 st to December 31 st for each year between 1997 and 2019, where monthly fire emissions are available. September is discarded due to model spin-up, and only October to November are considered for the “post-monsoon season”. Each simulation is performed over the extended Asia domain (60° E-150 °E, 15 °S-55 °N) at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.625° (latitude × longitude), with 73 uneven vertical layers from the surface up to 80 km altitude. Similar to adjoint simulations, boundary conditions are saved from global runs at a resolution of 2° × 2.5°. Each set includes two simulations with and without Indian agricultural residue burning emissions, which provides information on the long-term impact of Indian post-monsoon crop residue burning on population living in neighboring countries including Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. We use meteorological data from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) and monthly (rather than daily) agricultural residue burning emissions data from GFEDv4.1s. This data is also used in our model validation.

Calculation of population exposure and source contribution

The adjoint sensitivities are partial derivatives of a cost function (PM 2.5 exposure) with respect to various control parameters (emissions). Here the cost function for the adjoint simulation, $J$ , is the annual mean population-weighted exposure to PM 2.5 within India, including 29 states and seven union territories which are further divided into 666 administrative districts. The cost function j is defined as

where $i$ and $j$ are indices for the longitude and latitude, respectively; ${N}_{{{{{{\rm{lon}}}}}}}$ and ${N}_{{{{{{\rm{lat}}}}}}}$ are the number of grid cells in the longitudinal and latitudinal directions; $t$ is the time step; $T$ is the number of time steps in the simulation; ${\chi }_{{ijt}}$ is the surface-level PM 2.5 in ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m -3 at time step $t$ in grid cell ( $i,j$ ); and ${\rho }_{{ij}}$ is the number of people in grid cell ( $i,j$ ). Gridded population data are taken from the Global Rural Urban Mapping Project Gridded Population of the World v4 for 2020, available at https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-count-rev11 . We do not vary the population distribution between years as this would not be a relevant control variable for emissions impact reduction, such that the estimate of exposure depends only on variations in the emissions inventory and in the meteorology data (i.e. the sensitivity data).

The three-dimensional sensitivity matrices we obtain from the adjoint at every time step $t$ are of the form

where $J$ is the previously defined cost function, and ${E}_{{ijt}}$ is the emission (in kg per time step) of a species in the three-dimensional grid at time step $t$ . S ijt is therefore the change in annual-average population exposure to PM 2.5 that results from a single additional kilogram of the given species at location (I,j) at time t .

We calculate the impact of crop residue burning on the change of annual population PM 2.5 exposure in India as the summation

where the operator “ $\circ$ ” is the inner product sign. $\Delta {P}_{{ijt}}$ is the change in annual-average PM 2.5 exposure across all of India (units of person · ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 ) due to agricultural burning emissions ${E}_{{ijt}}$ (in kg) at location ( $i,j$ ) and time $t$ .

The adjoint method quantifies a linearized relationship between emissions and PM 2.5 exposure. This makes it well suited for computing the impact of marginal emissions changes of a particular type at a particular location or time. Although there may be non-linearities that are not captured by this approach, the atmospheric processes relevant to PM 2.5 (BC + OC)––wet deposition and advection––are accurately represented as linear operations in the GEOS-Chem model. As such, the error due to atmospheric non-linearities is expected to be small 29 .

Atmospheric chemistry-transport models depend on emissions inventories to compute air quality impacts, and our estimate and attribution of population exposure is subject to the specific choice of emissions inventory. While various global fire emissions inventories have been developed, differences across inventories such as satellite image interpretation and adjustment for small fires can result in large regional differences in emissions estimates 40 . We select six global emissions inventories, including five commonly used (e.g. Fire Inventory from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Quick Fire Emissions Dataset) and one newly-developed for Indian agricultural residue burning, and make an inter-comparison by calculating PM 2.5 exposure due to post-monsoon crop residue burning using each of the emissions inventories (Supplementary Discussion). We find that exposure estimates vary by up to a factor of seven due to uncertainty in emissions inventories (Supplementary Figs. 15–18). However, we find that this does not significantly affect our conclusions, which are focused on the relative reduction in harm which could be achieved through targeted interventions. Detailed comparison and discussion can be found in Supplementary Discussion.

Model validation

To validate the model’s performance in simulating the impacts of residue burning, we compare estimated PM 2.5 concentrations and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the model output generated in the course of against satellite-and ground-based measurements in India. For surface PM 2.5 we compare to annual estimates from the NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center 45 , 46 . For AOD, we compare to estimates based on MODIS instruments on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites ( https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/allData/61/ ), respectively. We also compare model-simulated AOD with observations from three available Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites in India ( https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/draw_map_display_aod_v3 ). In addition, we compare model outputs from the extended 23-year set of GEOS-Chem forward simulations against ground observations from India Central Pollution Control Board ( https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard-all/caaqm-landing/caaqm-data-availability ) and US Embassy Air quality Monitors in India ( https://www.airnow.gov/international/us-embassies-and-consulates/#India$New_Delhi ) for recent years, where complete record of PM 2.5 observations are available.

Figure 6 and Supplementary Fig. 11 show the comparison between simulated and satellite-derived annual mean ground-level PM 2.5 concentrations over India. The GEOS-Chem forward model captures the broad spatial pattern and magnitude of annual mean ground-level PM 2.5 across India. We find a positive bias of 4.3 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 for flood, 1.8 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 for drought, 2.0 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 for normal years when averaged over all India, respectively. The model also captures high values (80-120 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 ) over IGP from New Delhi eastward, with a mean bias from −0.53 to 2.6 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 compared to satellite data. The model performs best in the normal year ( R = 0.97) as compared to flood ( R = 0.90) drought ( R = 0.91) years. Disagreement is greatest in northeastern and eastern states (Supplementary Data 5 ). Compared to satellite-derived data, the model underestimates PM 2.5 by 4.0–10 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 in northwestern Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, and Tripura, overestimates by 5.0–16.7 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 in West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand, and overestimates by 4.6–9.7 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m _3 in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. The bias between simulated and satellite estimate is smaller in relative terms in southwestern and southern states (e.g. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tami Nadu), with a mean overestimation at 1.7–4.6 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 . Further discussion about the causes of these discrepancies is included in Supplementary Discussion.

a Comparison between ground-level PM 2.5 from GEOS-Chem forward simulation which informed the adjoint runs and NASA MODIS satellite-derived observations for a drought year. b , c are same as a. but for flood and normal rainfall years, respectively. The black lines depict y = x, the yellow lines are linear regression using a least-squares fit between all available model and satellite PM 2.5 values. Coefficients of linear fitting and root mean squared error (RMSE) are depicted at top-left of each sub-figure.

We also compare the model output to satellite AOD averaged between Level 3 MODIS/Aqua (13:30 LT) and MODIS/Terra (10:30 LT) on a monthly basis (Supplementary Fig. 12 ), since agricultural residue burning mostly occurs over the April-May and October–November periods. Prior to averaging, GEOS-Chem’s data is sampled at the same times as the valid observations from MODIS to ensure a consistent comparison. The simulated AOD shows overall seasonal variations consistent with MODIS over most regions in India when satellite data are available (January–June, October–December). In central and southern India (Maharashtra, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh), GEOS-Chem has a positive bias of ~0.04–0.2 compared to MODIS estimates (~0.4–0.6). In northern India, the model has a negative bias of ~0.05–0.1 compared to MODIS (~0.7–0.9), especially in winter months (December, January and February). These biases are smaller (~±0.1) in March–April and October–November, showing a better model performance when agricultural burning occurs.

Simulated daily AOD is also compared with three AERONET sites located in New Delhi, Kanpur and Gandhi College (Supplementary Fig. 13 ). Accounting for available data points, model AOD correlates well with ground-based measurement (0.76 $\le$ R $\le$ 0.82, 0.20 $\le$ RMSE $\le$ 0.30), with a mean difference ranging from −0.21 to −0.07. During wheat residue and rice residue burning seasons, the difference between model and AERONET is smaller by 0.02. Model performance in New Delhi (northwest India) shows a larger mean bias of -0.21, relative to a mean observed value of 0.81. Potential reasons for these differences are discussed in Supplementary Information.

The Central Control Pollution Board in India provides hourly ground observations of PM 2.5 at 197 stations throughout India, including 37 stations in Delhi. We compare results from our extended set of forward simulations to ground observations from Central Control Pollution Board for 2018 and 2019 after performing data quality control procedures as detailed in Supplementary Discussion). Compared to ground-observations, our simulations capture the temporal variations and magnitude of local PM 2.5 in Delhi in the post-monsoon season for both years, but have a mean negative bias of 6.9 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 . Our simulation also underestimates daily PM 2.5 by as much as half on peak days (e.g. Nov 8 th 2018 and Nov 12 th 2019) during the post-monsoon residue burning period (Supplementary Fig. 14 ). However, our simulation considered only primary, carbonaceous PM 2.5 (BC and OC). The peaks during this period are likely to include other/secondary PM 2.5 components (e.g. sulfate aerosol) from non-fire sources which are not captured by our simulation. We make model-observation comparison and provide statistical metrics to evaluate city-level model performance where observed PM 2.5 data are available (Supplementary Fig. 15 ), finding a reasonable correlation ( R ~0.4–0.8) at 82% locations, including Delhi, Patiala and Chandigarh (Punjab), Kaithal and Faridabad (Haryana) (Supplementary Fig. 15 , Supplementary Data 6 ). Despite the discrepancies at a few cities (e.g. R ~0.3 in Panchkula, Punjab), we focus on the average increased air quality impacts across India due to burning. Therefore, local biases are unlikely to significantly impact our estimates for population exposure and subsequent health impacts.

Finally, we verify that the forward and adjoint simulations are consistent by using both models to estimate population-weighted PM 2.5 exposure under different burning scenarios (Supplementary Fig. 16 , Supplementary Data 7 ). Details are provided in Supplementary Notes , but overall the inconsistency between forward and adjoint modeling in estimated exposure is less than 10% for all tests (Supplementary Data 7 ).

Overall, the GEOS-Chem model performs reasonably well in capturing the broad distribution, magnitude and variability of PM 2.5 and AOD in India comparing with observations from various sources (shown and quantified in Fig. 6 , Supplementary Figs. 11 − 15 , 20 , and Supplementary Data 6 ). This provides a reasonable and quantitative evaluation of the model’s accuracy and the robustness of our findings

Estimation of premature mortality

Consistent with GBD 2018 India Special Report 23 , we use the Integrated Exposure Response (IER) function to quantify mortality risk changes due to annual mean PM 2.5 exposure attributable to agricultural residue burning 3 , 22 (Supplementary Fig. 16 ). The IER was developed to estimate the relative risk of premature mortality (early deaths) from each cause of death over the entire global range of long-term exposure to PM 2.5 29 . This study considers five causes of mortality, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, and cerebrovascular disease. The IER function is expressed as

where ${{{{{{\rm{RR}}}}}}}_{h}$ is the relative risk for disease $h$ given some exposure change between the observed baseline PM 2.5 level ${\chi }_{{{{{{\rm{base}}}}}}}$ and the theoretical minimum-risk PM 2.5 concentration ${\chi }_{o}$ (range: 2.4–5.9 ${{{{{\rm{\mu }}}}}}$ g m −3 ) at grid cell ( $i,j$ ) and time ${t}$ . We adopt values of four IER parameters ${\alpha }_{h}$ , $\,{\beta }_{h}$ , $\,{\delta }_{h}$ , ${\chi }_{o}$ for each disease from GBD 2017 and conduct 1000 sets of Monte Carlo simulations to determine the mean and 95% uncertainty intervals of premature mortality. We also use India-specific population age distribution and baseline mortality rates data from GBD 2019 and the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division to calculate attributable premature mortality with the consideration of varying relative risk of a disease, such as ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease on different age groups (Supplementary Figs. 17 − 19 ). A detailed description for applying the IER to adjoint sensitivities is given in the Supplementary Notes .

As with cohort studies on air quality impacts assessment and attribution, our estimates of premature mortality depend on the choice of concentration-exposure function. If instead of the IER we assume a log-linear relationship between PM 2.5 exposure and premature mortality, and apply a log-linear function for short-term exposure 47 , our estimated annual premature deaths are reduced by approximately 56%. Using the Global Exposure Mortality Model 3 or meta-regression-Bayesian, regularized, trimmed splines 1 for long-term exposure risks would increase the estimated mortality by up to 45% (Supplementary Figs. 25–26, Supplementary Discussion). This reflects uncertainty about the true size of attributable mortality.

Burnett and Cohen, 2020 evaluated different concentration-exposure functions and suggested that the IER remains a useful and preferred method 30 . For example, the log-linear model and the Global Exposure Mortality Model are sensitive to high levels of PM 2.5 , which is the case for India 3 , 30 . The IER has been continuously updated and improved since its introduction over a decade ago, and applied by both GBD investigators and WHO at different scales 1 , 2 , 3 , 30 . Although not specifically developed for India, the applicability of the IER in the Indian context has been supported by the Steering Committee on Air Pollution and Health Related Issues of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 23 . We thus believe the IER represents our best at-present understanding of exposure-attributable mortality risks.

The estimate of premature mortality is also subject to how we apply the concentration-exposure function. When calculating changes in attributable deaths due to burning, we use a uniform country-level baseline mortality rate (BMR) specified by disease, age group and year for India adopted from GBD 2019 1 . Chowdury and Dey, 2016 suggested using a state-specific BMR, adjusted as a function of gross domestic product (GDP) in India 24 . Using a GDP-based proxy of BMR, we find a 10–12% increase in calculated early deaths (Supplementary Fig. 27 , Supplementary Information). While we would ideally use a BMR that accounts for the socioeconomic heterogeneity in a country like India, the accuracy of a GDP-based proxy is not clear and risks introducing additional error. We therefore do not use this adjustment in our central analysis.

Quantification of monetized cost

Finally, we multiply the number of estimated burning-related premature deaths with the VSL to monetize the impacts of air pollution. The VSL is widely used in the US and European countries to assess the benefits of prevented premature deaths 29 , 30 . As original country-scale studies on VSL in India are limited, we use a benefit transfer method to adjust VSL from the US to India 33 . We estimate the India-specific VSL for each year between 2003 and 2019 as:

where ${{{V}}}_{{{{{{{\rm{IN}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{y}}}}}}}}$ is the VSL for India in year ${{{{{\rm{y}}}}}}$ ; ${{{V}}}_{{{{{{{\rm{US}}}}}}}_{1990}}$ is the VSL for the US in 1990, which is translated into VSL for the US in a target year $y$ (in square brackets); ${{{G}}}_{{{{{{\rm{U}}}}}}{{{{{{\rm{S}}}}}}}_{y}}$ is the real GDP per capita in the US for year $y$ ; ${\varepsilon}_{1}$ is the income elasticity for the US between different years; ${\varepsilon }_{2}$ is the income elasticity between the US and India; ${D}_{{{{{{\rm{y}}}}}}}$ is the GDP implicit price deflator for year $y$ ; and R y is the income ratio of GDP per capita in purchasing power parity between India and the US in year $y$ .

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides an estimate for the VSL in the US in 1990 that follows a Weibull distribution (US EPA 2014). We use this as our base estimate of ${{{V}}}_{{{{{{{\rm{US}}}}}}}_{1990}}$ , propagating the estimated uncertainty (in 95% CI) through all subsequent calculations using a Monte Carlo approach. The GDP per capita and GDP deflator in each year for the US is obtained from the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis ( https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A939RX0Q048SBEA#0 ). For the US-specific income elasticity ${\varepsilon }_{1}$ we assume a value of 0.7, based on estimates from the US EPA guideline. We also assume a value of 1.5 for the US-India income elasticity ${\varepsilon }_{2}$ , based on previous research into countries with mean incomes substantially lower than the US 20 , 48 , 49 . R is calculated as the ratio of GDP per capita in purchasing power parity between India and the US, which we obtain from World Bank ( https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD ).

Using this approach, we estimate a mean VSL of 0.16–0.51 million USD for India over 2003–2019. Specifically, the World Bank Group and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimated a VSL of 0.6 million USD in 2013, which falls within the uncertainty range of our estimation for the same year (0.052–0.76 million USD). The VSL is an aggregation of individuals’ willingness to pay for a small reduction of their own mortality risk (e.g. 1 in 10,000 decreases in the chance of dying prematurely) 48 , therefore the monetary value of mortality risk reduction becomes the VSL value multiplied by the number of early deaths. The monetized cost of premature mortalities $\triangle {{{M}}}$ due to PM 2.5 exposure from agricultural burning emissions in grid cell ( ${i},\ {j}$ ) at time $t$ is

Uncertainty quantification

We use Monte–Carlo simulations to account for multiple sources of uncertainty. We perform 1,000 simulations, and in each simulation perform one random draw for each random variable. For the health response, we choose randomly from the 1,000 precalculated shapes of each IER function with ranges of four parameters. This means one draw and one function for each cause of premature death, as described previously. In each simulation, we also draw randomly from the Weibull distribution described by the EPA for the 1990 US VSL, which we assume to be the dominant uncertainty in calculation of the transferred VSL for India (Supplementary Data 4 ). Other sources of uncertainty, such as uncertainty in the satellite observations and agricultural fire emissions inventory, are not quantified in the central calculation but are investigated using inter-comparison and sensitivity analyses (Supplementary Figs. 21–24, Supplementary Discussion).

Data availability

The fire emissions data from GFEDv4.1s is available at the Global Fire Emissions Database ( https://www.globalfiredata.org/data.html ). India-specific IER curves by age group are available at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2017-burden-risk-1990-2017 . Gridded India population data is available at the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center ( https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-count-rev11 ). India-specific population distribution by age group is available at United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division ( https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ ). India-specific baseline mortality rates are available at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool . Satellite-derived PM 2.5 data is available at the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center ( https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/sdei-global-annual-gwr-pm2-5-modis-misr-seawifs-aod-v4-gl-03 ). Observed PM 2.5 at Indian ground stations is available at the Central Pollution Control Board of India ( https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard-all/caaqm-landing/caaqm-data-availability ). Observed PM 2.5 by US Embassy monitors in India is available at https://www.airnow.gov/international/us-embassies-and-consulates/#India$New_Delhi . The data for MODIS AOD is available at https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/allData/61/ . The data for AERONET AOD in India is available at https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/draw_map_display_aod_v3 . India yearly, crop-wise and district-level crop production data and rainfall data are available at the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( https://agricoop.nic.in/en ), Indiastat ( https://www.indiastat.com/data/agriculture ) and Open Government Data Platform India ( http://data.gov.in ). The data for the US and India historical GDP is available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD . All other processed data produced for analysis in this work can be found in Supplementary Discussion and Supplementary Data, or is available upon reasonable request to the first author (RL).

Code availability

The code for the adjoint of GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model is available at http://adjoint.colorado.edu:8080/ (registration for Gitlab needed). The code for the GEOS-Chem forward model is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681204 .

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Acknowledgements

This work is funded partly by the MIT Tata Center for Technology and Design, and partly by Tata Trusts. The authors would like to thank Dr. Florian Allroggen at the MIT Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Dr. Loretta J. Mickley at Harvard University, Dr. Angeliki Diane Rigos at the MIT Tata Center, and Dr. Poushali Maji at the MIT Institute for Data, Systems and Society for their insights and discussion. The authors also thank the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for providing the GEOS-5.2.0 and MERRA-2 data used in this study.

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All authors contributed to the paper. S.D.E. and L.K.N. designed the study. R.L. modified the code of the GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model, performed simulations, and led the analysis. T.L. pre-processed data from the fire emissions inventories. R.L. wrote the manuscript with advice from S.D.E., L.K.N., S.R.H.B., and T.L. All authors revised the manuscript draft.

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Lan, R., Eastham, S.D., Liu, T. et al. Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives. Nat Commun 13 , 6537 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34093-z

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State of air pollutants and related health risk over Haryana India as viewed from satellite platform in COVID-19 lockdown scenario

Published: 21 July 2021
Volume 30 , pages 47–62, ( 2022 )

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Dharmendra Singh ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-8637 1 ,
Chintan Nanda 1 &
Meenakshi Dahiya 1

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COVID-19 driven lockdown has affected air quality worldwide. Changes in air pollutants concentration, Air Quality Index (AQI), and associated Excess Health Risk (ER%) were assessed using satellite data of before (2019), and during (2020) COVID-19 periods in the industrially, agriculturally developed and highly populated area of Haryana in the northern region of Indo-Gangetic Plains. Parameters such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Particulate matters (PM), Sulphur Di-Oxide (SO 2 ), Nitrogen Di-Oxide (NO 2 ), Carbon Mono-oxide (CO), and Methane (CH 4 ) were derived using satellite data and validated using ground-based observations (n = 23). The coefficient of correlation (r) 0.91, 0.90, 0.95, 0.73, 0.81 and 0.80 were established with AOD, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 and CO, respectively. Significant reduction ( p < 0.005) in the concentration of air pollutants, viz. 38% in AOD, 55% in PM 2.5 , 61% in PM 10 , 31% in SO 2 , 10% in NO 2 , 5% in CO and 1% in CH 4 were observed during lockdown. Significant ( p < 0.00) improvement in air quality was observed due to a 44% reduction in pollution level, which led to the reduction in ER% by 71%, which is quite significant. AQI and ER% from satellite and ground showed a high r 2 i.e. 0.88 and 0.99 respectively, suggesting the potential application of satellite data for periodic AQI and ER% assessment.

Geospatial View of Air Pollution and Health Risk Over North Indian Region in COVID-19 Scenario

Monitoring, analysis and spatial and temporal zoning of air pollution (carbon monoxide) using Sentinel-5 satellite data for health management in Iran, located in the Middle East

Air quality assessment among populous sites of major metropolitan cities in India during COVID-19 pandemic confinement

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1 Introduction

Air pollution is a result of intense anthropogenic activities on earth such as transport, industrialization, biomass burning, along with natural causes such as volcanoes and forest fire [ 1 ]. It is reported that the anthropogenic activities contributes approximately 80% increase in the pollution [ 2 ]. Thus reduced human activities would have resulted in a reduced level of air pollutants as observed at the global and regional level during the COVID-19 driven lockdown in 2020 [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. COVID-19 has significantly impacted the socio-economic and environmental conditions of planet earth [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. COVID-19 is a respiratory disorder of viral origin caused by novel coronavirus or SARS CoV-2 with symptoms of fever, dry cough, and breathing difficulty. The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan city, China in December 2019 and rapidly spread all across the globe. It has been declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [ 24 ] on 11 March 2020, looking at its contagious nature and death severity (> 3,037,398 deaths worldwide till 22 April 2021). This was further taken as a serious note by the Government of India after the detection of the first case on 30 January 2020 from Kerala, India, which resulted in the three-phase lockdown viz. (1) March 24 to April 14, 2020, (2) April 15 to May 3, 2020, and (3) May 4 to May 17, 2020, over the whole country. The first two phases were strict, while the last one was a relaxed lockdown.

The lockdown has significantly reduces the pollutants concentrations and improved Air Quality by reducing the transport, industrial activities, and other anthropogenic activities all across the globe [ 4 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 25 , 26 ]. Wang et al. [ 15 ] observed a reduction of 36–53% in the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) over six megacities of China. Fang et al. [ 16 ] observed a reduction of 18–45%, 17–53%, 47–64%, 9–34%, and 16–52%, respectively for particulate matters 2.5 (PM 2.5 ), particulate matters 10 (PM 10 ), NO 2 , Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) and Carbon Monoxide (CO), over urban agglomerations in China, during lockdown period relative to pre-lockdown period. Mendez-Espinosa et al. [ 17 ] reported a reduction of 60%, 44%, and 40% respectively in the concentration of NO 2 , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 over South America during the strict lockdown amid COVID-19. Siddiqui et al. [ 6 ] reported a total of 46% reduction in average NO 2 values and 27% improvement in (Air Quality Index) AQI values over the eight cities of India due to COVID-19 driven lockdown. However, a complete study on the effect of COVID-19 driven lockdown on air pollutants, AQI, and ER% is lacking particularly for Haryana, India, though required on an urgent basis looking at the lethality of disease (a total of 6% of global deaths in India till 22 April 2021, and Haryana is among the most affected states) possibly due to the consistent high pollution level [ 1 , 6 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) which is a key parameter of air quality (which indicates column integrated particulate matters) gets reduced in response to COVID-driven lockdown [ 26 ]. Similarly AQI is a range of index values that indicates the air quality (Good = 0–50, Satisfactory = 51–100, Moderate = 101–200, Poor = 201–300, Very Poor = 301–400, and Severe = 401–500) of a location or region significantly get reduces during lockdown [ 30 ]. ER% which is the excess health risk associated with the pollutants level excess than the standard concentration [ 5 , 28 ] also gets reduces in response to lockdown. Since the values of air pollutants, AQI, and ER% have been identified as one of the serious threat to human health (9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants, 7 million deaths annually, and 12.5% of the total deaths worldwide), and environment at global and local scale [ 24 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] their reduction may reduce the health risk and improve the environmental quality. It is also reported that the areas with high air pollution levels were found to be affected more with COVID-19 and its severity [ 6 , 29 ]. Thus, it is the need to identify the hotspot of air pollution and take necessary actions to combat it on an urgent basis, so that the risk of COVID-19 like diseases may be reduced in the future [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 36 ].

Ground-based monitoring stations provide data for the assessment of pollution level and its hotspot. Setting up ground-based stations with the capability to measure these criteria pollutants require huge maintenance, operating manpower, and a huge amount of money which is not realistic at least in Indian conditions [ 1 ]. Thus, it is required to use low-cost technologies and surrogate variables like AOD from satellite that can provide relevant information about air pollution and pollutant level for further AQI and ER% assessment. Satellite-based assessment of air quality parameters (such as AOD, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and CH 4 ) is found to be a potential way of regular and cost-effective monitoring of these pollutants at a spatial scale [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].

The goal of reducing pollutant levels by 20 to 30% till 2024 (as decided in National Clean Air Programme, NCAP) from its base year 2017 was observed to be a tough task, looking into the requirement of economic growth and industrialization. However, COVID-19 driven lockdown has shown glimpses of reduced air pollution in 2020 worldwide, including India [ 4 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 25 , 26 ]. Though, the assessment of effect of COVID-19 driven lockdown on air quality both at global [ 11 ] and regional [ 4 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 25 , 26 ] scale taking ground [ 5 , 15 ] and satellite-based [ 4 , 6 , 12 ] observations are available, no study reported the satellite-based AQI and ER% assessment over any region of the globe and over the Indian region (Haryana) in particular. Furthermore, there is no reported study for the validations of Sentinel-5P satellite-based pollutant products concerning ground observations which gives novelty to the current work. We compared the satellite-based concentrations of various air pollutants/indicators including AOD, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and CH 4 in the month of April 2019 (no lockdown) and 2020 (completely falling within the strict lockdown period in India) to understand the effect of lockdown on the concentrations of these pollutants/indicators. The study is taken up with the following key objects: (1) Validation of satellite-derived air pollutants using ground-based observations, (2) Assessment of the state of air pollutants using these validated satellite-based measurements, (3) Utilisation of these measurements for the assessment of AQI and ER%.

2.1 Study area

The study area (Haryana state) is situated in the northern part of India and bounded within the latitude of 27.64258158 to 30.90568992 and longitude of 74.46724953 to 77.53797611 (Fig. 1 ). The geographical area of the state is 44,212 km 2 with a total population of 25,350,000. Haryana has two major physiographic regions: (a) the flat alluvial plain covering most of the state and (b) a strip of the highly dissected Shiwalik range in the North-East (including the narrow foothill zone). The Haryana state falls in the Indo-Gangetic region which is always high in air pollutant concentration level [ 6 , 31 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].

Study Area representing the state of Haryana

2.2 Method in brief

For this study, the two phase methodology was adopted. PM estimation is being done (through a regression analysis using Ground-based PM and Satellite-based AOD) in the first phase, and AQI and ER% were generated (over Haryana through the validated Sentinel-5P pollution products including NO 2 , SO 2 , CO, and CH 4 and estimated PM) in the second phase. Two times data (Table 1 ) were selected based on COVID-19 driven strict lockdown i.e. during (April 2020) and prior to this (April 2019).

The satellite-based pollutant concentrations were validated with respect to ground-based pollutant concentrations at 23 stations. After confirmation of the accuracy of satellite-derived pollutant parameters, the impact of COVID-19 driven lockdown were assessed taking the % difference into the consideration. Further, AQI were estimated, using these pollutants parameters (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 and CO) and a model suggested by CPCB for each cell of 3 × 3 km spatial resolution in ArcGIS 10.6 desktop software. The ER% was also estimated in the same fashion by using existing models [ 5 ]. The impacts of COVID-19 driven lockdown were assessed both for AQI and ER% at the final stage taking % difference into the consideration. Final maps were prepared in ArcGIS 10.6 desktop software. The step-wise method is summarised in Fig. 2 .

Flowchart of the methodology adopted in this study

2.2.1 Satellite data processing and validation

2.2.1.1 processing.

MODIS AOD product was downloaded from National Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA) Earth explorer web site and pre-processed using MODIS MT tool kit. The pre-processed data were used for statistical analysis and comparison before (April, 2019) and during (April, 2020) lockdown period. Differences obtained in AOD due to COVID-19 driven lockdown was tested with t-test (both one and two tailed at p = 0.05). The validated products of MODIS were used for the prediction of Particulate Matter (PM) concentration.

Sentinel 5P data from TROPOMI were processed using SNAP tool. Data spanning from 1 to 30 April were downloaded for two years i.e. 2019 and 2020 on a daily basis. An average were then made for whole month and compared. Values of satellite-based pollutants (SO 2 , NO 2 and CO) were extracted for each of the ground stations and compared with average values of the ground-based pollutants. Ground data for CH 4 was missing and thus no validation was done for CH 4 .

2.2.1.2 Satellite data validation

Satellite observations from Sentinel-5P represent an aggregated concentration of pollutants in the tropospheric column [ 44 ]. The major problem in the validation of these pollution parameters is their measurement unit which is in mol/m 2 , whereas ground-based observations are provided in µg/m 3 . Similar units are essentially required for the validation of the satellite-based products from ground-based observations. So unit conversion of the satellite data from mol/m 2 to µg/m 3 is done initially. Firstly, we converted mol/m 2 into the part per billion (ppb), so to get an order of magnitude estimate for the ppb value and further divided the values by the height of the troposphere i.e. 10 km (0.1 mol/m 2 /10 km = > 0.00001 mol/m 3 ). Then we use a gas concentration converter to convert the unit from mol/m 2 to mol/m 3 . The whole concept may be summarised following the arithmetic expressions (Eqs. 1 – 4 ) as suggested by [ 45 , 46 ]:

For tropospheric column we have

From Eqs. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), we have

Now, further the methods for converting ppb into µg/m 3 [ 45 ]:

where M = molecular mass (SO 2 = 64, NO 2 = 46, CO = 28 and CH 4 = 16), T = Surface Temperature (which is taken on average of April month as 32 °C), So putting above value in Eq. 4 , we have,

The data was further normalised using KNN method as suggested by [ 47 ].

For the ground data, the heterogeneity is quite high for validation purposes. So to regularize the data, first, we have to fill in the missing values, so as to have continuous data. For that KNN method was used with a weighted average of the nearest neighbour values. The Eq. ( 5 ) used for that is mentioned below [ 47 ]:

where $\hat{y}$ = predicted value for the missing values, ${y}_{i}$ = real valued target as training data for ith observation, $k$ = KNN scale factor.

After the filling of the missing value, the data was ready for validation. This has also been suggested that a process called scaling may provide more reliable results for validation. Thus, the Scaling was performed using the method suggested by Patro and Sahu [ 48 ] however, the final results were presented with normalized data only to maintain the consistency of the units of the pollution parameters. For the validation we have used correlation method in R software (R 4.0.5 for Windows). Correlation is a bivariate analysis that measures the strength of association between two variables and the direction of the relationship. Ground data from 23 ground stations and relative point value depicted from satellites are taken as input data.

2.2.2 Assessment of impact of COVID-19 on air pollutants

Satellite-based pollutant concentration for PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and CH 4 were obtained for the April month for the year 2019 and 2020 at each ground station. Further, the significance of differences obtained in the pollutant concentration at each station were tested using t-significance test in microsoft excel for conforming our null hypothesis. Average of all the locations were then estimated for concluding the over all reduction in the pollutant concentration over the study area due to COVID-19 driven lockdown. District-wise statistics was also estimated for the assessment of impact of COVID-19 driven lockdown on average concentration of pollutants at district-level.

2.2.3 Calculation of air quality index (AQI)

Standard model suggested by CPCB [ 30 ] has been used for the calculation of AQI. The criteria pollutants from satellite based measurements including PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 and CO were used for AQI estimation. The average pollutant concentration at each location (23 representing districts of the Haryana) were collected from satellite data only and subjected to the criteria set by CPCB for Indian conditions. The AQI of the year 2019 for each station were then compared with the respective AQI of the year 2020 and differences were tested using t-test of significance. The formula used for AQI is presented as Eq. 7 [ 30 ]:

where I HI = AQI Value Corresponding of the B HI , B HI = Greater Breakdown Concentration, I LO = AQI Value Corresponding of the B LO , B LO = Smaller Breakdown Concentration, C p = Concentration of Pollutant, 1…n = Pollutants taken.

Similar criteria [i.e. 30 ] were used for the spatial mapping of AQI. The sentinel-5P data were resampled to a grid of 3 × 3 km spatial resolution from its original 7 × 7 km using the nearest neighbour method so that it can be processed with the MODIS-derived PM2.5 and PM10. Each grid of 3 × 3 km for all the criteria parameters (including PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO) was then used for the AQI calculation after their conversion to a point feature. The estimated AQI associated with point feature were then converted to a surface of 3 × 3 km spatial resolution using Kriging interpolation techniques as suggested by Saniei et al. [ 49 ].

2.2.4 Calculation of ER%

The ER% is an indicator of health risk and originates due to an increase in air pollution level or increase in the value of AQI. The estimation of ER% is a two-step process, where the first step includes the calculation of relative risk (RR%), and the second step involves the estimation of ER% [ 5 , 31 ] following Eqs. 7 , 8 , and 9 .

where RR i is the Relative Risk of pollutant i , β i is the exposure–response coefficient of additional health risk (Such as mortality) caused by per unit of pollutant i , when it exceeds a threshold concentration (0.038, 0.032, 0.13, 3.7, and 0.081 for PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , CO, and SO2 respectively). C i is the concentration of the pollutant i and C i,0 is the threshold concentration ((35, 50, 40, 2, and 50 for PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , CO, and SO 2 respectively) of pollutant (when threshold concentration of pollutant is less than the pollutant concentration then the relative risk is greater than 0). ER i is the excess risk for individual pollutants and ER total is the excess risk associated with all the pollutants. The spatial mapping of ER% was done with a similar process as adopted for the AQI in this study.

3 Results and discussion

Satellite-based air quality assessments in terms of pollutant concentrations, AQI, and ER%, were done using satellite measurements in COVID-19 (April 2020) and NON-COVID (April 2019) scenarios over Haryana, situated in the Northern part of India. The selection of period was done, with the assumption, that the COVID-19 driven lockdown would have resulted in the reduction of pollutant level in the study area as reported for other parts of the world [ 9 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 25 , 26 ]. Validation showed a high correlation between satellites measured concentration of air pollutants with that of ground-based pollutants (r 2 = > 0.5, p = 0.00). This indicates the potential of satellite-based products for regular air quality monitoring and ER% assessment. Our findings regarding the reduction in air pollution concentration due to COVID-19 driven lockdown were consistent with Ranja et al. [ 4 ], Sharma et al. [ 5 ], Siddiqui et al. [ 6 ], Sur et al. [ 12 ], and Singh and Nanda [ 27 ], among others. Objective-wise descriptions of results are described in forthcoming sections.

3.1 Validation of satellite derived pollutants

The validation results are presented in Fig. 3 a–f and Table 2 respectively, for AOD, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO. Validation for CH 4 could not be done due to the lack of ground data related to CH 4 . Results showed consistently significant agreement between satellite-derived pollutants and ground-based pollutants.

Scatter plots for the validation of satellite derived parameters with ground measurements during April 2019 and 2020: a AOD (2016–2019, Goswami et al., 2020, Red dots presents Amity University, Gurgram and Blue dots presentsGual Pahari, Gurgram Locations), b PM2.5, c PM10, d SO2, e NO2, f CO

3.2 Variation in satellite based air pollutants in response to lockdown

Variations in the concentration of air pollutants are presented in Fig. 4 a–g. State-level statistics for all the Pollutants for 2019 and 2020 are presented in Table 4 and a decrease/increase in the concentrations (as a result of COVID-19 driven lockdown) is presented in Table 5 . Pollutant-wise concentration variations are described in forthcoming sub-sections.

Spatial varition in average conectartion of pollutants during April 2019 (left), and 2020 (right): a AOD, b PM2.5, c PM10, d SO2, e NO2, f CO, g CH4

3.2.1 AOD variations

AOD is an indicator of air pollution. Industrial activities, transport, and biomass burning along with the natural dusty air current from the desert are the central sources of AOD over the study area. The AOD showed varying patterns over Haryana (Fig. 4 a). The AOD for April month were ranging from 0 to 1.35 for both 2019 to 2020. Relatively high AOD were obtained in the National Capital Region (NCR) districts of Haryana for both years [ 27 ]. However, in the year of lockdown, the AOD concentration was very less as compared to the AOD concentration in 2019 (Fig. 4 a).

The average AOD in the April month of the year 2019 was 0.626 ± 0.07 with a minimum of 0.073 (in Mahendragarh district) and a maximum of 0.947 (in Kaithal district). The average AOD in the same month of the year 2020 during lockdown was 0.386 ± 0.058 with a minimum − 0.05 (in Bhiwani district) and a maximum of 0.651 (in Sonipat district). Both the average and standard deviation (SD) were less during the lockdown period, and the average was significantly reduced ( p = 0.05), showing the reduced level of pollutant gasses in the atmosphere during the lockdown. A total of 38% decrease was observed in average AOD due to COVID-19 lockdown (Table 3 ).

High AOD concentration over Haryana is attributed to the contribution of agriculture practices, crop residue burning, vehicular pollution, and natural dusty wind, among others [ 4 , 27 , 28 ]. The range of previous year AOD and mean concentration of last four years (also reported in another study by Goswami and Singh [ 56 ]) were higher than the current year. However, in 2020, the AOD decreased by 38% as compared to the previous year. Similar results have been reported by Ranjan et al. over Indian region [ 4 ]. The low AOD values are attributed due to the COVID-19 driven lockdown. Reduced vehicle movement, reduced agriculture practices, and reduced burning of biomass have created the total decrease in AOD [ 4 , 27 ]. Our findings show consistency with Ranjan et al. [ 4 ], Sharma et al. [ 5 ], and Singh and Nanda [ 27 ].

3.2.2 PM 2.5 and PM 10 variation

The PM 2.5 was ranging from 17.34 to 129.6 µg/m 3 . PM 2.5 concentration was found to be higher during April 2019 as compared to April 2020 (Fig. 4 b). The average concentration of the PM 2.5 for the year 2019 (without lockdown) was 106 ± 4.527 µg/m 3 . At the same time, the PM 2.5 concentration for the year 2020 (during lockdown) was 47.5 ± 1.64 µg/m 3 . This showed a total of 55% reduction in the level of PM 2.5 due to lockdown (Table 4 ). Faridabad was found to be with high PM 2.5 concentration.

Satellite-based PM10 showed high agreement with ground-based data, similar to other studies of [ 1 , 29 ]. The PM 10 was ranging from 48.29 to 372.45 µg/m 3 . The PM 10 concentration was found to be higher during April 2019 as compared to the concentration of PM 10 in April 2020 (Fig. 4 c). The average concentration of the PM 10 for the April month of the year 2019 (without lockdown) was 283 ± 8.5 µg/m 3 . At the same time, the PM 10 concentration for the April month of the year 2020 (during lockdown) was 109.5 ± 3.6 µg/m 3 . This showed a total of 61% reduction in the level of PM 10 due to lockdown (Table 4 ). The PM 10 concentration was found to be very high over the Faridabad area in the year 2019.

PM 2.5 and PM 10 showed a 55% and 61% decrease in concentration due to lockdown. Similar reduction in the PM 2.5 and PM 10 were observed in Baghdad [ 9 ], Malaysia [ 19 ], South America [ 17 ], and China [ 26 ] among others. The major source of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in this region is the natural dusty wind, vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, and stubble burning [ 10 , 27 , 28 ]. The districts that fall in the NCR region (i.e. Faridabad, Gurugram, Jhajjar, and Sonipat) showed high PM 2.5 values even in the lockdown scenario [ 27 ]. This may be due to the limited movement of vehicles in these regions along with agriculture residue burning which is prevalent during this period in normal years.

3.2.3 SO 2 variation

SO 2 were found to be consistently higher and spatially variable in non-COVID scenario i.e. in the April month of the year 2019, as compared to April 2020 (Fig. 4 d). The effect of COVID-19 driven lockdown on SO 2 concentration was seen in the form of a reduction of 31%. The average SO 2 in the April month of the year 2019 was 23.7 ± 7.85 (µg/m 3 ) and for April 2020 it was 16.5 ± 7.03 (µg/m 3 ).

A significant reduction of 31% ( p = 0.00) was observed in SO 2 over the region, during COVID-19 scenario. The reduction is attributed to the lockdown as most of the industrial activities, vehicular movements, and Brick cline operations were stopped during COVID-19. Similar reductions (19.51%) in the SO 2 concentration were observed over South and South East Asian region due to lockdown amid COVID-19 [ 20 ].

3.2.4 NO 2 variation

NO 2 was also found to be higher in the non-COVID scenario (Fig. 4 e). The NO 2 values were ranging from 20.02 (µg/m 3 ) to 61.14 (µg/m 3 ) with an average 20.94 ± 3.75 (µg/m 3 ) for April 2019 which get reduced by 10% to reach an average of 18.77 ± 3.93 (µg/m 3 ) for April 2020. The difference in mean concentration was significant ( p = 0.05).

NO 2 also showed a decrease in concentration and results were following other studies from across the world such as Siddiqui et al. and Sur et al. [ 6 , 12 ] in India, Dantas et al. [ 13 ] in Brazil, Brimblecombe and Lai [ 21 ] in China, and Jephcote et al. [ 22 ] in United Kingdom (UK). Though the decrease in NO 2 concentration was significant ( p = 0.05), it decreased less as compared to other pollutants (except CO and CH 4 ). This may be attributed due to the vehicle movements in local areas [ 22 ] for the distribution of facilities to the migrants and low-income group peoples.

3.2.5 CO variation

CO mainly originates from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel. The spatial distribution of CO concentration was found to be decreasing in the year 2020 (Fig. 4 f). Spatial statistics at the district level show a 5% decrease (Tables 4 and 5 ). Gurugram, Faridabad, and districts near Yamunanagar were having very high CO concentration in April 2019 which gets reduced in the COVID-19 scenario.

CO showed a decrease in concentration by 5% in the strict lockdown scenario. CO was found to be high in the Faridabad district during April month of the year 2019 which get significantly reduced in the April month of the year 2020 by 15%. A similar decrease was observed in the northern districts (Karnal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, and Yamunanagar) of the state. The industrial operations were closed during the COVID-19 lockdown and thus decrease in the pollution level was observed similar to the others [ 21 ]. The decrease in the CO was actual with high confidence at p < 0.00. Further, coal burning in the street restaurant and stubble burning in the open field has also reduced due to COVID-19 driven lockdown, which further reduces the CO concentration over these regions.

3.2.6 CH 4 variation

CH 4 concentration was consistent during the lockdown period at the district level statistics. However, spatial distribution showed higher CH 4 concentration in non-COVID scenario i.e. in the year 2019, especially in Gurugram, Faridabad, and Palwal region. Southern portions were found to be with high CH 4 concentration (Fig. 4 g). Only a 1% decrease was observed in CH 4 due to COVID-driven lockdown.

CH 4 concentration was consistent and a minor reduction (1%) was observed. The southern part of the state had shown high CH 4 in both years. The high concentration of CH 4 over southern-districts may be due to emission from higher livestock populations in the southern part of the Haryana, low-lying wet areas, and prevailing wind direction from North (Paddy belt) to South. Small differences in CH 4 during April lockdown may also be attributed to the missing data in the year 2020.

3.3 Impact of COVID-19 on AQI and ER%

Significant reduction in the AQI and ER% were observed (Figs. 5 , 6 ). Impact of COVID-19 on AQI (Fig. 5 a, b) was seen in the form of reduced values and improved air quality in the April month of the year 2020 (Fig. 5 b) as compared to April 2019 (Fig. 5 a). The average AQI was 176 in the April month of the year 2019 while 99 in April 2020. At the district level, the AQI was moderate to unhealthy (for sensitive groups) (Figs. 5 a, b, 7 a). However, the AQI was consistently higher (> 150) for all the districts in the non-COVID scenario (year, 2019) and at a low to moderate level, i.e. < 100 during the lockdown phase.

AQI for the month of April, a 2019, and b 2020

ER% for the month of April, a 2019, and b 2020

District-wise, a AQI, and b ER%, for entire Haryana, before (blue bars) and during (red bars) COVID-19 lockdown

All the districts have shown a considerable decrease in the ER% due to lockdown amid COVID-19 (Figs. 6 a, b, 7 b). Overall, ER% in the state get significantly reduced ( p = 0.00). We have also observed a hotspot over the Faridabad district, which is an industrial area. High ER% was also observed for Fatehabad, Mahendragarh, and Yamunanagar districts during April 2019. However, the same was not observed for April 2020.

Interestingly, the areas with industries have shown relatively high ER% during the year 2020. This showed that the industrial operations were not stopped during the lockdown period and these areas serve as a hotspot of pollution during lockdown which was otherwise not clear in the year 2019. The AQI, as well as ER%, have shown a gradual decrease i.e. 44% and 71% respectively during the lockdown phase. As we can see in Fig. 6 , the hotspot was shown in the parts of Faridabad during April 2019 and 2020.

This part has been further visualised in Google Earth and concluded that this area consists heavily of industry, causing a release of the high volume of particulate matter and other pollutants, due to which there is a hotspot of AQI and ER% (Fig. 8 ). But still, during the lockdown, these areas have shown a low scale of AQI and decreased considerably from unhealthy to moderate level.

AQI hotspot visible during lockdown period associated with industries in these areas. The industries showed are only representative and the contribution of other sources/industries is combined

AQI completely based on satellite measured products along with the estimation of ER% is the novelty of the current work. A significant ( p = 0.00) reduction (44%) in the AQI values was observed due to the reduction in the concentration of criteria pollutants. Our findings were consistent with the [ 5 , 9 , 20 ]. Most of the region comes near to the satisfactory level of AQI as per the Government norms during the lockdown. Improvement in AQI and ER% was observed in all the districts due to reduced industrial operations, agriculture practices like residue burning, and transport activities as a result of COVID-19 driven lockdown enforcement [ 1 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 17 ].

This analysis showed the industrial pollution was prevailing during the lockdown and highlighted the places of industrial operations even in lockdown enforcement conditions. The method proposed in this work is having global importance and can be applied for the regular monitoring of satellite-based AQI and ER% as both the parameters are in high agreement with ground-based estimates.

3.4 Validation of AQI and ER%

We have also validated satellite-based AQI and ER% with ground-based AQI and ER%. A very high correlation was observed between satellite-based AQI and ground-based AQI. The validation results have shown a very good agreement with r 2 > 0.88 and 0.94 for AQI and ER%. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for AQI was 23.05 and for ER% it was 1.12. The correlation plots are presented in Fig. 9 a, b.

Scatter plot for satellite and ground-based AQI and ER% validation, a AQI and b ER%

4 Conclusions

Based on the analysis of satellite derived air pollutants, AQI, and ER% for April 2019 (non-COVID) and 2020 (with COVID), over Haryana state, India, some of the key conclusions are drown. Significant differences in the concentration of almost all the pollutants were observed due to COVID-19 driven lockdown measures. Highest decrease was observed in PM 10 followed by PM 2.5 , AOD, SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and CH 4 . Improved air quality (AQI) and Health Risk (ER%) is also resulted from lockdown measures. Satellite data showed a good agreement with ground observations (r 2 > 0.5 for all the pollutants). We consider AQI and ER% assessment as an important aspect of our work, where we have used only satellite derived parameters. Satellite-based AQI showed high correlation and less error (r 2 = 0.88, and low RMSE of 23.05) with AQI estimated from ground-based data. Significant reduction (44%) in AQI values indicates the improvement of air quality of the study area due to the COVID-19 driven lockdown, which is far better than the decided limit (20–30%) of NCAP target. Simultaneously, the ER% derived from satellite-based data also showed decrease of 71% with respected to the previous year’s ER%. The currently identified ER% from satellite-measured parameters showed a very good agreement with ER% calculated from ground-based data with r 2 0.93 and RMSE 1.12. Satellite-based ER% assessed in this study is a novel work and maybe up-scaled to the global scale. It may be beneficial for the health management of the global population.

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Authors are thankful to ESA and NASA for satellite data. CPCB is also acknowledged for providing ground/stations data. Director, HARSAC is acknowledged for providing lab facilities. Environment and Climate Change Department, Haryana is acknowledged for funding the research (Programme Code: P-31-1-1-3435-03-800-95-51).

Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC), Citizen Resource Information Department, CCS HAU Campus, Hiasr, Haryana, 125004, India

Dharmendra Singh, Chintan Nanda & Meenakshi Dahiya

Correspondence to Dharmendra Singh .

Conflict of interest.

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Singh, D., Nanda, C. & Dahiya, M. State of air pollutants and related health risk over Haryana India as viewed from satellite platform in COVID-19 lockdown scenario. Spat. Inf. Res. 30 , 47–62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-021-00410-9

Received : 27 December 2020

Revised : 10 June 2021

Accepted : 27 June 2021

Published : 21 July 2021

Issue Date : February 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-021-00410-9

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Haryana govt prepares action plan to improve air quality

Stating that air pollution can only be reduced with the inclusive, economical and innovative approach, the chief secretary directed the officers to strictly follow the policy of caqm.

: The Haryana government has prepared an action plan under the policy formulated by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) for sustainable improvement in air quality in Delhi-NCR region and adjoining areas, chief secretary Sanjeev Kaushal said on Monday.

Haryana govt prepares action plan to improve air quality

Stating that air pollution can only be reduced with the inclusive, economical and innovative approach, the chief secretary directed the officers to strictly follow the policy of CAQM and complete their work within the stipulated time period.

He said the objective of the state government is to bring down the level of air pollution by implementing the action plan effectively at the ground level.

Kaushal said that every necessary step is being taken to contain air pollution.

An official spokesperson said in order to reduce the incidents of stubble burning in the state, proper arrangements have been put in place by the agriculture department for crop residue management that includes ex- situ and in-situ management. ENDS

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Biology Article
Essay On Air Pollution 200 Words 500 Words

Essay on Air Pollution

Essay on air pollution is a crucial topic for students from an academic perspective. Moreover, an essay is one of the most effective ways to educate students about the plight of nature and the repercussions of human activities. Creating awareness for future generations is important if we have to undo decades of ignorance and neglect.

Furthermore, air pollution essay helps students to realize the gravity of the scenario and enable them to take action. Some as simple as using public transport or even carpooling will help reduce a significant amount of air pollution. Read on to discover how to write an engaging essay on air pollution.

Essay on Air Pollution – Important Points to Note

Please consider adopting the following points when writing an essay on air pollution. These tips are also helpful for other essay topics as well:

Always begin with an introductory paragraph about the topic, preferably detailing its origin.
Unless the topic is technical, try to avoid jargons.
Present content in bulleted points wherever possible
Insert factual data, such as important dates, places or name wherever possible.
Avoid writing the content in a large monotonous block of text. Remember to break up the content into digestible chunks
Always conclude the essay with a closing paragraph.

Essay on Air Pollution – Sample 1 (200 Words)

Air pollution is a serious issue and a cause for major concern in today’s world. A report published in 2014 by the World Health Organisation states that 4.21 million individuals died prematurely in 2012 as a result of air pollution. Air pollution existed much before humans, in the form of volcanic eruptions and forest fires. However, it became much more prevalent after the Industrial Revolution.

Rapid industrial growth, unregulated emissions and a host of other issues significantly contributed to the rise in air pollution. In some cases, the severity of air pollution reached an extent where government intervention was necessary. The Great Smog of London, 1952, was an extreme case of air pollution where visibility was severely hampered. It also caused a host of illnesses and the consequent deaths of countless civilians. In November 2017, the levels of air pollution in Delhi were ten times above the safe limits. For reference, the healthy air quality index is between 0 to 50, but during that particular time period, the air quality index hit 500+. This event is now called the Great Smog of Delhi.

An air quality index of 500 and above indicates that the air is heavily polluted and will cause irreversible lung damage and a host of other illnesses to everyone who is exposed to it. Therefore, to avoid such situations in the future, relevant actions must be implemented.

Essay on Air Pollution – Sample 2 (500 Words)

Air pollution may seem like the result of anthropological activities, however, it has been around even before humans evolved. Places which are naturally arid and have minimal vegetation are prone to dust storms. When this particulate matter is added to the air, it can cause health issues in animals exposed to the dust storms.

Furthermore, active volcanoes pump extremely large amounts of toxic plumes and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Wildfires also pump large amounts of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere and hamper photosynthesis for plants. Even animals, especially ruminants such as cows contribute to global warming by producing large quantities of methane, a greenhouse gas.

However, air pollution was never a major concern until the industrial revolution. Industries grew rapidly, untreated emissions were pumped into the atmosphere, and the rise of automobiles significantly contributed to air pollution. Such activities continued without any restrictions until they started to cause a wide range of repercussions.

In humans, air polluted with contaminants can cause a wide array of illnesses ranging from asthma and bronchitis the various forms of cancer. Air pollution is not only present outdoors; interior air pollution is also a great concern. Recent research has actually found credible evidence that room fresheners have the many compounds within them, some of which are classified carcinogens. This means some of those compounds present in the aerosol has the potential to cause some forms of cancer. Other sources of air pollution can include gases such as carbon monoxide and radon.

Radon, in particular, is quite alarming. It is an odourless, colourless gas that occurs naturally. It is found in the soil as Uranium, which breaks down and eventually turns into radon gas. Radon has limited repercussions on health if exposed to low concentrations, however, when this gas gets trapped indoor, the higher levels of concentration can have wreak havoc or ultimately be lethal. Radon is also reported to be released from building materials such as granite. Exposure to radon causes no immediate health effects, but long term exposure has the potential to cause lung cancer.

Air pollution not only affects the lungs but the central nervous system too. It has been linked to a lot of diseases such as schizophrenia and autism. A study also implied that it can cause short-term memory losses or distortion of memory.

Historically, air pollution has caused many crises with the worst ever being the Bhopal Disaster in 1984. Fatalities were estimated at 3,800, with at least 600,000 injured. Next in severity was the Great Smog of 1952 which formed over London, killing an estimated 4,000 civilians over the course of four days.

Though measures have been taken to reduce the effects of air pollution, a lot of irreversible damage has been done. For instance, the effects of global warming have drastically increased; this is very apparent with the rise in sea levels and melting glaciers. If the ice caps continue to melt, then we will have to face drastic repercussions. Scientists have proposed a hypothetical scenario where the greenhouse effect becomes “uncontrolled.” Here, greenhouse gases build up and temperatures continue to rise steeply. Oceans will start to evaporate, adding more water vapour into the earth’s atmosphere. This intensifies the effect, reaching a point where temperatures are sufficiently high for rocks start sublimating. Though this scenario is hypothetical, some speculate that this phenomenon already occurred on Venus. The supporters of this theory back this up by claiming Venus has an atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. The theory also explains why Venus has an extremely high surface temperature of 462 degrees Celcius; which is in fact, the hottest planet in the solar system.

Hence, we need to reduce our impact on the planet and make a conscious effort to reduce air pollution. Explore more essay topics or other fascinating concepts by registering at BYJU’S

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Air quality in Haryana

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Criteria air pollutants
pollutant	common sources	maximum acceptable concentration in the atmosphere	environmental risks	human health risks
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
carbon monoxide (CO)	automobile emissions, fires, industrial processes	35 ppm (1-hour period); 9 ppm (8-hour period)	contributes to smog formation	exacerbates symptoms of heart disease, such as chest pain; may cause vision problems and reduce physical and mental capabilities in healthy people
nitrogen oxides (NO and NO )	automobile emissions, electricity generation, industrial processes	0.053 ppm (1-year period)	damage to foliage; contributes to smog formation	inflammation and irritation of breathing passages
sulfur dioxide (SO )	electricity generation, fossil-fuel combustion, industrial processes, automobile emissions	0.03 ppm (1-year period); 0.14 ppm (24-hour period)	major cause of haze; contributes to acid rain formation, which subsequently damages foliage, buildings, and monuments; reacts to form particulate matter	breathing difficulties, particularly for people with asthma and heart disease
ozone (O )	nitrogen oxides (NO ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial and automobile emissions, gasoline vapours, chemical solvents, and electrical utilities	0.075 ppm (8-hour period)	interferes with the ability of certain plants to respire, leading to increased susceptibility to other environmental stressors (e.g., disease, harsh weather)	reduced lung function; irritation and inflammation of breathing passages
particulate matter	sources of primary particles include fires, smokestacks, construction sites, and unpaved roads; sources of secondary particles include reactions between gaseous chemicals emitted by power plants and automobiles	150 μg/m (24-hour period for particles <10 μm); 35 μg/m (24-hour period for particles <2.5 μm)	contributes to formation of haze as well as acid rain, which changes the pH balance of waterways and damages foliage, buildings, and monuments	irritation of breathing passages, aggravation of asthma, irregular heartbeat
lead (Pb)	metal processing, waste incineration, fossil-fuel combustion	0.15 μg/m (rolling three-month average); 1.5 μg/m (quarterly average)	loss of biodiversity, decreased reproduction, neurological problems in vertebrates	adverse effects upon multiple bodily systems; may contribute to learning disabilities when young children are exposed; cardiovascular effects in adults

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Make Your Note

Air Pollution & Concerted Efforts

24 Oct 2020
GS Paper - 3
Environmental Pollution & Degradation

This article is based on “Poor air quality is a danger to public health” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 23/10/2020. It talks about the issue of Air pollution and the need for concerted efforts to deal with it.

Recently, the State of Global Air 2020 report was released. The report has highlighted two warnings for India. Firstly, India recorded the highest annual average PM 2.5 concentration exposure in the world in 2019. Secondly, the country has had the worst levels of PM 2.5 levels in the world for the last decade.

Despite many efforts taken by the government to tackle air pollution, the Indo-Gangetic plains pollution load has remained high. Moreover, air pollution has now become the largest risk factor for death among all health risks.

Hence, in order to mitigate the deleterious impact of air pollution on the health of the people, there is a need for urgent concerted effort to tackle this public issue.

Pollutants Causing Effect on Health

Pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), Ozone (O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2).
These pollutants are capable of penetrating deep into lung passageways and entering the bloodstream causing cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory impacts.

Various Reports on Effect of Air Pollution

In 2019, over 116,000 infants in India died within a month after birth due to exposure to severe air pollution.
The report also suggests exposure to polluted air during pregnancy is linked to low weight and premature birth.
Further, it noted that long-term exposure to outdoor and household air pollution contributed to over 1.67 million annual deaths from stroke, heart attack, diabetes, lung cancer, chronic lung diseases, and neonatal diseases in India in 2019.
It kills 7 million people a year, far more than HIV, tuberculosis and malaria combined,
An estimated 4.2 million premature deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution, mainly from heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and acute respiratory infections in children.
$225bn is lost labour income in 2013, or $5.11tn per year (about $1m a minute), if welfare losses are also added.

Source of Air Pollution

Several man-made factors, vehicular emissions, construction dust, garbage burning causes severe pollution.
The particles can be made of black carbon, nitrates, sulphates, ammonia or mineral dust.
Further, stubble burning is also one of the major sources of air pollution in northern India, especially in winters.
Natural Sources: Apart from it, there are some natural sources of outdoor air pollution such as dust storms.

Way Forward

Expanding the knowledge base
Monitoring and reporting
Global leadership and coordination
Institutional capacity strengthening
The application of Graded Response Action Plan in the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) is a step in the right direction.
Innovative Measure: There is a need to adopt innovative solutions for in-situ treatment of pollution. For example, the Delhi government is also experimenting with a new organic way of decomposing stubble with Indian Agriculture Research Institute’s “Pusa decomposer”.
Therefore, citizens should continue to stand up for their right to healthy and sustainable environments and hold governments accountable.
Thereby, the need to enforce Polluter Pay principle and an environment tax must be levied from industries of polluting in nature.

Fighting air pollution is a public issue and subsequently an everybody’s responsibility. Therefore, the need is for concerted and coordinated efforts with active involvement of all the stakeholders. This should include the Government (national, state and local governments), cities, community at large and individuals.

Further, there is a need for policy which envisages a healthy energy transition and healthy urban planning transition.

“India recorded the highest annual average PM 2.5 concentration exposure in the world in 2019.” In the light of the statement discuss the need for urgent concerted effort to tackle this public issue.

This editorial is based on “Poor air quality is a danger to public health” which was published in The Hindustan Times on October 23 th , 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.

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Here’s Where Kamala Harris Stands on Climate

She pursued polluters as attorney general in California and later staked out bold positions as a senator, including sponsorship of the Green New Deal.

Kamala Harris, dressed in a brown jacket and white blouse, gestures as she speaks at a podium.

By Lisa Friedman

July 22, 2024

Vice President Kamala Harris has for years made the environment a top concern, from prosecuting polluters as California’s attorney general to sponsoring the Green New Deal as a senator to casting the tiebreaking vote as vice president for the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, the largest climate investment in United States history.

As she runs for the White House, Ms. Harris is widely expected to try to protect the climate achievements of the Biden administration, a position that could resonate with voters during a summer of record heat. A clear majority of Americans, 65 percent, wants the country to focus on increasing solar, wind and other renewable energy and not fossil fuels, according to a May survey by the Pew Research Center.

Last year, Ms. Harris flew to the United Nations global climate summit in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, where she told world leaders that “the urgency of this moment is clear. The clock is no longer just ticking, it is banging. And we must make up for lost time.”

That was a subtle reference to former President Donald J. Trump, who made the United States the first and only country to withdraw from the global Paris Agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions. (The United States subsequently rejoined under President Biden.) The Republican nominee in the current race for the White House, Mr. Trump has indicated that he would again pull back from the global fight against climate change if he is elected in November.

“Around the world, there are those who seek to slow or stop our progress, leaders who deny climate science, delay climate action, and spread misinformation,” Ms. Harris said at the summit. “In the face of their resistance and in the context of this moment, we must do more.”

Republicans have targeted the Inflation Reduction Act, promising to overturn it if they win control of Congress and the White House. That law pumps more than $370 billion over 10 years into wind, solar, batteries and electric vehicles. It is designed to help the country move away from fossil fuels, the burning of which is driving up global temperatures. At their convention last week, Republicans promised to halt any transition away from oil, gas and coal, and to promote more fossil fuel development.

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Study area. The study area (Haryana state) is situated in the northern part of India and bounded within the latitude of 27.64258158 to 30.90568992 and longitude of 74.46724953 to 77.53797611 (Fig. 1).The geographical area of the state is 44,212 km 2 with a total population of 25,350,000. Haryana has two major physiographic regions: (a) the flat alluvial plain covering most of the state and (b ...

Delhi had the highest per-capita economic loss due to air pollution, followed by Haryana in 2019, with 5·4 times variation across all states. Interpretation. ... and references in these papers and reports, using the search terms "air pollutants", "air pollution", "ambient ozone pollution", "ambient particulate matter pollution

India has disproportionately high mortality and disease burden due to air pollution. This burden is generally highest in the low SDI states of north India. ... Delhi had the highest annual population-weighted mean PM 2·5 in 2017, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Haryana in north India, all with mean values greater than 125 μg/m 3. The ...

Air pollution is a global public health emergency. Currently 22,858,019 people in Haryana are breathing toxic air that does not meet WHO's clean air guidelines. The district with the worst air pollution in Haryana is Rohtak, where PM2.5 is forecasted to be 154.7 µg/m3 . That's very unhealthy.

Enhancements to Haryana's air quality monitoring infrastructure are part of the project. This includes establishing a cutting-edge laboratory and modernizing existing ones. A dedicated program management unit will oversee project implementation. Training programs for stakeholders engaged in air quality management are included.

Abstract. Air pollution is a pressing global environmental challenge with far-reaching consequences for human health and well-being. This research paper presents an extensive examination of air ...

1. Introduction. Stubble burning is one of the major contributors to atmospheric pollution in the world releasing particulate and gaseous pollutants that have severe effects on human health and the environment (Sharma et al., 2010).It is a significant source of air pollution in many parts of the world being only the 3 rd after industrial and vehicular emissions (Gurjar et al., 2016; Krishna et ...

Short-term and long-term adverse effects on human health are observed. VOCs are responsible for indoor air smells. Short-term exposure is found to cause irritation of eyes, nose, throat, and mucosal membranes, while those of long duration exposure include toxic reactions ( 92 ).

aggravated because of four developments: Increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid economic development, and industrialization contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances Major air pollutants and their sources Carbon monoxide (CO) It is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon - based fuels including petrol, diesel, ... Read more Air ...

Fig 4 The most air pollution in Haryana is in Faridabad in Sector 16 A recorded on Diwali day. Air pollution in Punjab. Fig 5 Air Quality in Metro Cities 2009 in which Delhi has PM 10 value 243 and that of Ludhiana is 254. Diwali day Punjab Mandi Govindgarh at high value of PM2.5 222 and less of all is Bathinda with PM2.5 value of 118.

Know what you breathe and the quality of air in your city and nearby locations. Real-time AQI, map, weather & fire data, health advice with insightful & analytical dashboards. Current Haryana Air Quality Index (AQI) is 72 MODERATE level with real-time air pollution PM2.5 (36µg/m³), PM10 (61µg/m³), Temperature (38°C) in India.

In addition, while severe air pollution has been observed in cities such as Delhi 7,9,16,22, we acknowledge that crop residue burning is one of several factors in urban air pollution, rather than ...

2.1 Study area. The study area (Haryana state) is situated in the northern part of India and bounded within the latitude of 27.64258158 to 30.90568992 and longitude of 74.46724953 to 77.53797611 (Fig. 1).The geographical area of the state is 44,212 km 2 with a total population of 25,350,000. Haryana has two major physiographic regions: (a) the flat alluvial plain covering most of the state and ...

Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are most polluted. During smog of November 2017, Air quality index of Gurugram and Faridabad showed that the density of Fine particulates (2.5 PM diameter) was an average of 400 PM and monthly average of Haryana was 60 PM. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and ...

AQI in 8 Haryana cities turn 'severe', 'very poor' in 7 others. As per the data released by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), those in the 'severe' category include Fatehabad ...

Look at the Air Pollution Essay for Students. Also, find out the different types of pollution, effects of air pollution, different types of pollutants, and more. English . Get Started; ... Haryana, India, 122003 [email protected] Toll Free:1800 203 0577. Office Hours: 10 AM to 7 PM (all 7 days) Company. About us Careers .

Haryana govt prepares action plan to improve air quality. By HT Correspondent, Chandigarh. Oct 04, 2022 02:03 AM IST. Stating that air pollution can only be reduced with the inclusive, economical ...

Essay on Air Pollution - Sample 1 (200 Words) Air pollution is a serious issue and a cause for major concern in today's world. A report published in 2014 by the World Health Organisation states that 4.21 million individuals died prematurely in 2012 as a result of air pollution. Air pollution existed much before humans, in the form of ...

Haryana Air Quality Index (AQI). Read the air pollution in Haryana, India, get real-time, historical and forecast PM2.5 and weather data with AirVisual. ... and PM2.5 air pollution in Haryana. LOCATE ME . Last update at 06:52, Jun 26 . LIVE AQI CITY RANKING. Real-time Haryana Most polluted city ranking # city US AQI; 1: Dharuhera: 175 . 2 ...

The Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) is planning to carry out a yearlong study to identify the sources of pollution and the amount of their contribution in the air in 14 NCR districts ...

Air pollution, release into the atmosphere of various gases, finely divided solids, or finely dispersed liquid aerosols at rates that exceed the natural capacity of the environment to dissipate and dilute or absorb them. High concentrations can cause undesirable health, economic, or aesthetic effects.

Recently, Delhi got a trailer of the inevitable environmental misery that awaits it in the coming months: Air pollution. On Some day, the air quality index surpassed 300 on a scale topping out at 500, as a blanket of haze shrouded the skies and a distinct smell of dust and smoke pervaded the outdoors. Luckily, winds picked up the following day and the skies cleared up.

Air Pollution & Concerted Efforts. This article is based on "Poor air quality is a danger to public health" which was published in The Hindustan Times on 23/10/2020. It talks about the issue of Air pollution and the need for concerted efforts to deal with it. Recently, the State of Global Air 2020 report was released.

Pollution Near E-Commerce Hubs: Research showed truck-related releases of nitrogen dioxide, which can cause asthma, concentrated around some 150,000 warehouses nationwide.

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application letter to request for loan

WTO / Applications / 20 Best Loan Application Letter Samples (Guide and Format)

20 Best Loan Application Letter Samples (Guide and Format)

An application letter for a loan is a formal letter written to a financial institution by a borrower requesting a loan, payable in a specified amount of time.

The letter helps lenders get acquainted with the borrowers better to determine if they qualify for the loan based on the information provided or not. Writing it is important because it helps convince lending institutions to lend you a specific amount of money. It is their first impression of you, which is why it should be written with great care. In this article, we will guide you on how to write it, the type of information you should provide, and some pointers that will help you highlight your strengths in the letter.

Brief Overview- What to Include

There are no strict rules for writing an application for a loan. It depends on the borrower to decide what information to include, but the following items are typically included in it:

Contact information
Explanation of why money is needed
Amount of money being requested
Purpose of the money
Details about employment history
Personal references
Company information
A list of supporting documents

When to Write?

Two main situations warrant this letter. The first instance is when you are seeking a loan from a conventional bank lender. Conventional bank lenders are financial institutions that do not offer loans but make them available to the general public. Conventional banks usually require applicants to submit this application to prove their creditworthiness.

The second situation that warrants its use is when applying for an SBA-guaranteed loan. An SBA-guaranteed loan involves the federal government; applicants must undergo additional screening before they are approved for funding. Applicants can improve their chances of getting an SBA guarantee by submitting a personalized, formal loan application with supporting documentation.

There are situations when you do not necessarily need to write this letter, such as when you are borrowing from friends and family, from an alternative lender who may only require your bank statements or pay slips, when seeking equipment financing, and lastly when you are requesting a business line of credit.

Free Templates

Free Loan Application Letter Template Example

Pre-writing Considerations

Applying for a loan involves being prepared for anything, so it is important to have the things you need before writing. Do some research on your lender, and write down notes about why they are suitable for you and what you would like them to know about your project. Write those questions that may arise during the process of applying for your loan. Check your credit score and know your rights as a borrower when you apply for a loan.

After you have done all of the above, review everything and ensure that what you’ve written is easy to understand by someone who has not read your notes or audited your finances. When applying for a loan in a major financial institution or applying for an SBA loan, you will almost always be required to write an application letter for a loan. It is important to note that unless it is supported by a sound credit situation or proper financial planning, it may not be enough to help you secure the loan.

Fortunately, there are two things that you can do to increase your loan limit and increase your chances of getting a loan. You can first check your business and personal credit scores from accredited credit reporting bureaus such as TransUnion, Equifax, and Experian and take the necessary steps to improve them.

The second thing that you can do is to prepare your business financial statements, i.e., your profit and loss statement, cash-flow statement, balance statement, etc., for the past six months and attach them to your letter. These documents are essential when applying for a loan as they help the financial institution assess your creditworthiness and increase your chances of securing a loan.

How to Write a Loan Application?

Writing it can seem daunting, but it can be a simple process if you follow the proper format and include all the required information.

The following is a summary of the information you must provide in your letter:

The header is an integral part of the standard business letter format. It should include:

Your name and contact information : Make sure to include your full name, address, and contact information. This should include a mailing address with a zip code, a business email address, and your cell phone number where you can be reached.
The date : Include the month, day, and year of the letter. You must ensure that you write the date on which the letter was created.
The name of the recipient : This will be a bank representative in many cases, but it can also be an SBA representative or another financial institution to whom the borrower is addressing the letter.

Subject line

When writing it, make sure to include a clear subject line that will help the recipient understand the purpose of the letter. Make sure to include whether the loan is for personal or professional use in the subject line.

“Loan Request Application Letter.”

Address your letter correctly. If you do not know who will be reading it, write “ To Whom It May Concern .” If you are trying to get a business loan, address it to the company’s representative issuing the loan. If you are applying for a personal loan, address it to the bank or whoever provides it.

Introduction

It should begin with a brief statement of the goal and amount you are requesting. It should also state your qualifications for the loan and any other pertinent information that can be used for your evaluation as a borrower such as your financial status, your work history, the length of time you have been in business, etc.

The body is the main part of the letter, and it should contain all the information the recipient will need to decide whether to grant the loan or deny the request.

Some of the information that must be covered in the body includes:

Basic business information : If you are writing it, the first item to include in the body of the letter is details about your business. This information will help the lender understand who you are and will serve as the foundation for your loan application. Some of the information that you should cover in this section includes your business’s registered name, business type (i.e., partnership , sole proprietorship, LLC , etc.), nature of your business (i.e., what you do), main services and products, your business model, the number of employees that you have, and your annual generated revenue.
The purpose of the loan : You must explain why you need the loan and the purpose for which it is being requested. This can be to purchase or expand a business, for a personal reason, or to pay some debt.
Present yourself as being trustworthy : To get a loan, you need to establish trust with the lender. This can be achieved by explaining what you do for a living, providing some identity documents, and demonstrating why you deserve to be trusted.
Explain how you intend to pay back : Explain briefly how you plan on repaying the loan. This should include a timeline for repayment and be supported by evidence such as a business plan, personal financial statement, or credit report .
Proof of financial solvency : In some cases, you will be asked to provide evidence that the funds requested are not your only source of income. Documents like bank statements or tax returns can help you prove that you have other sources of funding, which will increase the likelihood that your request will be granted.

In the conclusion, you must thank the lender for considering your request. Briefly mention all the attached financial documents. Remember that each lender has their own set of loan application requirements and may request different information or documentation from borrowers, so make sure to double-check the specific instructions provided by the lender.

Once you have finished writing the letter, be sure to sign it at the bottom. You may include phrases such as:

“Respectfully yours” or “Sincerely yours”.

Place your name and contact information directly above the signature line.

SBA Loan Application Letter Template

[Your Name]

[Your Address]

[City, State ZIP Code]

[Your Phone Number]

[Your Email Address]

[Loan Officer’s Name]

[Bank Name]

[Bank Address]

Dear [Loan Officer’s Name],

I am writing to apply for a Small Business Administration (SBA) loan to help fund my [business name]. I am excited to have the opportunity to present my business plan to you and explain why I believe my business is a great candidate for an SBA loan.

[Provide an introduction to your business, including its history, products or services offered, and unique selling proposition. Explain why you started the business and what sets it apart from competitors. This should be no more than two paragraphs.]

I am seeking an SBA loan in the amount of [$ amount], which will be used to [briefly explain how the funds will be used]. My business has experienced steady growth in recent years, but we need additional capital to take advantage of new opportunities and expand our reach.

[Provide a detailed explanation of how you plan to use the funds, including any expected return on investment. Be specific about the amount of money you need, how long you will need it for, and how it will be used.]

As part of my loan application, I have included the following documents for your review:

Business plan
Financial statements for the past three years
Tax returns for the past three years
Cash flow projections
Articles of incorporation
Personal financial statements for all owners

A list of collateral that will be used to secure the loan, if applicable

[Provide a comprehensive list of all the documents you have included with your application. Make sure you have included everything the bank has asked for, and any additional documents that may be relevant.]

I am confident in the future success of my business and believe that an SBA loan is the right choice for us. I understand that the loan application process can be lengthy, and I am committed to providing any additional information or documentation that may be required to support my application.

Thank you for considering my loan application. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Loan Application Letter Sample

Make your small business loan application more polished with our simple sample letters. They’re crafted to help you convey your needs professionally and improve the impact of your request.

Sample letter 1

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to apply for a Small Business Administration loan to support my growing business, GreenTech Innovations. Established in 2018, we specialize in eco-friendly technology solutions. Our recent market analysis indicates significant growth potential in sustainable energy products.

To capitalize on this opportunity, we require additional funding for research and development, marketing, and expanding our team. An SBA loan would enable us to invest in these critical areas, fostering innovation and job creation. Our business plan, attached to this application, outlines our strategy for a sustainable and profitable future.

GreenTech Innovations has a strong financial track record, with consistent revenue growth over the past three years. We have maintained a healthy cash flow and have a solid plan for loan repayment, as detailed in our financial projections. Our commitment to financial responsibility and strategic growth makes us an ideal candidate for an SBA loan.

Thank you for considering our application. We are committed to contributing positively to the economy and the environment. Your support would be instrumental in helping us achieve our goals.

Jordan Smith

Owner, GreenTech Innovations

Sample letter 2

Dear Business Loan Officer,

I am reaching out to request a business loan for my company, Bella’s Boutique, a unique clothing and accessories store located in downtown Springfield. Since our opening in 2019, we have become a beloved part of the local community, known for our exclusive designs and personalized customer service.

This loan is sought to enhance our inventory, upgrade our in-store technology, and expand our online presence. These improvements are essential for keeping pace with the evolving retail landscape and meeting the growing demands of our customers. Our detailed business plan is attached for your review.

Financially, Bella’s Boutique has demonstrated resilience and growth, even amid challenging economic times. Our sales figures have shown a steady increase, and we have a clear plan for managing the loan and ensuring its repayment. We believe these factors make us a strong candidate for a loan.

Your consideration of our loan application is greatly appreciated. This funding will not only help Bella’s Boutique thrive but will also support the local economy by providing more employment opportunities and enhanced retail experiences.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Warm regards,

Isabella Martinez

Founder, Bella’s Boutique

The effectiveness of these sample letters as a guide for someone seeking to write a loan application lies in several key aspects. Firstly, they demonstrate the importance of a clear and concise introduction, where the purpose of the letter is immediately stated, ensuring the reader understands the intent from the outset. This is crucial in any formal business communication. Both samples skillfully describe the nature and background of the respective businesses, providing just enough detail to give the reader a sense of the company’s identity and market position without overwhelming them with unnecessary information. This balance is vital in maintaining the reader’s interest and establishing the context of the request.

Moreover, the letters excel in explicitly stating the purpose of the loan, which is a critical component of any loan application. They outline how the funds will be utilized to grow and improve the business, demonstrating not only a clear vision but also a strategic approach to business development. This helps in building a sense of trust and reliability with the lender. Furthermore, the inclusion of financial health indicators, such as past revenue growth, cash flow management, and a repayment plan, adds to this trust by showing financial responsibility and foresight.

The writers also incorporate attachments like business plans and financial projections, which provide additional depth and substantiation to their claims. This shows thorough preparation and professionalism, which are highly regarded in the business world. Finally, the tone of the letters is appropriately formal yet approachable, and they conclude with a note of gratitude, reflecting good business etiquette. This combination of clarity, conciseness, relevance, and professionalism makes these letters exemplary guides for anyone looking to draft an effective and persuasive business loan application.

Tips for Writing

Following are some tips for writing this letter:

Be specific

Be sure to include specific details in it to keep the reader’s attention. Ensure that you include information about the purpose of the loan, how much money you need, and the reason why you are a good candidate for a loan.

Brevity is essential when writing this letter. Stick to the essential points and avoid extraneous details. This will help to ensure that your letter is easy to read and that the reader is not distracted by irrelevant information.

Address the appropriate person

Ensure that you address your letter to the most relevant party for your particular situation.

Consider contacting the bank to find out to whom it should be addressed. This is how you can be sure that it will get to the right person.

Use a proper format and layout

As with all letters, you should use clear, concise paragraphs and avoid unnecessary jargon. Make sure to use the appropriate format for formal letter writing and use a professional, polished layout.

Include business financial statements

The financial statements for your company must be attached to your letter if you are a business owner. In this way, the reader will better understand your overall financial situation and help demonstrate that you are a good candidate for a loan.

The following are some of the purposes for which you may request a small business administration loan: to start a new business, to buy new equipment or inventory for your company, to upgrade or expand an existing business, to cover unanticipated expenditures, to pay off high-interest debt, to fund marketing campaigns, to move your office to a new location, to buy insurance for your business, to purchase stock, to buy out shareholders, and for any other lawful reason authorized by the lender.

Key Takeaways

Here are the key takeaways from this article:

When writing an application for a loan, be sure to provide specific details about the purpose of the loan, how much money you need, and why you are a good candidate for a loan.
Use the standard business letter format and use clear, concise paragraphs.
Brevity is vital when writing such a document, so mention only the essential points and avoid extraneous details.
Address your letter to the most relevant party for your situation, and be sure to include your company’s financial statements.

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Personal Loan Request Letter (Format & Sample)

A personal loan request letter is a letter written by a loan applicant and addressed to a financial institution, introducing the applicant, and supporting their loan application. Anyone wanting to take out a personal loan should write a personal loan request letter to introduce themselves to their target banking institution. The purpose of the letter is to request a loan formally and to demonstrate that they can repay the loan amount requested.

In short, the applicant needs to use this letter to demonstrate to the bank that they are a reasonable financial risk.

How to Write a Personal Loan Request Letter

This is a professional document, so write professionally and use a formal format for your letter. Write clearly and concisely, and send supporting financial documents. These documents might include tax returns, paycheck stubs, and bank account balances. You might want to include collateral information you can use to obtain the loan, such as a car, a boat, or a house.

Tip: Your personal loan request letter is the first document the lender will see when applying for a loan. Address it to a person, not a title. Addressing the loan administrator by name can positively influence their first impression of you as a borrower. You can ask for this information at the bank, or you can look for the information on the bank’s website.

What a Lender Needs to Know

Lenders are primarily concerned with your ability to repay the amount you are requesting as a loan. However, a lender must have some other information about your loan request before they can judge your ability to repay the loan. Here is what to include in a personal loan application letter:

The amount of the loan you are requesting
Your name and contact information
Your status as a borrower, such as bank accounts and income information
Any property you might have as collateral for the loan
The intended use of the loan funds
The expected benefit of the use of funds
A detailed list of enclosed documents, including your loan application

This might sound overwhelming, but it is really quite simple. For example, if you have a home in need of a renovation, you might ask for a loan of the amount needed to perform the renovation. In writing your letter, you would state the renovation as the intended use of the funds and the return on investment (ROI) you anticipate as the expected benefit the renovation will provide.

Personal Loan Request Letter Format

{your name}

{your address}

{recipient name}

{recipient title}

{financial institution name}

{financial institution address}

RE: Personal loan request for {amount}

Dear {recipient}:

Attached, please find my loan application. I have also enclosed my most recent tax return, current bank account statements, proof of my income, and a list of my current assets. These financial documents and my credit score of {number} combine to make me a strong credit risk for {financial institution name}.

I would greatly appreciate the opportunity to discuss my personal loan application with you. I can be reached at {your phone number} or {your email address}.

Thank you for your time and your consideration of my loan application.

{your signature}

Sample Personal Loan Request Letter

2004 South Perkins Street

Bowen, TX 89556

August 22, 2022

Mr. Jacob Harrison

Personal Loan Administrator

Bank of Texas

4886 West 93 Street

Bowen, TX 89558

RE: Personal loan request for $6,000

Dear Mr. Harrison:

The purpose of this letter is to request a personal loan in the amount of $6,000. I intend to use the funds to renovate my home’s outdated bathroom. I have attached the best estimate for the renovation and an estimate of the return on investment for this renovation. As you can see, the ROI expected increases my home’s value by an amount greater than the cost of the renovation.

Attached, please find my loan application. I have also enclosed my most recent tax return, current bank account statements, proof of my income, and a list of my current assets. These financial documents and my credit score of 724 combine to make me a strong credit risk for Bank of Texas.

I would greatly appreciate the opportunity to discuss my personal loan application with you. I can be reached at 987-234-5889 or [email protected] .

Personal Loan Request Letter (Word Template)

The purpose of a personal loan request letter is to support your loan application positively. Be clear about your financial circumstances and the benefits the loan can provide. This supporting information, written clearly and concisely, can assist you in getting the loan you need to accomplish your goals.

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How to Write a Loan Application Letter

Table of Contents

Sometimes, taking out a loan can become inevitable. Whether dealing with piled-up medical bills or a financial emergency, it’s common to turn to fast and convenient borrowing options. According to statistics, advances and loans accounted for more than 60% of bank assets in the European Union in 2021.

If you wish to take out a loan, you’ll have to fill out a loan application or request letter that details what you need the money for and how you’ll use it. The best way to appeal to a lender is by using a convincing tone and showcasing a clear plan for the money. Keep reading as we look at ways you can achieve this and ensure that your loan is granted successfully.

What is a Loan Application Letter?

A loan application letter is a typed or handwritten letter provided to your lender, helping them decide whether to approve your loan request. This letter is written when the borrower is seeking financial assistance from a lender to pay off some bills or other expenses.

When Do You Need One?

You might require a loan application letter in the following financing situations:

When you wish to borrow money from the SBA (Small Business Administration) since it recommends and encourages applicants to start their loan proposals with an executive summary or a loan application letter
When a borrower opts for a loan from a conventional bank lender and has to demonstrate that their business is financially viable and experiencing growth

In some situations, you aren’t required to write a loan application letter. These include scenarios like when a borrower is seeking equipment financing and said equipment serves as collateral, when someone requests a business line of credit with business bank statements or financial statements, and when a borrower seeks a term loan online using alternative lenders who want to go over your recent bank statements.

Essential Loan Application Elements

There are specific guidelines you need to follow when writing a loan application:

1. Header and Greeting

Whether you’re filling out a loan application letter for a personal or business loan, it’s crucial that you start with a header and greeting. Include several sentences that outline the necessary, accurate details of your loan request in the header. If you’re opting for a business loan, then you need to include the following details:

Company name
Company phone number
Company address
Loan agent or lender’s name and title
Loan agent or lender’s contact details
A subject line stating the desired loan amount

Follow this by incorporating a greeting right below the header so that you introduce your application with a friendly tone.

2. Loan Request Summary

You will have to provide your lender or loan agent with an overview of your loan request in this section. Ensure this section is concise, detailing only crucial information that’ll enable the lender to reach the letter’s body quickly. Entrepreneurs applying for a business loan should state why they are trustworthy borrowers, basic business details, the ideal loan amount, and the use of the loan.

3. Basic Business Details

It would be best if you started by making a clear loan request which includes the amount you wish to borrow. When you write a few sentences about the workings of your business, they should include the following information:

The legal business name
Any DBA used by the organization
The amount of time the business has been operating
The business structure
Number of employees
An overview of what the company does
Profits and annual revenue, if applicable

Once this is done, you can move on to the next step, which is explaining why you need a loan. Don’t also forget to outline how you plan to repay the owed amount if the lender grants the loan.

4. Loan Usage

Every lender’s goal is to minimize risk as much as possible, so don’t be surprised if they carefully scrutinize your application before deciding whether to accept or disapprove it. They will assess whether you can pay back the loan entirely on time. Make a solid outline of how you intend to use the loan and why granting you the funds is a wise investment. It’s essential to inform the lender that you have clear goals you will accomplish if the loan application is approved.

5. Proof of How You’ll Pay Back the Loan

In order to show your company’s financial health, you’ll need to use figures from the latest balance sheet or income statement. These records are essential because they demonstrate that you can repay the loan.

Additionally, you must include any additional business finances to prove you’re a low-risk investment. State down any existing debt and a schedule detailing how you’ll pay it back if you owe someone else money. Perhaps, you’re a new business, but profits are stable. In that case, ensure you mention this, as it proves your ability to repay the loan.

Once you achieve this, you can add a particular cash flow prediction to give the lender an idea of your payback plan, including the principal and interest amount.

6. Give Accurate Information

There’s no doubt that lending money is a risky investment. You can make your lender’s life easier by providing factual and correct details to ensure both parties agree with the terms of the deal. For example, include your accurate credit history. If you are dishonest during the loan application process, you will be considered a fraud, and there will be repercussions for your actions.

Tips for Writing a Loan Application Letter

Before sending a loan letter request, check your business and personal credit scores and whether you need to take specific steps to improve them
Provide transparent, genuine, and concise explanations
Ensure all information is factual and relevant
Keep all your financial statements ready, such as business balance sheets, cash flow statements, PSL statements, etc
Submit every relevant credential with your loan application request letter
Include the date, time, method, and manner you’ll use to make your payment
Avoid writing a letter that is unnecessarily wordy and long
Follow the rules available online on writing formal letters, so you don’t use an informal tone while assembling your loan application letter
Whether including your business’s current assets, liabilities, or financial health, don’t jot down false information that can get you into legal trouble.

Loan Terms and Penalties

If you fail to pay your loan on time, cancellation fees or penalties may apply that depend on the number of days you’re overdue on the payment. For example, if you’ve looked into how to get a title loan with a lien , you know that your car will be used as collateral. In case you default on payment or provide false information, you are likely to lose ownership of the vehicle.

You should go through the loan terms and conditions as this will enable you to determine how many days your payments can be delayed, how much penalties are for late payments, and the amount you’ll be charged if you cancel your loan. Choosing a loan provider that offers the lowest and most amenable terms is recommended.

Whatever reason you have for acquiring a loan, writing a solid loan application letter will improve your chances of obtaining the financial help you need. This application letter should be composed in a polite, convincing tone and include accurate information. You can do thorough research to pick a lender whose provided options align with your requirements. Consider beforehand how much money you need and apply for the relevant loan.

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Sample Letters

Writing a Bank Loan Request Letter That Works

In this guide, I’ll share my insights and provide three proven templates to help you draft your own successful bank loan request letter.

Key Takeaways:

Essential components of a bank loan request letter
Tips from personal experience to enhance your letter
Three unique templates for different scenarios
Real-life examples to illustrate successful letters

Understanding the Basics

A bank loan request letter is your formal pitch to the bank, explaining why you need the loan and how you plan to repay it. It should be clear, concise, and convincing. Here are the essential components to include:

Introduction : Introduce yourself and state the purpose of your letter.
Loan Amount and Purpose : Specify the amount of money you need and what you plan to use it for.
Financial Information : Provide details about your financial status, including income, expenses, and any other relevant financial information.
Repayment Plan : Outline how you plan to repay the loan, including the repayment schedule.
Closing Statement : Summarize your request and express your hope for a favorable response.

Tips from Personal Experience

Be Honest and Transparent : Honesty goes a long way in building trust with the bank. Be upfront about your financial situation and the purpose of the loan.
Provide Supporting Documents : Attach any necessary documents that support your request, such as financial statements, business plans, or proof of income.
Tailor Your Letter : Customize your letter to match the specific requirements of the bank and the type of loan you are requesting.
Professional Tone : Maintain a formal and professional tone throughout the letter.

Template 1: Personal Loan Request

[your name].

[Your Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] [Email Address] [Phone Number] [Date]

[Bank’s Name]

[Branch Address] [City, State, ZIP Code]

Subject: Personal Loan Request

Dear [Bank Manager’s Name],

I am writing to request a personal loan of [amount] to [purpose of the loan]. I have been a loyal customer of your bank for [number] years and have maintained a good account standing.

I am currently employed at [your employer] as a [your position] with a steady monthly income of [amount]. I have attached my recent pay slips and bank statements for your reference.

I plan to repay the loan over a period of [repayment period], with monthly installments of [amount]. I am confident in my ability to meet this obligation and would appreciate the opportunity to discuss this further.

Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your positive response.

Sincerely, [Your Name]

Real-Life Example

A few years ago, I needed a personal loan to cover unexpected medical expenses. I followed the structure above and ensured all my financial documents were in order. My loan was approved within a week, and the bank manager appreciated the clarity and completeness of my application.

Template 2: Business Loan Request

[Your Business Name] [Your Business Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] [Email Address] [Phone Number] [Date]

Subject: Business Loan Request

I am writing to request a business loan of [amount] to expand my business operations. My business, [your business name], has been operational for [number] years and has shown consistent growth.

We have recently secured a large contract with [client’s name], which requires an upfront investment in equipment and staff. I have attached our business plan, financial statements, and the contract details for your review.

I propose to repay the loan over [repayment period] with monthly installments of [amount]. Based on our current revenue and projected growth, we are confident in our ability to meet this commitment.

Thank you for considering our request. We look forward to your positive response.

Tip	Description
Be Honest and Transparent	Always provide truthful information to build trust with the bank.
Provide Supporting Documents	Attach necessary documents like financial statements and business plans.
Tailor Your Letter	Customize the letter to fit the specific requirements of the bank and loan.
Maintain a Professional Tone	Keep the letter formal and professional throughout.

Template 3: Home Loan Request

Subject: Home Loan Request

I am writing to request a home loan of [amount] to purchase a property located at [property address]. After thorough research, I have found this property to be ideal for my family’s needs and within my financial capabilities.

I am currently employed at [your employer] as a [your position] with a stable income of [amount] per month. I have attached my employment letter, pay slips, and bank statements for your review.

I propose to repay the loan over [repayment period] with monthly installments of [amount]. I have also enclosed the property valuation and purchase agreement for your reference.

Thank you for considering my loan request. I look forward to your positive response and am available to discuss any further details you may require.

Final Thoughts

Writing a bank loan request letter requires careful thought and attention to detail. By following the templates and tips provided, you can create a compelling request that highlights your credibility and increases your chances of approval. Remember to be honest, provide supporting documents, and maintain a professional tone throughout your letter.

Word & Excel Templates

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Loan Application Letter

Applying for the loan requires you to provide a lot of documentation. Some organizations ask you to fill out the loan application form, while in some cases, you have to write a loan application letter to the institute to apply for the loan.

The loan application letter allows you to add all the details that you are required to provide. The letter is written to the loan manager of the company, and he then decides whether he should accept the application or not. The letter should include the personal information of the applicant, and since it is a formal letter, it should be written to the point by avoiding unnecessary details. The lender should follow a standard format while writing the loan application letter. The loan manager should be told about the intended use of the money.

The first paragraph of the letter should state the reason for lending the money. It should be assured in the letter that you will not use this money for any illegal purpose. The date on which the applicant will return the borrowed money should be mentioned in the letter.

You should also include information about you in the letter that can make the reader feel that you are a trustworthy person. Here is a sample letter that can help you learn about the structure and format of the letter.

Loan application letter:

Dear [Recipient’s Name],

It is stated that I am writing this letter to request a loan from the finance office of your company because of some of my very peculiar and essential needs. My mother is seriously ill, and I must get her treated at the hospital, for which I need money. Please accept my loan application and sanction me $2000. I assure you that I will return you the loan from the deductions of my gross salary.

I will be highly grateful for this favor of yours.

I am looking forward to your reply.

Preview and Details of Template

File: Word ( .doc ) 2003 + and iPad Size: 31 KB

More options

I am writing this letter to get a loan from your bank branch situated in New Jersey. Currently, I am working as a sales executive for ABC Organization and need a $10,000 loan. I am in utmost need of this amount as I have to meet the surgery expenses of my father. I have gone through all the requirements related to the loan process and have enclosed the necessary documents along with this email. Please let me know what other documents I need to send you, and you can call me at any time for further queries. I hope you will give a positive response to my request.

This application is a request to ask for a loan from your organization. I am Christiana Roseland, and I am currently running a bakery in New Jersey. I am planning to open a new branch according to the rising demand of people. For this purpose, I need $70,000/- and I will return the amount in installments. I have thoroughly read the rules and policies for the loan process and hopefully, I will return the entire amount within the given time period and the financial pronouncement has been affixed with this application. Waiting to get positive feedback from you.

This letter is a request for a loan application to construct a house. I am the managing director at ABC Company, and my monthly salary is not adequate to meet the construction expenses. I will return the due amount according to the company’s rules and policies and will not let you be disappointed. I contacted the admin office to find out the details, and Mr. Jackson has provided me with all the information. If you need additional information, you can ask me at any time. Thank you for taking my request into account.

Dear Madam, I, Darcy Louis, work in the security office of your company. I live in Valley Stream and travel two hours daily to come to the office. I do not have a personal vehicle, and sometimes it creates a lot of difficulties, and I often arrive late to the workplace. I want to apply for a loan because I have to buy a motorcycle. I need $10,000 in this regard. I have chosen a six-month installment plan, and 20% of my salary will be deducted each month. I request that you accept my loan application. I will be grateful to you. Thanking in anticipation.

Dear Sir, I am Dorothy John, and I live in Toronto. I am running a branch of ABC School. The strength of students is increasing with each session, and it is becoming difficult to adjust to the large number of students in a limited space. Therefore, I need to open a new branch adjacent to the current school and construct a new building, but I do not have enough money. I learned about your loan policy and want to apply for it. I have attached the needed documents along with the application. I am hoping to hear a quick response from you.

I am Julia Hughes, and I am writing this message to ask for a loan from your bank. I have an account in your Brooklyn branch, and my account number is [#]. I have a small business marketing in Brooklyn, and I intend to open a new branch in the Netherlands. Hence, it can be a source of ease for hundreds of people. The savings I have and the loan I am asking for will be of great help in expanding my business. Kindly send me an email detailing all the formalities for the loan process. I would like to ask you to send me a confirmation message so I may visit your branch on an immediate basis.

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How to Write a Loan Request Letter to Get Your Small Business Funded

If you want to get business financing from your bank or the Small Business Administration (SBA), you’ll need to know how to write a loan request letter.

Indeed, your bank’s underwriter will look for your business loan request letter when reviewing your application. The SBA expects you to have one, too.

A well-written letter requesting a loan can make the difference between having your application approved and it getting turned down.

Here’s what you need to know about how to write a loan letter, including when you need one, what you’ll need before writing one, what format you should use, examples to review and a loan request letter template to write your own.

What Is a Business Loan Request Letter?

A business loan request letter is correspondence a borrower writes and submits to a bank as part of the loan-application process.

Business loan request letters include the following:

Loan amount
Planned use of funds
Explanation of why you should be funded
Details about how you plan to repay your loan

When You Need a Loan Request Letter

There are 2 main financing situations when loan request letters are called for:

When you’re requesting a loan from a conventional bank lender and you want to demonstrate that your business is growing and financially viable
When you’re applying for a loan from the SBA , which recommends you begin your loan proposal with a cover letter or executive summary

If either situation applies to you, you should know how to write a loan letter.

There are situations when you don’t necessarily need a loan letter, including:

You’re requesting a term loan online from an alternative lender, who may only require recent bank statements
You’re seeking equipment financing , in which case the equipment itself will serve as collateral
You’re requesting a business line of credit , which only may require recent financial statements or business bank statements

Prerequisites for Writing Loan Request Letters

While a loan request letter may be needed for bank and SBA loans , it won’t be enough for approval unless it’s supported by a sound credit situation and solid financial planning. For your request to be persuasive to lenders, you should do 2 things before preparing your business request letter and loan application package:

Check your personal and business credit scores and take any steps you can to improve them
Prepare the business financial statements you’ll need for your loan package

Your personal and business credit scores and business financial statements will help lenders assess whether you’re a good financial risk and will lend weight to your loan request letter. Business financials should be submitted with your loan application along with your cover letter.

Essential financial statements you will need include:

Profit-and-loss statement (also called an income statement)
Balance statement
Cash-flow statement

Business Loan Request Letter Format

When you write your loan request letter, it’s recommended to keep it to 1 page while including the following key elements:

Heading and Greeting

The very top of your letter for a loan application should include contact information, a subject line as a header and a greeting as follows:

The date of your letter
The name, title and contact information of your loan agent
A subject line stating that you’re writing about a loan and specifying the dollar amount you’re requesting

Summary of Your Small Business Loan Request Letter

Start by briefly stating the purpose of your letter and the amount you’re asking to borrow.

Basic Information About Your Business

This should include:

Your company’s legal name
Your company’s legal structure ( sole proprietorship , partnership, limited liability company, S corporation, etc.)
A brief description of what your business does
How many years you’ve been in business
How many people you employ
Your annual revenue and profit

Explanation of the Purpose of Your Loan

Tell your lender how you plan to use the loan. Be as specific as possible, citing numbers to quantify your goals. For instance, instead of saying you plan to use the loan for advertising, specify what types of advertising you’ll use, how much each will cost and the percentage of new customers or increased revenue you hope to gain.

Summarize Your Ability to Repay the Loan

Touch on your credit history and highlight key data from your financial statements that reflect your ability to repay your loan, including:

Summaries of recent profit-and-loss or balance statements demonstrating that your business is financially healthy and growing
Schedules for repaying any other business debts you already owe
Cash-flow projections that indicate when you’ll be able to budget repayments for your loan’s principal and interest

Concluding Elements

The end of your letter should include:

A paragraph referring to your attached financial statements
A concluding paragraph asking the loan officer to review your package and expressing your anticipation of speaking with them soon
Your signature
A list of enclosures, including your financial statements and any other documents that are required for your loan application. You may also need to provide your business partners’ financials, including for SBA-backed loans .

Don’t want to write a loan request letter? We’ve got you covered.

Loan request letter templates and samples.

Here are loan request letter samples and templates you can use to create your own letter.

Sample Request Letter for a Working Capital Loan to Support Expansion

ABC Builders

123 Park Lane

Miami, FL 33145

Jan. 1, 2020

Senior Loan Officer

987 Spring Road

Philadelphia, PA 19115

Re: Small business loan request for $100,000

To Mr. Doe,

ABC Builders is a successful business that is well established in the building and renovation industry. We began operation with 3 employees in January 2010 as a small company offering renovation services to local businesses and homeowners. We now have 20 employees. We advertise on our website, ABCBuilders.com, and market on social media channels as well as at home building expos.

Last year, our annual sales totaled $3.5 million. In the first year of business, we earned a net profit of $1 million. Additionally, we have maintained a steady balance in the past 10 years.

Because of increasing interest from prospective clients in neighboring cities, we have decided to open a second location. The loan we are requesting is for this additional location, which we anticipate will increase revenue by $300,000 in the first quarter following opening.

Startup costs can be costly, and we require funding to purchase supplies and equipment. However, we anticipate strong sales for the new branch and have immediate work opportunities, which will contribute to our loan repayments.

The loan of $100,000 we are requesting will provide us with the funding we need to help successfully open our second location. I have attached the contracts we have in the new location, pending equipment availability and ability to complete the project as well as our business plan with a breakdown of costs and detailed market analysis.

Thank you for reviewing this letter and the accompanying financial documents. I look forward to hearing from you at your convenience.

Jack Smith [signature]

Enclosures: Business plan, profit-and-loss statement, balance statement, cash-flow statement

Sample Loan Request Letter to Fund the Salary of a New Hire

Chief Executive Officer

Dear Mr. Smith:

I am writing this letter to request a small business loan in the amount of $100,000 for the purpose of hiring additional staff.

My business, ABC, Inc., is a growing company that serves clients in the food-service industry. You can follow our success online at www.ABCInc.com.

ABC, a corporation, began operation in January 2016 with 5 workers and 1 location. We have grown consistently in the past 4 years. We now employ 15 workers and have expanded to 2 locations.

Last year, our annual sales revenue was $2.8 million and we generated a net profit of $975,000. We have maintained our cash flow consistently over the past 2 years and have generated a net profit each year we’ve been in business.

To promote our continued growth, we plan to hire a full-time manager this year to oversee our business operations. We are requesting working capital funding to continue our expansion efforts and cover the cost of the new manager’s salary and benefits. In addition, in an effort to retain top talent, we plan to offer an enticing relocation package and signing bonus. This new hire will streamline operations and lead to efficiencies totaling $150,000.

We would like to pursue this endeavor in the second quarter of 2020, but this venture will require more funding than our current cash flow can sustain. Although we lack a lump sum large enough to cover this additional expense, our budget can allow for monthly payments over time given sufficient financing.

A loan in the amount of $100,000 will enable us to acquire the right talent to facilitate our expansion. Our projections, which are enclosed, indicate that increased efficiency and sales will generate enough increased revenue to repay this loan by 2023.

Attached, please find our business plan and our most recent financial statements for your review. Based on these strong financials and our business credit score of 90, we are confident that you will find us a safe credit risk.

Thank you for reviewing this request letter and the accompanying financial documents. I look forward to hearing from you at your convenience.

Jane Doe [signature]

Jane Doe, Chief Executive

Enclosures: Business plan , profit-and-loss statement, balance statement, cash-flow statement

Additionally, you can use the following example to create your own term loan request letter format.

Loan Request Letter Template

[Your name]

[Your title]

[Your business name]

[Your business address]

[Your city], [Your state] [Your ZIP code]

[Loan officer’s name]

[Loan officer’s title]

[Loan officer’s company]

[Loan officer’s address]

[Loan officer’s city], [Loan officer’s state] [Loan officer’s ZIP code]

Re: Small business loan request for $[amount]

Dear [loan officer’s name]:

I am writing this letter to request a small business loan in the amount of $[amount] for the purpose of [summarize the purpose of the loan here]. My business, [your business name], is a growing company that serves clients in the [type of business] industry. You can see our success online at [list your website and any social media profiles you want to showcase].

[Your business name], a [business legal structure], began operation in [date you began operation] with [number] workers [if applicable], and has grown consistently over the past [number] years. We now employ [number] workers [if applicable].

Last year, our annual sales revenue was $[amount], with a net profit of $[amount]. [If you are not profitable, you can omit mention of net profit here.] We have maintained our cash flow consistently over the past [number] years, and have generated an annual net profit each year we’ve been in business [if applicable].

[Explain the reason for the loan request here. For example: To promote our continued growth, we plan to hire a full-time administrative assistant and a sales representative this year. We are requesting funding to cover the cost of their salaries and benefits. (Substitute appropriate language applicable to your business plan.)]

We would like to pursue this next quarter [specify time frame], but this will require more funding than our current cash flow can sustain. Although we lack a lump sum large enough to cover this additional expense, our budget can easily cover monthly payments over time given sufficient financing. A loan in the amount of $[amount] will enable us to cover labor costs for our two new employees. Our projections indicate that increased efficiency and sales will generate enough increased revenue to repay this amount by [date].

Attached, please find our business plan and our most recent financial statements for your review. Based on these strong financials and our business credit score of [score], we are confident that you will find us a safe credit risk.

[Your signature]

[Your name printed]

Enclosures: Business plan, profit-and-loss statement, balance statement, cash-flow statement [list other documents included.]

You also can find loan request letter templates and sample letters online.

Here are a few websites offering examples of business loan application letters you can refer to when writing your own loan request letter:

If you’re wondering how to write a letter to a bank manager for a loan, check out RequestLetters.com .
LiveCareer offers a loan application sample letter as well.
Refer to these loan request samples , too.

Mastering the Loan Request Letter Format

A loan request letter is essential if you’re applying for a loan from a conventional lender or the SBA. Add weight to your request by optimizing your personal and business credit scores and including your business financial statements.

Follow the proper format when writing your letter, including a header and greeting, a summary of your request, basic information about your business, an explanation of the purpose of your loan, a summary of your ability to repay your loan and, finally, appropriate concluding elements. Use a template to make writing your loan request letter a little easier.

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15 Sample Letters of Loan Request from Employer

In today’s dynamic business environment, employees may find themselves in situations where they need to seek financial assistance from their employers.

Whether it’s for an unforeseen medical expense, educational purposes, or a housing loan, the ability to craft a concise and respectful loan request letter is invaluable. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to structure a loan request to an employer, presenting 15 distinct sample letters that cater to a variety of circumstances.

sample letters of request for loan from employer

Sample Letters of Loan Request from Employer

These samples are designed to serve as a blueprint, demonstrating the tone, structure, and key elements that should be included in an effective loan request letter. Each example addresses different scenarios, ensuring that readers have a broad spectrum of templates from which to draw inspiration.

The goal is to equip employees with the necessary tools to communicate their financial needs professionally and succinctly, fostering a constructive dialogue between them and their employers.

Sample Letter 1: Medical Emergency Loan Request

Request for Loan Due to Medical Emergency

Dear [Employer’s Name],

I am writing to request a short-term loan from [Company Name] due to an unexpected medical emergency within my family. Despite having health insurance, the out-of-pocket expenses for [describe medical treatment or surgery] have proven to be a significant financial burden.

I respectfully request a loan of [amount], which I plan to repay through payroll deductions over [specify repayment period]. I have attached the necessary medical documents and a detailed repayment plan for your consideration.

Your understanding and support in this matter would be greatly appreciated.

Sincerely, [Your Name] [Your Job Title]

Sample Letter 2: Educational Loan Request

Request for Educational Support Loan

I am reaching out to request financial assistance in the form of a loan to support my continuing education. As you are aware, I have been pursuing [degree or certification] to further my skills and contribute more effectively to our team.

The total cost of the program is [amount], and I am seeking a loan of [amount] from [Company Name], with a commitment to repay the sum within [time frame]. I believe this investment in my education will not only benefit my personal development but also add value to our team and company.

Thank you for considering my request. I am happy to discuss this further and provide any additional information needed.

Sample Letter 3: Housing Loan Request

Request for Housing Loan

I am writing to formally request a loan for a down payment on a home. After years of saving, I am close to achieving the dream of homeownership but find myself slightly short of the necessary funds.

I respectfully request a loan of [amount], which I propose to repay through monthly deductions from my salary over [time frame]. I believe securing a home will provide me with the stability needed to continue focusing and excelling in my role within [Company Name].

Your support with this personal milestone would be deeply appreciated.

Sample Letter 4: Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Request

Request for Emergency Financial Assistance

I am in a difficult financial situation due to [describe emergency, e.g., a family crisis or unexpected major expense], and I am writing to request a loan from [Company Name] as a means of temporary assistance.

I am seeking a loan of [amount] to address this urgent matter. I am committed to repaying this amount in full over [time frame], through payroll deductions or as per any repayment schedule you deem fit.

I appreciate your consideration of my request during this challenging time.

Sample Letter 5: Vehicle Purchase Loan Request

Request for Loan for Vehicle Purchase

As I currently rely on public transportation to commute to work, which is becoming increasingly unreliable, I am planning to purchase a vehicle to ensure I can maintain my punctuality and dependability at work.

I respectfully request a loan of [amount] from [Company Name] to assist with this purchase. I propose a repayment period of [time frame], with deductions directly from my salary.

Thank you for considering my request to support this necessary investment in my daily commute.

Sample Letter 6: Loan Request for Family Support

Request for Loan to Support Family Needs

I find myself in a challenging position, needing to support my family due to [describe situation, e.g., spouse’s job loss, family illness]. To manage this temporary financial strain, I am requesting a loan from [Company Name].

I am seeking a loan of [amount] with a repayment plan spread over [time frame]. This support would significantly alleviate the current financial pressures my family is facing.

I appreciate your consideration of my situation and am available to discuss this request further.

Sample Letter 7: Personal Development Course Loan Request

Request for Loan for Personal Development Course

I am committed to personal and professional growth and have been accepted into a [describe course or program] that aligns with my role and future career aspirations within [Company Name].

To cover the cost of this program, I am requesting a loan of [amount], which I plan to repay over [time frame] through payroll deductions.

Your support in my pursuit of further development would be greatly appreciated.

Sample Letter 8: Loan Request for Legal Expenses

Request for Loan to Cover Legal Expenses

Due to unexpected legal matters, I am incurring significant expenses that are beyond my current financial capabilities. Thus, I am seeking a loan from [Company Name] to help manage these costs.

I respectfully request a loan of [amount], with a repayment plan to be deducted from my monthly salary over [time frame]. This support would help me navigate through this challenging period with one less burden.

Thank you for considering my request. I am available to discuss this in more detail if required.

Sample Letter 9: Debt Consolidation Loan Request

Request for Loan for Debt Consolidation

To better manage my finances and reduce interest costs, I am seeking a loan for debt consolidation. By consolidating my debts, I aim to have a single, manageable repayment that can be deducted from my salary over a period of [time frame].

I respectfully request a loan of [amount] from [Company Name] for this purpose. I am committed to financial responsibility and believe this step will aid in achieving a more stable financial future.

Your understanding and assistance would be greatly appreciated.

Sample Letter 10: Loan Request for Wedding Expenses

Request for Loan for Wedding Expenses

As an important and joyous occasion in my life approaches, I find myself in need of financial assistance to cover some of the expenses associated with my upcoming wedding.

I am respectfully requesting a loan of [amount] from [Company Name], which I plan to repay through deductions from my salary over [time frame]. This support would mean a great deal to me during this special time.

Thank you for considering my request. I am happy to provide further details or discuss a repayment plan that aligns with company policies.

Sample Letter 11: Loan Request for Home Renovation

Request for Loan for Home Renovation

I am planning to undertake necessary renovations to my home, which will improve living conditions and increase the property’s value. To finance this project, I am requesting a loan from [Company Name].

I seek a loan of [amount] and propose a repayment period of [time frame], with the amount to be deducted from my monthly salary.

Your assistance with this personal investment would be highly appreciated.

Sample Letter 12: Loan Request for Childcare Expenses

Request for Loan for Childcare Expenses

With the recent changes in my family situation, I am faced with unexpected childcare expenses that are crucial for my ability to continue working and providing for my family.

I am requesting a loan of [amount] from [Company Name], to be repaid over [time frame] through payroll deductions. This support would greatly assist me in ensuring reliable care for my children.

Thank you for considering my request. I am available to discuss any details or concerns you may have.

Sample Letter 13: Loan Request for Relocation Expenses

Request for Loan for Relocation Expenses

In light of my recent promotion/transfer, I am in the process of relocating closer to our [new location/office]. This move is essential for me to fulfill my new role effectively. However, the relocation expenses are substantial.

I am requesting a loan of [amount] from [Company Name] to cover these costs, with a plan to repay the amount over [time frame] through my salary.

Your support in this significant career step would be invaluable.

Sample Letter 14: Loan Request for Elderly Care Expenses

Request for Loan for Elderly Care Expenses

As my parents age, their need for specialized care has increased, leading to unexpected financial burdens. To ensure they receive the necessary care, I am seeking a loan from [Company Name].

I respectfully request a loan of [amount], with a repayment plan over [time frame] through salary deductions. This would greatly assist me in providing for my parents’ needs.

Thank you for considering my request and for your support during this time.

Sample Letter 15: Loan Request for Professional Attire

Request for Loan for Professional Attire

To maintain a professional appearance aligned with [Company Name]’s standards, I find myself in need of a wardrobe update. Professional attire represents a significant expense, and thus, I am requesting a loan to cover these costs.

I am seeking a loan of [amount] to be repaid over [time frame] through my salary. This investment in my professional presentation will not only benefit me but also reflect positively on our company.

Your consideration of my request would be greatly appreciated.

Each of these letters is crafted to address specific scenarios, demonstrating the importance of tailoring your request to your personal circumstances while maintaining a professional tone. Remember, the key to a successful loan request is clarity, respect, and a well-thought-out repayment plan that aligns with both your needs and the company’s policies.

[email protected]
Call (866) 670-7483

Mid aged business man in suit holding reading business loan letter

Business Loans
Posted on December 12, 2022
Kortney Murray

A business loan application process often requires numerous documents, one of which is a request letter. This letter is a significant part of your application as it is written to request financial assistance from the financial institution.

In most loan application cases, the success of your application process hinges on your ability to craft a convincing and professional business loan request letter. However, to do this, you need to know what the letter entails, the necessary information to include, and, of course, how to write one.

To help you with your application process, below we have compiled everything you need to know about writing a request letter for a business loan.

Loan document and agreement with pen for signing loan request letter

What Is A Business Loan Request Letter?

During your loan application process, whether you are getting a business loan for your beauty salon or trucking company, your lender or financial institution will request information from you. This information is to help the lender or institution trust you enough to know that you will be able to pay back their loan.

Many times, the request for this information comes in the form of a business loan request letter. A request letter is a formal letter or a document that is written to request anything from an official. It can be seen as a way of asking for a favor from officials.

In this case, a business loan request letter is a letter to the bank or lending institution that supports your business loan request. During the loan request review process, the bank underwriter will pay attention to the content of your business loan request letter to see if you deserve to get your loan approved.

In essence, your loan request letter is the difference between your loan being approved or refused. A loan request letter usually commits elements such as the loan amount requested, detailed planned use of money if disbursed, reasons why you think you should receive the funds, and a detailed description of how you plan to repay the loan.

The loan request letter is usually requested when asking for financial help in the form of a loan. This can be when you’re applying for a loan from a conventional financial institution or bank lender, or when you’re requesting a loan from the SBA ( Small Business Administration ).

In both cases, you are trying to demonstrate to the lender that your business can repay the borrowed amount, and you have a plan for using the loan when disbursed. Although loan request letters are usually a part of loan application processes, they do not necessarily need to be a part of every loan application process.

Some situations require loan letters, and some can do without them. Some situations that do not require loan request letters are:

Situations where you require a loan from specific lenders whose only concerns are your bank statement
Situations where you request a business line of credit and the only requirements are recent business financial statements
Situations where you request equipment financing and the equipment will be the collateral you need.

Regardless, writing a request letter for a business loan is an essential step to securing your loan. However, simply writing a letter is not enough. It is crucial to write an excellently detailed loan request letter that passes your message across quickly to the money lender.

What You Need To Know About Writing A Loan Request Letter

Many elements go into writing a loan request letter. These request letters are a form of well-documented proposal that accompanies other loan application documents, which is why they should convey specific information. When writing a loan request letter, your letter must have specific information. This information includes:

1. Basic Business Information

Money lenders and financial institutions do not give out loans to businesses or individuals who walk up their doorsteps. They do not accept and disburse loans without knowing who the borrower is. A detailed business loan request letter should begin with a proper introduction that communicates the borrower’s basic personal and business details.

It is a great way to not only break the ice but also get the lender to be familiar with you and know you’re genuine. The basic business information should include the following:

Your address
Your business name
Your business address
Name of the money lender or loan agent
Contact information of the loan agent
Requested loan amount
Current business project
Current annual revenue
Turnover of the previous financial year
Current number of employees

These details tell the institution all they need to know about you, your financial needs, and your business. Needless to say, all information given should be legal and up-to-date.

2. Purpose Of The Loan

What is the loan for? How does the lender know you will use the loan for the right things? After offering the basic business information, it is essential to the money lender your plan for the loan when approved. Approving a loan to a business (especially small businesses) is a considerable risk for many financial institutions.

It would be best if you showed the institution that you plan to use the loan for the right things. When talking about the purpose of the loan, briefly tell the lender how you plan to use the business loan. Be concise and professional, yet offer enough details for total insight.

Be persuasive enough to help the lender see your vision and show them you have what it takes to use the loan properly.

3. Provide Repayment Assurance

Before money lenders approve business loss, they want to ensure they receive their money and interest at the due date. Without proper assurance, they will be skeptical and might refuse to approve the loan for disbursement. After drawing out the purpose of the loan you are requesting, it is essential to detail how you mean to repay the money on or before the duration of repayment.

What are your plans to make back the money? How soon can you make money? Are there any risks that are expected? Still being persuasive yet professional, describe how you expect to pay the loan back. However, don’t just draw out a plan using words. Offer evidence to support your plan.

This will build your credibility and increase your chances of the loan being approved. Your evidence can include a business plan, personal finance and credit history (do you have bad credit? Here is all you need to know about getting a business loan with bad credit ), past business financial decisions and results, and any other relevant financial details.

As with any other letter, it is essential to close your business loan request letter. Your closing is your last chance in the letter to persuade the money lender to approve your application and agree on specific loan terms if possible. In the closing part, you can convey what approving the loan will mean to your business without sounding desperate.

Remain professional yet courteous at this point in your letter. The closing part of your business loan request letter is also an excellent opportunity to negotiate for specific terms, such as a certain interest rate or a longer repayment term. However, don’t just tender your requests.

Back them up with compelling reasons why the lender should take on these terms.

Laptop, small business and senior woman writing loan request letter

How To Write A Request Letter For A Business Loan

Now that you are familiar with the essential elements of a professional business loan request letter, it is essential to know how to write a convincing and successful request letter. Because your request letter plays an integral role in the success of your business loan application process, knowing the best way to write one is vital to your ability to win a loan.

Business loan request letters are usually about one page in length. However, they should be written professionally and in great detail.

1. Heading And Greeting

When writing a letter, it is a formality to have the heading and greeting first. The loan request letter is not left out. At the top of your business loan application letter, you are expected to leave a formal greeting and belief introduction of yourself. This is where the basic business information comes into play.

Begin by writing your name and contact information
Date the letter correctly (when the letter was written)
Include the name, title, and other important contact information of your loan agent
Include a subject line that states you are applying for a loan and the amount of loan you are applying for
Include a formal greeting.

Below is an example of a format for the heading and greeting section of your letter:

[Company/Business Name]

[Business Address]

[Lender Name]

[Lender Title]

[Lender Institution Name]

[Subject]:

Dear Mr/Miss/Ms./Mrs [Name],

At a glance, the heading and creating part of your letter will tell the lender what they need to know about your business and the type of loan you need.

2. Summary of Your Business Loan Request Letter

What do you need the loan for? The second step and the second element when writing a business loan request letter is to briefly tell your money lender what the purpose of your letter is, the type of loan you need, and the amount you want to borrow. The summary of your business loan request letter is usually only a few sentences short.

The length may vary from letter to letter as every request letter is unique. Regardless, it should be nothing more than a summary.

For example:

I am writing this to request a [kind of loan] loan in the amount of [amount] for the purpose of [purpose].

This is straight to the point but immediately tells the lender what you need and why.

3. Basic Information About Your Business

Following the summary of your business loan request letter, it is essential to tell your lender all they need to know about your business. To do this, you will provide basic information about your company. Although lenders want to know as much as they can about you and your business, they do not have the time to read pages upon pages of all information about your company.

They spend so much time processing other loan applications that a long introduction can be a big turn-off. So, instead of an entire file on your business history, write out the following:

Your business’s recognized, registered, and legal name
Your business’s legal structure (is it a sole-proprietorship company , partnership, or limited liability company?)
Years of operation or how many years you have been in business for
A concise description about what your business does or operates in
Your company’s annual revenue and profit

4. Description Of The Purpose Of The Loan

After offering the basic introductions, you must tell your lender why you need the loan. In this section, explain to your lender how you plan on using the loan when it is approved. Give them a great but brief insight on the plan and show them you have mapped out the use of the finances every step of the way.

For example, don’t just say you need to buy more stock. Instead, state what stock(s) you need, how much they are, how much you plan to re-sell, and how much revenue you plan to make back from this.

5. Show Your Ability to Repay the Loan

Show the lenders that you are more than capable of repaying the loan given by including several documents that show your current financial ability. Highlight your credit history and present financial disposition using financial statements such as:

Summaries of up-to-date profit-and-loss or balance statements. This will show the lenders that your business is growing
Schedules to show repayment plan for other outstanding debt that your company might owe to other lenders
Future cash-flow projections . This will show your budget for the repayment terms and your ability to pay back.

6. Concluding Elements

As with any other kind of letter, you need to end your request letter with a concluding part. This concluding part should include several elements, such as:

A final paragraph that refers the lender back to your attached documents and financial statement
A paragraph persuading the lender to review your package
A sentence showing the lender that you anticipate speaking to them soon
A list of all included documents.

Sample Of Business Loan Request Letter

ABC Crescent Street

Miami, FL 12345

Jan. 1, 2022

Jack Stephen

678 Spring Road

Florida, FL 67890

Re: Small business loan request for $350,000

Dear Mr. Stephen,

I am writing this to request a small business loan of [input loan type] of $150,000 for the purpose of [input your purpose of the loan]. 123 Movers is a successful business that is well-established in the transportation and shipping industry. Our success is recounted on our official website [input website URL].

123 Movers started operation in April 2018 in one location with just [input number] workers and [input number] trucks. Serving local and international clients, we have grown consistently over three years and now have over [input number] with [input number] of trucks in our services.

Last year, our annual revenue totaled $1.2 million—[input more information about the growth of the business]. To promote our growth, increase efficiency, and improve the quality of our services, we plan to hire more staff and expand into new market sectors.

We request a [input loan type] to continue our expansion efforts and supplement our growth as a business. [Input more reasons/purpose for the loan application]. A loan in the sum of $350,000 will enable us to [state how the loan will help your business in this paragraph].

Attached below, please find our recent financial statements and our business plan for your review. I have also attached other necessary documents [state documents] to highlight how strong our financial disposition is. With a credit score of [input credit score], we are confident in our ability to adhere to the necessary loan terms.

Thank you for reviewing our letter and the attached financial documents. I look forward to a favorable response from you at your convenience.

John Doe [signature]

John Doe, Owner

123 Movers.

Perfecting The Art Of Writing Business Loan Request Letters

Writing request letters for business loans can be an intimidating process, especially if you have no practice doing so.

However, all you need is a few trials, and you will undoubtedly master the art of writing business loan request letters like a pro. Request loan letters are essential in many loan application processes, which is exactly why you need to put your best foot forward while writing.

Optimize your letter by including the necessary documents, highlighting your best assets, and following the proper format mentioned above. Include a header and greeting, a concise description of your request, your business’s basic information, a description of the purpose of your loan application, your ability to repay the loan, and a proper concluding element.

Although mastering the art of writing business loan request letters is one of the many steps in making sound financial decisions for your business, the first step begins with finding a financial company dedicated to offering the solutions you need. With relationships with over 150 different programs and an aim to maximize your business’s growth, we at Coastal Kapital offer innovative financial solutions to business owners with all credit types.

From equipment leasing to merchant processing, collateral asset and real estate-backed funding, we have all you need to grow your business. Contact us at 866-670-7483 to discuss your financial options!

All Formats

13+ Loan Application Letter Templates

Thinking of asking for a loan? Opening up a business and need the extra money to kick your idea into existence? Loan applications form are a standard piece of document that is significant when asking for a sample loan , and in this website, we provide you with ample of application letter templates for loan to choose from and use.

Business Loan Application Letter Template

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Loan Application Letter Templates

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How to fill out a loan application, employee loan application letter template.

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Tips before Filling for a Loan

Why do I need the loan for?
How will it help my business?
How will I spend it?
Who will manage the loan?
Start by filling up the basics, such as the type of business, the name, contact numbers, and the legal structures.
Typically after the application, there will an agreement concerning fees associated with the loan. These should be discussed personally with the lender.
Be sure to double-check that every question is filled. If anything is amiss, the application might end up with the underwriter and may be delayed.
Be sure to bring plenty of back up documents when meeting personally the lender. These documents include a resume, a credit report templates, past tax returns, the business plan templates, and balance sheets .
Do not be afraid to include too much information so that there would be an assurance of confidence from you lender that it is strictly business and is legitimate.

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Loan Application Letter to Bank Manager for Quick Approval (with Samples & PDFs)

I have listed sample templates to help you craft an effective and professional loan application letter to bank manager for quick approval.

Also, I would like to point out that you can also download a PDF containing all the samples at the end of this post.

Quick Loan Approval through Application to Bank Manager

First, find the sample template for loan application letter to bank manager for quick approval below.

Subject: Request for Quick Loan Approval

I am in need of a personal loan amounting to INR [Loan Amount] due to [briefly explain the reason for the loan]. I have explored various financing options and after comprehensive consideration, I feel that your bank offers the most beneficial terms and conditions. Hence, I am applying for this loan through your reputed institution.

I have been a customer of your bank for the past [number of years] years and have maintained a good financial record with regular transactions. I believe this will assure you of my sincerity and capability in repaying the loan on time. I am ready to provide any necessary documents, such as proof of income, identity proof, address proof, and other relevant documents, to support my loan application.

I kindly request you to consider my application and process it at the earliest for quick approval. I am hopeful that your bank can assist me during this financial need. I assure you that the loan will be serviced as per the repayment terms and conditions laid down by your bank.

Please let me know about the next steps to be taken from my end to expedite the loan approval process.

Yours faithfully, [Your Name] [Your Address] [Your Contact Number] [Your Email Address] [Date]

Below I have listed 5 different sample applications for “loan application letter to bank manager for quick approval” that you will certainly find useful for specific scenarios:

Loan Application Letter for Urgent Medical Emergency Approval

Respected Sir/Madam,

The estimated cost of the surgery/treatment, as per the medical reports and hospital quotation, is INR [Amount required]. Unfortunately, my savings are insufficient to cover the entire expense, and I need financial assistance to ensure timely and quality medical care for my beloved [Relationship to the patient].

Therefore, I request you to kindly approve a personal loan of INR [Amount required] to be disbursed as soon as possible. I am ready to complete all the necessary formalities and documentation required for the loan processing.

I hope you will understand the urgency of this situation and grant your approval without delay. I assure you that I will make the loan repayments promptly as per the terms and conditions set by the bank.

Thank you for your understanding and support in this critical time.

Yours faithfully,

[Your Full Name] [Your Address] [Contact Number] [Date]

Education Loan Application Letter Highlighting Academic Achievements

To, The Branch Manager, [Bank Name], [Branch Address],

I, [Your Name], a resident of [Your Address], am writing this letter to apply for an education loan for pursuing my higher studies at [Name of the University/Institute]. I have recently been admitted to the [Name of the Course] program, which is scheduled to begin on [Start Date of the Course]. The duration of the course is [Duration of the Course] and the total expense, including tuition fees, accommodation, and other miscellaneous costs, is approximately INR [Amount Required].

1. I have successfully completed my Class 12th from [Name of the School] with an aggregate score of [Percentage/CGPA] in [Year of Passing]. I secured a [State/National] rank of [Your Rank] in the [Name of the Competitive Exam].

2. I have received numerous accolades and awards for my academic excellence throughout my schooling years, including [Mention any significant awards or honors received].

4. I have also volunteered in community service programs, such as [Mention Program/Project], which has honed my leadership and teamwork skills.

My parents have always supported my education, but given the present financial situation, it has become challenging for them to bear the expenses of my higher studies. Therefore, I sincerely request you to consider my application for an education loan of INR [Amount Required] for the entire duration of the course.

Kindly find enclosed the necessary documents, including my admission letter, fee structure, and other relevant documents supporting my academic achievements for your reference. I assure you that I am committed to excel in my studies and will be diligent in repaying the loan as per the bank’s terms and conditions.

I am hopeful that you will find my application worthy of your consideration and grant me the necessary financial assistance to pursue my dreams. I shall be grateful for your support.

Thanking you,

[Your Name] [Contact Number] [Email Address] [Date]

Small Business Loan Application Letter Emphasizing Entrepreneurial Potential

We have developed a comprehensive business plan, which outlines our objectives and strategies to achieve success in the [Your Industry] market. Our project has strong potential for generating substantial revenues and contributing to India’s economic growth. We are seeking a loan of INR [Loan Amount] to cover the initial costs of setting up our operations, including office space, equipment, inventory, and working capital.

Our team has successfully completed a pilot project in the [Your Target Market], which has received positive feedback from our customers and demonstrated our ability to deliver the proposed product/services efficiently. We are confident that our venture will be profitable and sustainable in the long run, and we assure you of our commitment to repaying the loan within the agreed tenure.

We eagerly look forward to your positive response and support in helping us realize our entrepreneurial dream.

Yours sincerely,

[Your Name], [Your Designation], [Your Business Name], [Your Business Address], [Your Contact Number], [Your Email Address]

Home Renovation Loan Application Letter Outlining the Property Value Increase

To, The Branch Manager, [Bank Name], [Bank Branch Address],

The estimated cost of the proposed renovation is INR [Amount], and I would like to avail a loan of INR [Loan Amount] to cover the expenses. I have already obtained quotations from reputed contractors and suppliers to ensure that the renovation work is of high quality and aligns with the latest market trends. The new additions and improvements to the property will include [Mention planned renovation work, e.g., new flooring, kitchen remodeling, etc.].

Thanking you in advance for your valuable support and cooperation.

Debt Consolidation Loan Application Letter to Improve Financial Stability

I, [Your Name], a long-standing customer of your esteemed bank with account number [Account Number], am writing this letter to apply for a debt consolidation loan. The purpose of availing this loan is to improve my financial stability and merge multiple debts into a single manageable loan.

I kindly request you to consider my loan application, and I assure you of my commitment to maintaining a healthy credit score and timely repayments. The following are the details of my outstanding loans and credit facilities:

1. Credit Card Debt – INR [Amount] with [Bank/Institution] 2. Personal Loan – INR [Amount] with [Bank/Institution] 3. Vehicle Loan – INR [Amount] with [Bank/Institution] 4. [Other Loans] – INR [Amount] with [Bank/Institution]

I humbly request you to process my loan application at the earliest and guide me on the next steps required to complete the loan process. Your support in helping me consolidate my debts and achieve financial stability is highly appreciated.

Yours faithfully, [Your Name] [Your Address] [Your Contact Number] [Your Email Address]

How to Write Loan Application Letter to Bank Manager for Quick Approval

Some writing tips to help you craft a better application:

The Ultimate 14-Step Guide to Navigating the Mortgage Loan Process

Reading Time: 6 minutes

Navigating the mortgage loan process can be daunting, but breaking it down into manageable steps can help. This guide will walk you through each phase of the mortgage loan process, from pre-approval to post-closing, with examples to illustrate key points.

Whether you’re searching for a home in Seattle or a townhouse in San Francisco , understanding each step can make your journey smoother and more confident.

Step 1: Assess financial health, set budget, and gather documents

Check your credit score: A higher credit score often means better mortgage rates —for instance, 750 vs. 650. Obtain a detailed report from major bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion), and correct any errors or outstanding debts to boost your score before applying.
Calculate your budget: Use online mortgage calculators to estimate monthly payments and determine how much house you can afford . Factor in additional costs like property taxes, insurance, and maintenance to ensure a realistic budget.
Recent pay stubs
Last two years of tax returns
Bank statements
Proof of assets (e.g., investment accounts, savings)
Debt statements (e.g., student loans, car loans)

Deciding between renting or buying your next home?

Research and compare lenders: Look for the best rates and terms from various mortgage lenders, such as Bay Equity, traditional banks, credit unions, online lenders, and mortgage brokers. Read online reviews, ask for recommendations, and compare services to find the best fit for your needs.

Step 3: Understand your loan options

Fixed-rate: Stability and predictability in payments.
ARM: Potentially lower initial rates, but risk of higher payments if rates rise.
15-year loans: Higher monthly payments but less interest paid over the life of the loan and quicker equity buildup.
30-year loans: Lower monthly payments, but more interest paid over time and slower equity buildup.
Government-backed loans: Options like FHA, VA, and USDA loans, which might offer benefits such as lower down payments or favorable terms for eligible borrowers.

Step 4: Get pre-approved

Submit pre-approval applications: Apply to multiple lenders to get pre-approved. You’ll need to provide your financial documents.
Review pre-approval letters: These letters indicate how much you can borrow and the estimated interest rate. For example, a pre-approval letter might state you qualify for a $500,000 mortgage at a 6% interest rate.

Step 5: Finalize your budget and make your list of must-haves

Finalize your budget: Base your home search on your pre-approved loan amount and how much house you can afford , considering additional costs like property taxes, insurance, and maintenance.
Make a list of must-haves: Identify essential features like the number of bedrooms, bathrooms, and a backyard. Consider your lifestyle needs, such as proximity to parks, shopping, and public transportation.

Step 6: Find a real estate agent and begin house hunting

Select an agent: Choose an experienced real estate agent who knows the local market and has good reviews. Interview multiple agents to find the right fit.
Tour homes: Attend open houses and schedule viewings. Consider factors like location, size, and amenities.
Research neighborhoods: Evaluate the quality of local schools and the proximity to your workplace. Consider future development plans that might affect property values.
Make your decision: Once you’ve toured homes and researched neighborhoods, select the house that best meets your needs and budget. Ensure it aligns with your priorities and lifestyle requirements.

Step 7: Draft and submit your offer

Write an offer: Your agent will help you draft a competitive offer , including the purchase price, contingencies (e.g., inspection, financing), and proposed closing date.
Present the offer: Your agent submits the offer to the seller. Be prepared for negotiations. Your agent will communicate with the seller’s agent to finalize the terms.
Respond to counteroffers: If the seller counters, decide if you can adjust your terms or price. Consider negotiating for repairs, closing costs, or other concessions.

Step 8: Offer acceptance

Finalize the agreement: Once accepted, both parties sign the purchase agreement. Ensure all terms are clearly outlined in the contract.
Get a home inspection: Once your offer is accepted and the contract is signed, you arrange for a home inspection. This should be done within the timeframe specified in the contract, often referred to as the inspection period.
Submit earnest money deposit: Provide the earnest money deposit as outlined in the purchase agreement. This deposit shows your commitment to buying the property.

Step 9: Decide on a lender

Apply formally to multiple lenders: After your offer is accepted, you can submit formal mortgage applications to various lenders. Provide the necessary financial documents to each lender for a detailed loan estimate.
Receive loan estimates: Compare the loan estimates from different lenders. These estimates will include the interest rates, loan terms, closing costs, and other fees.
Negotiate terms: Use the estimates to negotiate better terms with your preferred lender. Some lenders may offer to match or beat competitors’ rates and terms.
Pick a lender: Choose the lender that offers the best combination of interest rates, loan terms, and fees.

getting preapproved is an important step in knowing how to get a home loan

Step 10: Finalize your loan

Lock in the interest rate: Once you select a lender, lock in your interest rate to protect against any changes before closing.
Review your final loan estimate: This document outlines the home loan terms, estimated interest rate, monthly payment, and closing costs. Compare it with your pre-approval letter for consistency.

Step 11: Loan processing

Verification: The lender’s team verifies your financial information and orders an appraisal. They will check employment status, income, and credit history.
Appraisal: An independent appraiser assesses the home’s value. For example, if your offer is $490,000, the appraisal should support this value. Ensure the appraisal report accurately reflects the home’s condition and market trends.

Step 12: Underwriting and final approval

Risk assessment: The underwriter evaluates your application against lending guidelines. They may request additional documents, such as explanations for credit inquiries or large deposits.
Meet conditions: Provide additional information requested to satisfy the underwriter’s conditions. Common conditions include proof of insurance, further documentation of assets, or clarification of credit issues.
Clear to close: You will receive final approval once all conditions are met. Confirm that the loan terms have stayed the same from the initial agreement.

Step 13: Closing

Secure homeowners insurance: Most lenders require proof of insurance to finalize the mortgage. This ensures your new home is protected from day one.
Preparation for closing: Ensure all loan terms match the initial agreement. You should receive the Closing Disclosure form at least three days before closing.
Inspect the property: Ensure the property is in the agreed-upon condition before closing. Verify that any agreed-upon repairs are completed.
Sign documents: Sign all required documents, including the mortgage agreement and deed. Bring a valid ID and certified funds for closing costs and any remaining down payment.
Transfer of ownership: The title company records the new deed, making you the official owner. Ensure you understand all documents you are signing.
Take possession: Once the closing is complete, you receive the keys to your new home. Verify you have all necessary keys, garage openers, and security codes.

Step 14: Post-closing

Payment setup: Arrange your mortgage payments through your lender’s online system or by mail. Set up automatic payments if possible to avoid late fees.
Organize documents: Maintain copies of all closing documents for future reference. Store them in a safe place.
Review statements: Keep track of your mortgage balance and consider refinancing if interest rates drop significantly. Stay informed about any changes in property taxes or insurance that might affect your monthly payments.

Mortgage loan process FAQs

What does “mortgage loan processing” mean.

Mortgage loan processing involves collecting and verifying your financial information. The loan processor organizes your documents to ensure all required paperwork is in place before sending your loan file to underwriting.

How long does it typically take to secure a mortgage?

The mortgage process usually takes 1 to 2 months, depending on factors such as the type of loan, the lender, the time of year, and the completeness of your application.

What is involved in the underwriting process?

Underwriting involves a thorough review of your financial information to assess risk. The underwriter may request additional documentation or clarifications before approving the loan.

How soon after underwriting can I close on my loan?

Underwriting can take a few days to a few weeks. Once underwriting is complete and you’ve been cleared, closing usually takes place a few days later.

Why might an underwriter deny a mortgage loan?

Underwriters must protect the lender’s financial interests. If your financial profile indicates high risk, such as poor credit history or insufficient income, the loan may be denied. Providing accurate and complete financial documents helps the underwriter assess your situation correctly.

How long does the closing process take?

The overall closing process typically takes 30 to 45 days. The actual closing meeting typically lasts a few hours.

Can I refinance my mortgage in the future?

Yes, you can refinance your mortgage to take advantage of lower interest rates, reduce your monthly payment, or change your loan term. Track market conditions and your mortgage balance to determine if refinancing makes sense.

Marissa works on Redfin’s stellar Content Marketing team as a Content Marketing Specialist. She’s been with Redfin for 3 years, also dipping into real estate support operations along the way. Living in California, Marissa relishes outdoor activities whenever she can. Her dream home? A modern cottage-style abode with a lush garden, blending comfort with style.

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Business Loan Application Letter Sample: Free & Effective

In this article, I’ll guide you through the process step-by-step, drawing from my personal experiences, and provide you with a handy template to get you started. Whether you’re a seasoned business owner or just starting out, these insights will help you craft a compelling letter that stands out to lenders.

Understand Your Audience: Know the lender’s requirements and tailor your letter accordingly.
Be Clear and Concise: Communicate your business’s needs and how the loan will be used in a straightforward manner.
Provide Detailed Information: Include pertinent details about your business and your plan for the loan.
Use a Professional Tone: Maintain a formal tone throughout the letter to convey seriousness and professionalism.
Follow a Structured Format: Use a clear and logical structure to make your letter easy to read and understand.
Include Supporting Documents: Attach essential documents that can vouch for your business’s credibility and financial health.

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Business Loan Application Letter

Step 1: understand the lender’s requirements.

Before you begin writing, it’s crucial to understand the lender’s criteria. Each financial institution has its unique set of requirements for loan applications. Familiarize yourself with these to tailor your letter effectively.

Step 2: Start with Your Contact Information

Begin your letter with your contact information at the top, followed by the date and the lender’s details. This establishes a professional tone from the outset.

Your Name Your Business Name Your Business Address City, State, Zip Code Date Lender’s Name Lender’s Institution Lender’s Address City, State, Zip Code

Step 3: Craft a Compelling Introduction

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In the opening paragraph, introduce yourself and your business. Clearly state the purpose of your letter – to apply for a business loan – and the amount you are requesting. This sets the stage for the details that follow.

Step 4: Detail Your Business Plan

This is where you shine. Outline your business plan, emphasizing how the loan will contribute to your business’s growth. Be specific about how you intend to use the funds. Will they be used for expanding operations, purchasing equipment, or maybe for bolstering your working capital? Lenders want to see that you have a clear plan in place.

Step 5: Showcase Your Business’s Financial Health

Include a brief overview of your business’s financial status. Highlight your revenue, profit margins, and financial projections. This demonstrates to lenders that you have a viable business capable of repaying the loan.

Step 6: Mention Collateral (If Applicable)

If you’re offering collateral against the loan, specify what it is. This could be equipment, real estate, or inventory. Detailing the collateral reassures lenders about the security of their investment.

Step 7: Conclude with a Call to Action

End your letter by thanking the lender for considering your application and expressing your willingness to provide further information if needed. Include a polite request for a meeting or a conversation to discuss the application further.

Step 8: Professional Sign-Off

Sign off your letter with a professional closing, such as “Sincerely,” followed by your name and position within the company.

Template for a Business Loan Application Letter

[Your Name] [Your Business Name] [Your Business Address] [City, State, Zip Code] [Date]

[Lender’s Name] [Lender’s Institution] [Lender’s Address] [City, State, Zip Code]

Dear [Lender’s Name],

I am writing to apply for a business loan of [Loan Amount] for [Your Business Name]. As [Your Position] of the company, I am committed to guiding our business to new heights, and this loan is a crucial step in our growth strategy.

Our plan is to allocate the loan towards [Specific Use of Loan]. This investment is projected to [Expected Outcome of Loan Investment], enhancing our profitability and ensuring our ability to repay the loan.

Enclosed with this letter, you will find our business plan, financial statements, and cash flow projections, providing a comprehensive view of our business’s financial health and growth potential.

Thank you for considering our loan application. I am looking forward to the opportunity to discuss this further and am happy to provide any additional information required.

[Your Name] [Your Position] [Your Contact Information]

Personalize Your Letter: While using a template is helpful, adding personal touches that reflect your business’s unique aspects can make your letter stand out.
Be Transparent: Honesty about your business’s current financial situation and how you plan to use the loan builds trust with lenders.
Proofread: A letter free from grammatical errors and typos shows attention to detail and professionalism.

I’d love to hear your thoughts or experiences with writing business loan application letters. Do you have any tips to share or questions about the process? Feel free to leave a comment below.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

A middle-aged Hispanic woman in business casual attire

Q: What is a business loan request?

Answer: A business loan request is a formal request made by a business to a lender or financial institution for a loan to finance business operations or expansion.

Q: What information is typically included in a business loan request?

Answer: A business loan request typically includes information about the business, including its financial history, plans for the loan proceeds, and a projected financial statement.

It may also include personal financial information about the business owner or owners.

Q: How is a business loan request typically made?

Answer: A business loan request is typically made in writing, through a loan application or business plan submitted to a lender or financial institution.

Q: What documentation is required to support a business loan request?

Answer: Documentation that may be required to support a business loan request can include financial statements, tax returns, and personal financial information.

It may also include business plan, projected financial statement, and any collateral that the business can offer.

Q: What are the potential outcomes of a business loan request?

Answer: The potential outcomes of a business loan request can include the lender or financial institution approving the loan, denying the loan, or offering a modified loan amount or terms.

The interest rate, repayment period, and other terms of the loan will be based on the creditworthiness of the business and the lender’s lending policies.

Q: What is a business loan request letter?

Answer : A business loan request letter is a formal written document submitted by an individual or a business to a financial institution or lender, seeking financial assistance in the form of a loan.

It outlines the purpose of the loan, the amount requested, and provides supporting information to convince the lender of the borrower’s creditworthiness.

Q: How do I start a business loan request letter?

Answer : To start a business loan request letter, begin by addressing it to the appropriate person or department at the lending institution.

Use a formal salutation such as “Dear [Lender’s Name]” or “To Whom It May Concern.” Introduce yourself or your business and clearly state the purpose of the letter, which is to request a loan.

Q: How should I structure a business loan request letter?

Answer : A business loan request letter should follow a professional and organized structure. It typically includes an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

The introduction should clearly state the purpose of the letter and provide essential details about yourself or your business.

The body of the letter should elaborate on the loan request, including the amount needed, the purpose of the loan, and any supporting information or documents.

Finally, the conclusion should express appreciation for the lender’s time and consideration, while offering your contact information for further communication.

Q: What tone should I use in a business loan request letter?

Answer : A loan request letter should maintain a formal and professional tone throughout. It should be respectful, concise, and polite. Avoid using overly technical jargon or informal language.

It is important to demonstrate professionalism and credibility to increase your chances of a favorable response.

Q: How long should a business loan request letter be?

Answer : A business loan request letter should be concise and to the point, typically ranging from one to two pages.

Avoid excessive details or unnecessary information that may distract from the main purpose of the letter. Keep the content focused, clear, and persuasive.

Q: What is the purpose of a business loan request letter?

Answer : The purpose of a business loan request letter is to formally request financial assistance from a lender or financial institution.

It serves as a written proposal, outlining the borrower’s need for funds, the purpose of the loan, and the borrower’s ability to repay.

The letter aims to persuade the lender that the loan is a viable investment with a solid repayment plan and potential for positive outcomes.

Q: How important is a business loan request letter?

Answer : A business loan request letter is crucial when seeking a loan from a lender or financial institution.

It acts as a formal request, providing essential information about the borrower, the purpose of the loan, and the borrower’s ability to repay.

A well-written and persuasive loan request letter increases the likelihood of the loan being approved, as it demonstrates professionalism, credibility, and a clear understanding of the borrower’s financial needs.

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Personal Finance

How to get a personal loan in 5 steps.

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Personal loans provide flexible financing for many purposes. Popular uses include consolidating high-interest debt, tackling home projects, covering veterinary or medical costs, and more. Many lenders offer personal loans, although application processes and borrower requirements can vary. If you’re considering a personal loan, here’s what to expect from the application process, factors that might influence loan approval, and more.

Apply for a personal loan with these 5 steps

1. compare loan options.

Since many lenders offer personal loans—and rates and fees vary—it’s wise to compare loan options. As you shop around, consider personal loan APRs, income and credit score requirements, and typical approval time frames. Understanding these factors can help you find the right loan with the best rate .

You’ll also want to look at loan amounts because these differ by lender, too. For instance, SoFi offers personal loans from $5,000 to $100,000, while Discover’s personal loans range from $2,500 to $40,000.

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2. Prequalify

Once you’ve narrowed your options, prequalify with your chosen lenders that offer this option—unfortunately, not all lenders do. Prequalifying can help you better understand the rate, term, and loan amount you might qualify for—and it generally only results in a soft credit pull , which won’t harm your credit score. To prequalify, you’ll need to share some basic personal and financial information with your lender.

3. Gather documentation

Taking the time to gather documentation and personal information before applying can make the process easier. Besides personal information—such as your name, address, email, phone number, employer name and address, and Social Security number or Individual Tax Identification Number—you may need to provide your lender with a copy of your driver’s license and copies of recent pay stubs, W-2s, and utility bills.

4. Formally apply

The next step is formally applying for a personal loan. Most lenders offer online loan applications, so you can apply from the comfort of your home. Depending on the lender, you may also be able to apply over the phone or in person.

When you apply, you’ll need to provide detailed personal and financial information and verify your identity, income, and address. Once you submit your personal loan application, your lender will conduct a hard credit pull , which may harm your credit score by a few points.

5. Await approval

After formally applying, you’ll need to wait for your lender’s loan decision. Approval time frames for personal loans vary by lender. You could receive a decision as soon as the same day you apply or within a few days to a week. Lenders typically disburse personal loan funds soon after approval.

Factors that can influence personal loan approval

Your lender will consider several factors when evaluating your personal loan application, including the following.

Credit score requirements vary for personal loans, but your lender will review your credit score and history. A good or excellent credit score may increase your chances of qualifying for a personal loan with the best rate. While you might still be eligible for a personal loan with fair credit, your interest rate will likely be higher.

Your lender will also review your credit reports to ensure you have a history of on-time payments and no recent delinquencies.

Many lenders require that borrowers be employed to qualify for a personal loan, and they’ll verify your employment as part of the application process. Being unemployed could make it more difficult to get a personal loan, though certain lenders may be willing to overlook this factor if you have significant assets and strong credit.

Debt-to-income

Your lender will also review your income and debt as part of the application process. It will use that information to calculate your debt-to-income ratio(DTI). In general, lenders require a DTI below 35% or 40%, though some may accept a higher DTI if you have significant assets and strong credit.

How to speed up the loan application process

Gathering any needed documents before you apply is the best way to ensure a fast loan application process. If you need funds quickly, you can also choose a lender that offers fast loan approval and disbursement . Some lenders may approve you within a day of your application and disburse your loan shortly afterward.

Time Stamp: Applying for a personal loan is simple

If you’re considering a personal loan, you can expect a fairly simple application process. Getting a loan like this isn’t as involved as getting a mortgage, but it’s helpful to have copies of needed documentation handy before applying. Consider asking your chosen lender which documents you should have on hand to help streamline the application process.

Frequently asked questions

How long does it take to be approved for a personal loan.

Approval time frames for personal loans differ by lender. Some may approve you within one day, while others could take as long as one week. Compare time frames before applying, especially if you need funds quickly.

Can I use a personal loan for any purpose?

You can use a personal loan for many purposes, but generally not for college or university tuition, gambling, investing, home down payments, or illegal activities. Ask your lender about any use restrictions if you have concerns.

What happens if I can't repay my personal loan?

If you can’t repay your personal loan, it could damage your credit score. Your lender will report missed payments to the credit bureaus, and those missed payments will appear on your credit reports. Once you're a few months behind on payments, your loan account may also be sent to a collections agency.

What is the easiest way to get a personal loan?

The easiest way to get a personal loan is to ensure you meet your chosen lender’s borrower requirements and apply online. Gathering necessary documentation before applying can make the process easier, too.

What makes me eligible for a personal loan?

Borrower requirements vary by lender. But in general, you need fair or good credit, verifiable income and employment, and a manageable debt level to get approved.

The information presented here is created independently from the TIME editorial staff. To learn more, see our About page.

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How To Apply for a Personal Loan

1. determine how much you need, 2. review your finances, 3. research and compare lenders, 4. pre-qualify, 5. apply for a personal loan, alternatives to a personal loan, the bottom line.

Personal Loans

How To Apply for a Personal Loan in 5 Steps in 2024

Katie Miller is a consumer financial services expert. She worked for almost two decades as an executive, leading multi-billion dollar mortgage, credit card, and savings portfolios with operations worldwide and a unique focus on the consumer. Her mortgage expertise was honed post-2008 crisis as she implemented the significant changes resulting from Dodd-Frank required regulations.

Personal Loan: Definition, Types, and How to Get One
Different Loan Types
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Tax Implications
Income Considerations
Personal Loans and Bankruptcy
Transferring Personal Loans
Personal Loans and Credit Scores
Interest Rates
How to Apply CURRENT ARTICLE
Best Small Personal Loans
Personal Loans With Big Banks
Best Peer-to-Peer Loan Websites
Low Interest Personal Loans
Best Online Personal Loans
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Emergency Loans for Bad Credit
Loans for Debt Consolidation
Best Home Improvement Loans
Best Personal Loans With a Co-signer
Personal Loans vs. Credit Cards
Personal Loans vs. Car Loans
Car Title Loan Alternatives

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A personal loan can help you finance a wide range of expenses, such as unexpected bills, debt consolidation, or large purchases like a new appliance or vacation.

Applying for a personal loan may seem intimidating, but it's fairly straightforward. Let's walk through the key steps for how to apply for a personal loan as well as actions you can take ahead of time to make the process go more smoothly.

Determine how much money you need and the amount of monthly payments you can afford to pay so you avoid borrowing too much.
Check your credit score and credit report to understand how lenders will view you as a borrower.
Research lenders and then get pre-qualified to narrow your personal loan choices.
Gather copies of required documents to save time.

When you apply for a personal loan from any lender, you’ll likely go through each of these key steps, which we review in more detail below:

Determine how much you need : Is the loan for a home improvement ? A vacation? To consolidate debt ? Whatever the need, be sure you understand how much you need, as a first step. Use Investopedia's Personal Loan Calculator to work out repayment costs for different loan amounts with varying interest rates.
Review your finances : With an amount in mind, look at your financial situation. Can your budget support another monthly payment? How is your credit score?
Research and compare lenders : Lender options are limitless. Narrow your options by starting with your current bank and researching lender reviews , including those from Investopedia.
Pre-qualify : Most lenders will allow you to pre-qualify—without damaging your credit score. Go through the process with at least three lenders to review rates, terms, fees, and estimated payment amounts.
Apply : Once you've selected a lender, complete a formal application.

Before You Apply for a Personal Loan

Most loan applications take only a few minutes to complete (and funding can arrive the next day—or sooner). But the process before you apply can take a little longer.

Consider why you're applying for a personal loan and estimate how much you'll need to borrow. This is a key step in getting a personal loan. You can borrow between $250 and $100,000, so honing in on an appropriate amount will prevent you from borrowing more than you need. (Be aware that lenders may charge an origination fee , which is deducted from your loan disbursement. As a result, you may need to borrow a greater amount to cover the fee.) Later in the process, this information can help you narrow your options because permitted loan amounts and interest rates vary by lender.

Assess your finances to figure out what you can afford before you apply for the loan. Review your income and expenses to understand your budget , or how much money you have coming in and going out each month. Can your budget handle another monthly payment? How much can you comfortably add?

Check your credit score , too, because it will play a role in your loan eligibility and interest rate. Higher credit scores improve your odds of approval and allow you to qualify for lower rates. If your credit score is lower than you expected, review your credit report to see whether it includes errors that need to be disputed.

Shop around with banks, credit unions, and online lenders to compare loan amounts, interest rates, terms, and fees. Review loan requirements, if they're available. For example, some lenders have a minimum credit score, income, or loan amount requirement, or only offer loans in certain states.

Read personal loan and lender reviews and ratings to help you zero in on the best personal loan lenders , and then rank your top choices. Interest rate is always a key consideration, but many borrowers say they are most satisfied when they work with a lender whose products, such as credit cards, savings accounts, and other types of loans, they already have, according to J.D. Power, an industry intelligence research firm.

J.D. Power also found in its latest survey on consumer lending satisfaction released in May 2024 that in the current climate of high interest rates, customer satisfaction with consumer loans is highest among those with the greatest levels of financial health and significantly lower among those who are overextended or financially vulnerable.

Lenders that ask for an upfront fee or that guarantee approval are often scammers.

Most lenders offer pre-qualification that allows you to view the loan terms you are likely to be approved for. To pre-qualify, you usually only have to enter a minimum amount of information: your personal identifying information, income or employment details, and desired loan amount. The lender will review your information and do a soft credit check , which, unlike a hard inquiry that will occur when you officially apply, won't affect your credit. A soft credit check can give you a preliminary decision, but keep in mind it doesn't guarantee you'll get approved.

With the preparation out of the way, and your choice of lender set, you can apply.

Many lenders offer online applications, which are quick and convenient. Some lenders, particularly traditional banks, may require you to apply in person. Either way, the loan application will ask for personal and financial information, like your name, home address, and employment information. You may have to provide additional documents, including your:

State-issued ID
Proof of residence
Income documents, like a bank statement or pay stub

After you submit the application, wait for the results, which may come within minutes or may arrive in a few days. You'll receive a decision faster if your application is complete and free of errors.

If you're approved, the next step for how to apply for a personal loan is to review your final loan documents, then accept and sign them. Your loan documents will include the loan amount, interest rate, repayment term, and monthly payment amount. Within a few days of acceptance, you should receive funds in your bank account or in a check, if you opt for that method of payment.

Loan applications involve a hard credit pull , which can hurt your credit score. If you're shopping around with multiple lenders, your applications will be treated as one credit inquiry if they are made within a 14-day window. That limits damage to your credit score.

Investopedia / Jake Shi

If you need financing for a large expense but don’t want to use a personal loan, you can consider alternative options. Some of them include:

Credit card installment plan : You can pay off large transactions with fixed payments with a credit card installment plan. If your purchase is eligible, you can select the installment plan option through your online account.
Home equity loan or line of credit : If you use your home equity as collateral for a loan, you can usually get a lower interest rate. If you have enough equity and good credit, you can borrow a percentage of your home equity, typically no more than 80%.
Savings-secured loan : You can use your savings account balance as collateral for a loan with a savings-secured loan. These loans are generally fixed-rate loans that may allow you to borrow up to 100% of the amount in your savings account. However, if you can’t afford to repay the loan, you will lose your savings to the lender.
Family loan : Borrowing from family members can provide funds for your expenses, but this strategy does have downsides to consider. Late payments or unpaid loans can potentially damage your relationship.

How Much Can You Borrow With a Personal Loan?

You can generally take out a personal loan for up to $100,000, but several factors affect the amount you can borrow with a personal loan . Maximum amounts vary by lender and your state. Lenders will consider your credit history, ability to pay, and other factors to determine your loan amount.

How Long Does It Take To Get a Personal Loan After You Apply?

It can take up to several business days to get a personal loan . First, the lender will review and approve your application. You'll have to review and accept the loan agreement . After signing, you could receive your funds the next day or it may take several business days to receive your funds, depending on the lender.

Can You Return a Personal Loan If You Don’t Use It?

Depending on the lender, you may have a limited time to cancel and return a personal loan with no interest or penalty. Otherwise, if your lender doesn't offer the option to return your loan, you can pay it off immediately, although you may be subject to interest and prepayment penalties .

Does Your Credit Score Go Up After Paying Off a Personal Loan?

The impact on your credit score of paying off a personal loan depends on the information in your credit history. Your credit score may drop after paying off a personal loan if you don't have any other open installment loans on your credit report because it will affect your credit mix.

When preparing to apply for a personal loan, figure out how much money you need and the amount of monthly payments you can afford so you avoid taking out too large a loan. Next, check your credit score and credit report to understand how lenders will view you as a borrower.

Research lenders and get pre-qualified to narrow your lender choices. Finally, pull together copies of required documents to save time when you start applying to get a personal loan. Many lenders offer online applications, which are quick and convenient.

Navy Federal Credit Union. " Personal Loans ."

SoFi. " Frequently Asked Questions ."

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. “ Where Can I Get My Credit Score ?”

U.S. Bank. " Apply for a Personal Loan ."

J.D. Power. " Consumer Loan Satisfaction Strained by High Rates and Deteriorating Financial Health, J.D. Power Finds ."

Federal Trade Commission. " What To Know About Advance-Fee Loans ."

Wells Fargo. “ Personal Loans FAQs .” (Funding tab.)

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. " Will a Lender Getting a Copy of My Credit Report Affect My Score ?"

Federal Trade Commission. " Home Equity Loans and Home Equity Lines of Credit ."

Regions. “ Deposit Secured Loan .”

LendEDU. “ Personal Loan Limit .”

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Step 1: Start with the FAFSA

Step 2: understand your financial aid award letter, step 3: complete additional paperwork (if required), what about private student loans, how to apply for student loans: a beginner's guide.

Affiliate links for the products on this page are from partners that compensate us (see our advertiser disclosure with our list of partners for more details). However, our opinions are our own. See how we rate student loans to write unbiased product reviews.

You'll apply for a federal loan with the FAFSA, and a private loan on the lender's website.
The FAFSA takes about an hour to complete, while private applications can just a few minutes.
You'll need a credit check to get a private loan and to get a Direct PLUS Loan from the government.

If you need help paying for college and didn't receive enough money through scholarships or work-study programs, you may need to take out a student loan to cover the costs of school.

Getting a student loan is a fairly straightforward process. You'll apply for the loan through a federal or private lender , then wait for the funds to be disbursed to your school.

The FAFSA is the key to obtaining federal aid. FAFSA — which stands for Free Application for Federal Student Aid — determines one's eligibility for loans, grants, and work-study.

To get started, create your FSA ID, which is essentially your electronic signature for the FAFSA. Parents of dependent students also need an FSA ID. From there, check federal and state deadlines. And remember: Applying early is best!

You won't need a credit check with federal loans, with the exception of a Direct PLUS Loan , which is lent to the parents of undergraduate students or to professional and graduate students. This loan is not based on financial need and has a higher interest rate than subsidized or unsubsidized loans.

Each school that you've been accepted to will send out a financial award letter detailing the aid package being offered. It will include grants, scholarships, work-study details, and federal student loans (subsidized and/or unsubsidized). After reading through your letter, decide which package makes the most sense for your situation. You don't have to accept the full loan amount offered.

If you have the option, you'll want to take out a subsidized loan over an unsubsidized loan . Subsidized loans are made based on financial need, and the government pays the interest on your loan while you're in school. Financial need doesn't factor into unsubsidized loans, and interest begins to accrue immediately.

Once you've decided on a financial aid package, fill out any required paperwork and keep all your documents in a safe place. From there, sign up for any online sessions explaining your borrower responsibilities.

You'll also need to sign a Master Promissory Note if you choose to take out a loan. An MPN is a legal document you sign to promise to pay back your loan along with interest and fees. You'll also determine the amount of money you want to borrow and your repayment term. The government won't disburse your loan until you sign this document.

You can generally expect your school to get your federal funds about 10 days before classes begin. You may experience a 30-day delay if you are both a first-year student and a first-time borrower.

Private student loans often come with higher interest rates and fewer protections for borrowers than federal student loans, but you may need to take them out if your federal options don't cover the cost of your school.

You can find different applications for private student loans on lenders' websites. You'll probably need to provide similar financial and identification documents as you would on the FAFSA, though the requirements will vary by lender.

Private lenders will run a credit check to figure out if you qualify for a loan, much like the federal government does with Direct PLUS Loans. Discuss details with your particular lender.

You can apply for a private student loan much more quickly than a federal student loan. You could get your rates and see whether you're approved for a loan within a few minutes with some businesses, and most companies will give you an approval decision within 15 minutes.

If you want to know the status of your loan disbursement, you can usually check a lender's online portal or call customer service. You'll need to agree to terms similar to those in an MPN and sign a binding document.

Once you officially accept the loan, your college will likely get funds from a private lender within two to 10 weeks. You'll get the funds in your personal bank account if you take out a direct-to-consumer loan, while your school's financial aid office will get the money if you take out a school-certified loan.

You can fill out the FAFSA before being accepted, but you'll need to add schools later to actually receive award letters.

Schools will usually disburse loans at the start of each semester, but timing can vary.

To get help with the application process, visit your school's financial aid office, the Federal Student Aid website , or your high school counselor.

Editorial Note: Any opinions, analyses, reviews, or recommendations expressed in this article are the author’s alone, and have not been reviewed, approved, or otherwise endorsed by any card issuer. Read our editorial standards .

Please note: While the offers mentioned above are accurate at the time of publication, they're subject to change at any time and may have changed, or may no longer be available.

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Social Security Matters

Do you qualify for social security spouse’s benefits.

July 11, 2024 • By Dawn Bystry, Associate Commissioner, Office of Strategic and Digital Communications

Last Updated: July 15, 2024

If you don’t have enough Social Security credits to get benefits on your own work record or your own benefit is small, you may be able to receive benefits as a spouse. Your spouse must be receiving benefits for you to get benefits on their work record. If your spouse does not receive retirement or disability, you’ll have to wait to apply on your spouse’s record.

In addition, to be eligible for spouse’s benefits, you must be one of the following:

62 years of age or older.
Any age if you have a child who is younger than 16 in your care or has a disability and is entitled to benefits on your spouse’s record.

How the spouse’s benefit is determined

Your full spouse’s benefit could be up to one-half the amount your spouse is eligible to receive at their full retirement age. If you choose to receive your spouse’s benefits before you reach full retirement age, your payment will be permanently reduced.

Your spouse may have postponed or plan to postpone their retirement to increase their monthly benefit amount by earning delayed retirement credits . However, your maximum spouse’s benefit remains 50% of their full retirement age benefit, not their higher amount including delayed retirement credits. (Your benefit as a surviving spouse would be based on the higher amount.)

If you wait until you reach full retirement age to receive benefits, you’ll receive your full spouse’s benefit amount. You may also get your full spouse’s benefit if you are under full retirement age, but care for a child and one of the following applies:

The child is younger than age 16.
The child has a disability and is entitled to benefits on your spouse’s record.

Payments to family members do not decrease your spouse’s retirement or disability benefit.

If you get retirement and spouse’s benefits

If you’re eligible for retirement and spouse’s benefits, you must apply for both, and you’ll receive a combined benefit equaling the higher spouse’s amount.

This requirement is called “deemed filing” because when you apply for one benefit you are “deemed” to have applied for the other benefit.

If you receive retirement on your own record, we will pay that amount first. If your benefits as a spouse are higher than your own benefit, you will get a combination of benefits that equals the higher spouse’s benefit.

Consider this example: Sandy is eligible for a monthly retirement benefit of $1,000 and a spouse’s benefit of $1,250. If she waits for Social Security until her full retirement age, she will receive her own $1,000 retirement benefit. We will add $250 from her spouse’s benefit, for a total of $1,250 a month. Sandy only gets an additional spouse’s benefit because her own benefit is less than half her spouse’s full retirement age benefit.

How to apply online

Want to apply for your retirement or your spouse’s benefit or both? Are you at least 61 years and 9 months old? If you answered yes, visit our website to get started today. If you and your spouse both have a personal my Social Security account , you can view an estimate of the benefits you could receive based on your spouse’s record.

Divorced spouses can get benefits, too

Are you divorced from a marriage that lasted at least 10 years? You may be able to get benefits on your former spouse’s record. Our rules for divorced spouse’s benefits are slightly different. You can find out more by visiting our Family benefits page.

For more information about spouse’s benefits, please read our Retirement Benefits publication.

Please share this with your friends and family who may need it – and on social media.

Did you find this Information helpful?

Tags: General Information , retirement benefits , Social Security benefits

Dawn Bystry, Associate Commissioner, Office of Strategic and Digital Communications

Deputy Associate Commissioner, Office of Strategic and Digital Communications

Ex-spouse benefits and how they affect you, understanding spouse’s benefits, social security’s commitment to the lgbtqi+ community, apply for social security benefits online.

July 21, 2024 7:39PM

If I am getting a spousal benefit on my spouses record before my full retirement age and my spouse passes,does my benefit automatically switch to the survivor benefit even though I am not at FRA or does my spousal benefit stop and I wait till FRA to get the full survivor benefit? Also will my taking the spousal benefit before my FRA decrease my survivor benefit ?

July 18, 2024 5:21PM

both my wife &myself were orginaly on s.s. disability. we both have reached full retirement age/can my spouse still get 50% of my benifit’

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Statement from President Joe Biden on $1.2 Billion in Student Debt Cancellation for 35,000 Borrowers

Today, my Administration is canceling student debt for 35,000 people through Public Service Loan Forgiveness, bringing the total number of Americans who have benefitted from our various debt relief actions to 4.76 million people. Each of those borrowers has received an average of over $35,000 in debt cancellation. These 35,000 borrowers approved for forgiveness today are public service workers – teachers, nurses, law enforcement officials, and first responders who have dedicated their lives to strengthening their communities, and because of the fixes we made to Public Service Loan Forgiveness, they will now have more breathing room to support themselves and their families.

Today’s announcement comes on top of the significant progress we’ve made for students and borrowers over the past three years. That includes providing the largest increases to the maximum Pell Grant in over a decade; fixing Income-Driven Repayment so borrowers get the relief they are entitled to under the law; and holding colleges accountable for taking advantage of students and families. And earlier this year, I laid out my Administration’s new plans that would cancel student debt for more than 30 million Americans when combined with everything we’ve done so far.

From day one of my Administration, I promised to fight to ensure higher education is a ticket to the middle class, not a barrier to opportunity. I will never stop working to make higher education affordable – no matter how many times Republican elected officials try to stop us.

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Name of Loan Officer. Name of Financial Institution or Bank. Address of Financial Institution or Bank. City, State, Zip Code. RE: Loan Application for $100,000. Dear [Loan Officer's Name], I am writing to formally request a loan of $100,000. As a loyal customer for the past 20 years, I have always trusted this institution with my financial ...

An application letter for a loan is a formal letter written to a financial institution by a borrower requesting a loan, payable in a specified amount of time.. The letter helps lenders get acquainted with the borrowers better to determine if they qualify for the loan based on the information provided or not.

A Loan Request Letter is a letter written by a loan applicant and addressed to a lending institution, generally sent as a part of the loan application process. A loan request letter introduces you to the bank or other lending institution, clearly describes your planned use for the loan funds, and describes how you will pay back the loan. ...

Step 1: Start with Personal Information. Begin your letter by introducing yourself. Include your full name, address, and contact information. This not only establishes your identity but also ensures the lender can easily reach you. Example: "My name is John Doe, residing at 123 Main Street, Anytown, USA. I can be reached at (555) 555-5555.".

Business telephone and cell phone numbers. Lender's contact details. Lender's or Loan Agent's Name and Title. A subject line stating the loan amount you are requesting for. Once you have written your header, include a friendly but professional greeting to start off your loan application letter in a cordial tone.

The purpose of this letter is to request a personal loan in the amount of {amount}. I intend to use the funds to {intended use}. {Use this space to briefly discuss the use of the funds and the expected benefit from this use.} Attached, please find my loan application. I have also enclosed my most recent tax return, current bank account ...

Crafting Your Letter: A Step-by-Step Guide. 1. Gather Necessary Information. Understand the loan requirements. Prepare financial statements and business plans. 2. Start with a Professional Format. Use a formal business letter format. Include your contact information and the date.

Your name. Company name. Company phone number. Company address. Loan agent or lender's name and title. Loan agent or lender's contact details. A subject line stating the desired loan amount. Follow this by incorporating a greeting right below the header so that you introduce your application with a friendly tone. 2.

Dear [Employer's Name], I am writing to formally request a personal loan from [Company's Name] to [briefly explain the purpose of the loan]. As a dedicated [Your Job Title] for [number of years] years, I've always admired our company's support for its employees in times of need. [Explain your situation and why you need the loan.

Template 1: Personal Loan Application. Dear [Loan Officer's Name], I am writing to formally request a personal loan of $ [amount] to [state purpose, e.g., consolidate my debt]. I have been a loyal customer of [Bank's Name] for [number] years, and I am confident in my ability to repay this loan in a timely manner.

Subject: Personal Loan Request. Dear [Bank Manager's Name], I am writing to request a personal loan of [amount] to [purpose of the loan]. I have been a loyal customer of your bank for [number] years and have maintained a good account standing. I am currently employed at [your employer] as a [your position] with a steady monthly income of ...

Dear [Recipient's Name], It is stated that I am writing this letter to request a loan from the finance office of your company because of some of my very peculiar and essential needs. My mother is seriously ill, and I must get her treated at the hospital, for which I need money. Please accept my loan application and sanction me $2000.

First, the borrower is made to fill out a loan application form which is prepared by the lender. The aspects which are to be included in the loan application form are the following: The payment method, whether personal, through a check, online banking, etc. The number of times the payment is going to be made.

Follow the steps to write a letter for loan approval: 1. Add basic information about the business. The first step to drafting a communicative, informative and persuasive business loan request letter is to begin with a header and a greeting. An effective header includes some lines, providing the basics of your business loan request.

The first sentence of your letter should express your request for the loan and the amount you want to borrow. Next, use a few short and concise sentences to provide a basic overview of your business. In this section, be sure to include: Business's legal name and any DBA that your business uses.

Prerequisites for Writing Loan Request Letters. While a loan request letter may be needed for bank and SBA loans, it won't be enough for approval unless it's supported by a sound credit situation and solid financial planning.For your request to be persuasive to lenders, you should do 2 things before preparing your business request letter and loan application package:

Applying for a personal loan can look different depending on which company you go with, but most request the same basic information during the application process. For example, you might be asked ...

Sample Letter 1: Medical Emergency Loan Request. Request for Loan Due to Medical Emergency. Dear [Employer's Name], I am writing to request a short-term loan from [Company Name] due to an unexpected medical emergency within my family. Despite having health insurance, the out-of-pocket expenses for [describe medical treatment or surgery] have ...

Date the letter correctly (when the letter was written) Include the name, title, and other important contact information of your loan agent. Include a subject line that states you are applying for a loan and the amount of loan you are applying for. Include a formal greeting.

When you are writing a Loan Application Letter, you need to write to the right authority. If you are working in a company, you can write a Loan Application Letter addressing your Hr. ... 10+ Payment Request Letter Templates - PDF: 12+ Sample Business Rejection Letters: 11+ Job Application Letters for Doctor - PDF, DOC: 14+ Sample Formal ...

Subject: Request for Quick Loan Approval. Dear Sir/Madam, I, [Your Name], an existing account holder in your esteemed bank with the account number [Account Number], am writing this letter to formally request for a loan. I am in need of a personal loan amounting to INR [Loan Amount] due to [briefly explain the reason for the loan].

Review your final loan estimate: This document outlines the home loan terms, estimated interest rate, monthly payment, and closing costs. Compare it with your pre-approval letter for consistency. Step 11: Loan processing. Verification: The lender's team verifies your financial information and orders an appraisal. They will check employment ...

Learn how to write a compelling business loan request letter with our step-by-step guide, including a customizable template. Find tips on structure, content, and the essential elements to include for a successful loan application. ... Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Business Loan Application Letter Step 1: Understand the Lender's Requirements.

Once you submit your personal loan application, your lender will conduct a hard credit pull, which may harm your credit score by a few points. 5. Await approval.

1. Determine How Much You Need . Consider why you're applying for a personal loan and estimate how much you'll need to borrow. This is a key step in getting a personal loan.

Key Takeaways. When paying for college, exhaust scholarships, grants and federal student loans before borrowing private student loans. You can apply for federal aid, including federal student ...

While each pre-approval letter may look similar, review the details closely. One lender may pre-approve you for a larger loan amount, the other better loan terms or lower rates in exchange for higher lender fees. If you don't receive a pre-approval from one lender, don't get discouraged — you may end up getting pre-approved by another.

It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Step 1: Start with the FAFSA Step 2: Understand your financial aid award letter Step 3: Complete ...

Social Security benefits are a crucial part of the retirement income for millions of Americans. If you don't have enough Social Security credits to get benefits on your own work record or your own benefit is small, you may be able to receive benefits as a spouse.

Today, my Administration is canceling student debt for 35,000 people through Public Service Loan Forgiveness, bringing the total number of Americans who have benefitted from our various debt ...

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SeaFair Miami
SeaFair Miami | Miami's Most Luxury Mega Yacht. The ship has 11,000 sf of exhibition and meeting space and 10,000 sf of dining and entertainment space. Completely open aired space allows for unobstructed views of Biscayne Bay and Downtown Miami. InterContinental Miami, an IHG Hotel, 100 Chopin Plaza.
A Closer Look at David and Victoria Beckham's Yacht SeaFair
No doubt the Beckhams were inspired to purchase their SeaFair yacht when David Beckham chartered the SeaFair mega yacht in Miami in 2016 to shoot a commercial for his company Haig Club Whiskey. This beautiful yacht made Victoria's hubby jealous and clearly excited. Beckham chartered the yacht in 2016 to film the commercial, which showcased ...
SeaFair Mega Yacht
Experience the ultimate excursion on the largest commercial operation ship in the Intercoastal waterway. Enjoy the sea and sky with iconic Miami glamour on the SeaFair Mega Yacht, designed by Luis De Basto.
The Seafair
The Seafair The Only Bespoke Event Mega Yacht Venue in Miami. Designed by internationally acclaimed designer Luiz de Basto, the $40M, first-of-its-kind event vessel is one of the largest private yachts in America at 222 feet long. LEARN MORE. The Seafair. Overall Length 222′ feet. Capacity 30-600. Seating
Seafair 222' Luis de Basto
Seafair is a 222-foot luxury yacht with multiple decks, bars, and ballrooms for up to 600 guests. It offers panoramic views of the Miami skyline and the water, and can host weddings, receptions, cocktail parties, and more.
Seafair Yachts
At Seafair Mega Yachts, we offer more than just a voyage; we present to you The Seafair Experience, a symphony of elegance, opulence, and unforgettable moments. Our $40 million yacht stands as a ...
Seafair Megayacht Experience
Seafair Megayacht Experience, Miami, Florida. 4,740 likes · 5,717 were here. Seafair offers the ultimate venue where sea and sky converge. With flexible event space, Seafair can be tailored just for...
Seafair Mega Yacht Naples Marco Island
SeaFair Yacht - groundbreaking in scale and ingenuity, SeaFair is the first mega yacht venue designed for any occasion special events. While already successfully established in Miami, the launch of our Marco Island / Naples Florida SeaFair Yacht will be November 2022! With 12,000 sq. ft. of glass-walled event, dining, and entertainment space ...
Seafair Megayacht Experience (@seafairyachts)
8,447 Followers, 1,573 Following, 152 Posts - Seafair Megayacht Experience (@seafairyachts) on Instagram: "Seafair offers the ultimate venue where sea and sky converge. With flexible event space, Seafair can be tailored just for your event."
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Made by Sendero. SeaFair Miami - The Miami's Most Luxury Mega Yacht Event Venue - Miami, Florida. SeaFair, offers the ultimate venue where sea and sky converge with the glamour of ….
Incredible Miami Mega Yacht Wedding
Trederick and Janeen were married aboard the Sefair Mega Yacht in Downtown Miami. Contact Us Here -- https://bit.ly/38VpUzpWe would love to be your Miami we...
SeaFair Mega Yacht
The 222-ft, $40M SeaFair Mega Yacht is the largest commercial operation ship in the Intercoastal waterway. This uber lux mega yacht offers the ultimate excursion experience; where sea and sky converge with iconic Miami's unique glamour. Designed by the internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luis De Basto, the SeaFair Yacht's multi faceted event spaces make it […]
Seafair Mega Yacht Naples Marco Island
SeaFair Yacht - groundbreaking in scale and ingenuity, SeaFair is the first mega yacht venue designed for any occasion special events. While already successfully established in Miami, the launch of our Marco Island / Naples Florida SeaFair Yacht will be November 2022! With 12,000 sq. ft. of glass-walled event, dining, and entertainment space ...
Seafair Mega Yacht Venue
The uber-luxe 228-foot megayacht, SeaFair, offers the ultimate excursions where sea and sky converge with the glamour of iconic Miami. With different types of event space SeaFair can be tailored perfectly for your event. The $40M purpose-built yacht was designed by internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luiz De Basto.
Inspire 2!! Mega Yacht // Sea Fair Miami Luxury event
This was a amazing live event on the Sea Fair Miami. Our company was hired to do HD ground camera while also doing aerial videography. Our company is capable...
Seafair Yacht for Private Events
Designed by internationally acclaimed yacht designer Luis De Basto, this 222 ft., uber-lux mega yacht offers the ultimate excursion experience where sea and sky converge with iconic Miami's unique glamour. Its multi-faceted event spaces make Seafair one of the most sought-after event venues available in Miami. With over 25 years of event ...
Exceptional SeaFair From Stem to Stern
Based in downtown Miami, SeaFair is unique in the rarified world of "mega-yachts;" loosely defined as privately owned, luxurious vessels at least 200 feet in length. No mere pleasure craft for the ultra-well-to-do, SeaFair instead serves as a venue for corporate events, weddings, holiday parties and other posh gatherings of up to 600 people.
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Seafair 222′ Luis de Basto. Mega yacht venues. Description; Multiple decks with reception areas and event spaces. The Seafair is a $40M purpose built yacht which is the largest
SeaFair Miami
SeaFair Miami - Miami's Most Luxury Mega Yacht Event Venue - Miami, Florida. SeaFair, offers the ultimate venue where sea and sky converge with the glamour of …
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SeaFair Miami - The Miami's Most Luxury Mega Yacht Event Venue - Miami, Florida. ... Seafair's extremely talented team provides clients with on-going support throughout the event-planning process. Exceeding their expectations by making their unique visions into "one-of-a-kind" realities.
seafair mega yacht wedding
Interested in this vendor? Pricing information. Located in Miami, Florida, SeaFair Miami is a boat venue that caters to weddings on the water. The 228-foot yacht offers luxe and p
Russian Billionaire Tinkov's Superyacht Spotted Amid Globe-Circling
Russian billionaire banker Oleg Tinkov's $112-million superyacht has been spotted off the coast of Russia's Far East amid its round-the-world voyage, local media reported Tuesday.
The Top 40 of the World's Richest Yacht Owners • 2024
42. Gianluigi Aponte. Gianluigi Aponte. Amo. 47m. All yacht owners are 'rich', but some are richer than others. For example, when a wealthy person is able to purchase a US$ 10 million yacht. His net worth is probably between US$ 50 million and US$ 100 million.

A Closer Look at David and Victoria Beckham’s Yacht SeaFair

Our Methodology

Examining the Beckhams SeaFair Yacht

Who are David & Victoria Beckham?

Let’s Check Out David Beckham

The Inside Scoop on Victoria Beckham

David and Victoria Beckham, Power Couple

The SeaFair Yacht

The SeaFair Miami

Amazing Amenities The Beckhams Couldn’t Forget

Recent Trip to Miami

Easter Celebration with Marc Anthony

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